英語詞性及句子成分

1、英語詞性及句子成分 取得英語語法成功的基石取得英語語法成功的基石英語詞性及句子成分 復(fù)習(xí)：詞性詞性根據(jù)詞的特點(diǎn)我們把詞劃分為名名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞等。介詞、連詞、冠詞等。 英語詞性及句子成分 詞類詞類作作 用用例例 詞詞1. （n.）名名 詞詞表示人或事表示人或事物的名稱。物的名稱。I bought a book .She is a student.2. (pron.）代詞代詞代替名詞、代替名詞、數(shù)詞等。數(shù)詞等。This is my friend. He likes that book becauseit is very useful

2、to him. Parts of Speach英語詞性及句子成分 3. （adj.）形容詞形容詞表示人表示人或事物或事物的特征的特征或性狀?；蛐誀睢e is small but he is clever. The red pen is useful for the teacher. He painted the wall white yesterday.英語詞性及句子成分 4. (num.）數(shù)詞數(shù)詞表示數(shù)表示數(shù)目或順目或順序。序。There are ten apples on the table and I will take the first one.5. （v.）動(dòng)動(dòng) 詞詞表示動(dòng)表示動(dòng)

3、作或狀作或狀態(tài)。態(tài)。We are working hard at English.I want to become an engineer.英語詞性及句子成分 6. （adv.）副副 詞詞表示動(dòng)作表示動(dòng)作的特征或的特征或性狀特征。性狀特征。I like English very much.The teacher treats us kindly .The train goes fast. He seldom comes to see us. 7. (prep.）介介 詞詞表示名詞、表示名詞、代詞和其代詞和其他詞之間他詞之間的關(guān)系。的關(guān)系。He usually stay at home on S

4、undays.英語詞性及句子成分 8. （conj.）連詞連詞連接詞與詞連接詞與詞或句與句的或句與句的作用。作用。He and I are in the same class and we are good friends. Two or three of us can dance well but I cant .9. (interj.）感嘆詞感嘆詞表示強(qiáng)烈的表示強(qiáng)烈的感情感情Oh ! How beautiful the scene is! What a good idea! Goodness !10. （art.）冠詞冠詞用來限制名用來限制名詞的意義詞的意義I have a pet dog

5、 . The dog is very lovely. He is an old man but very strong.英語詞性及句子成分 1.名詞名詞 表示人和事物的名稱。學(xué)校 寒假 圣誕節(jié) 城市 貓咪 書本 李白 友誼 school winter vacation Christmas city cat book Li Bai friendship英語詞性及句子成分 專有名詞專有名詞 eg:Women in Love,James,the Alps 普通名詞普通名詞注意：可數(shù)名詞（注意：可數(shù)名詞（cn.）不可數(shù)名詞（不可數(shù)名詞（un.）eg:advice, baggage, furniture

6、, homework, information, knowledge, luggage, money, news, progress（名詞的數(shù)與格）（名詞的數(shù)與格）英語詞性及句子成分 refuseschool/visit/writeart America /musicpaint/build/write/learn/feelact/dicide/solvepure/real/majorrefusalscholar/visitor/writerartistAmerican/musicianpainting/building/writing etc.action/decision/solutionp

7、urity/reality/majority英語詞性及句子成分 treat/move/judge/punish/argue/developkind/tired/darkdeep/long/strong/true/wide/warm/growtreatment/movement/judgment/punishment/argument/developmentkindness/tiredness/darknessdepth/length/strength/width/truth/warmth/growth英語詞性及句子成分 2.代詞代詞:代替名詞等代替名詞等 eg:he his this hims

8、elf what when something etc.人稱代詞人稱代詞, 物主代詞物主代詞, 指示代詞指示代詞, 反身代詞反身代詞, 疑問代詞疑問代詞, 關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞, 不定代詞不定代詞 etc.英語詞性及句子成分 3.形容詞：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特形容詞：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征的詞征的詞eg:beautiful flowers something important(good better best)英語詞性及句子成分 value/move/rely/comfort/reasonnature/nation/traditionabsence/difference/dista

9、nce/importanceinterest/disappoint/carevaluable/movable/reliable/comfortable/reasonablenatural/national/traditionalabsent/different/distant/importantinteresting/interested/disappointing/disappointed/caring英語詞性及句子成分 child/fool/selfact/create/impressbeauty/care/helpvary/danger/couragehome/breath/harmch

10、ildish/foolish/selfishactive/creative/impressivebeautiful/careful/helpfulvarious/dangerous/courageoushomeless/breathless/harmless英語詞性及句子成分 4.數(shù)詞：數(shù)詞：表示數(shù)目多少(基數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞)或順序多少的詞(序數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞) eg:two ,second (twice, one-third etc.) 英語詞性及句子成分 5.動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞:表示動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài)表示動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài)eg:run,work,sleep按功能：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、

11、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（eg: sleep remain have can）按形態(tài)按形態(tài):原形、第三人稱單數(shù)、過去式、原形、第三人稱單數(shù)、過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞etc.(時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài))(eg:do does did done doing)英語詞性及句子成分 時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)一般將來時(shí)一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)將來完成時(shí)將來完成時(shí)will dowould dodo / does didis /

12、 am / are doingwas / were doinghas / have donehad donehas / have been doinghad been doing will have done英語詞性及句子成分 時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般將來時(shí)一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)將來完成時(shí)將來完成時(shí)will be donewould be doneis/am/are donewas/were doneis/

13、am/are being donewas/were being donehas/have been donehad been donewill have been done英語詞性及句子成分 6.副詞副詞:在句子中表示行為或狀態(tài)特征的詞在句子中表示行為或狀態(tài)特征的詞，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其他副詞或全句，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其他副詞或全句，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等概念。表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等概念。 eg: always outside properly very how I like English very much 注意：注意：adj adv（一般直接加（一般直接加,“元元e”去去e加

14、加,“輔輔y”改改i加加,“l(fā)e”結(jié)尾結(jié)尾e改改y） 英語詞性及句子成分 1).直接直接+lycareless,quiet,different,beautiful,careful,recent2). 以以le 結(jié)尾的形容詞去結(jié)尾的形容詞去e + y terrible terribly possible possibly comfortable comfortably gentle gently simple simply reasonable reasonably probable probably英語詞性及句子成分 3).以以e 結(jié)尾的結(jié)尾的wise wisely nice nicely p

15、olite politely fortunate fortunately close closely immediateimmediately注意：注意：true truly dull dully whole wholly full fully 英語詞性及句子成分 4).以以“y”結(jié)尾的結(jié)尾的,讀音為讀音為 / i /,變變“y”為為“i+ly” eg:happy-happily; heavy-heavily; angry-angrily; busy-busily 讀音為讀音為 / ai /， 直接加直接加ly eg：dry-dryly; sly-slyly; shy-shyly英語詞性及句子

16、成分 5).以以ic結(jié)尾的結(jié)尾的+ally energetic energetically scientific scientifically public publicly （例外）（例外）英語詞性及句子成分 7.介詞：介詞：詞與詞、詞與句之間的關(guān)系詞與詞、詞與句之間的關(guān)系 eg:beside，along，across, throughin front of 英語詞性及句子成分 8.連詞連詞:連接詞與詞，短語與短語，句與句連接詞與詞，短語與短語，句與句 eg:and, but, or, nor, so, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eithe

17、ror, neithernor, (and) then when ,where, because英語詞性及句子成分 9.感嘆詞感嘆詞 Wow! Eh. etc.英語詞性及句子成分 10.冠詞冠詞eg: the a an /英語詞性及句子成分 But Jane knew from past experience that her (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father. (2009) We should consider the (important) of this matter seriously.choiceimportance 被形

18、容詞修飾被形容詞修飾,用名詞用名詞被冠詞修飾，用名詞被冠詞修飾，用名詞英語詞性及句子成分 We felt a great sense of (achieve) when we finally entered the key universities.achievement 作介詞作介詞of的賓語，用名詞的賓語，用名詞英語詞性及句子成分 This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their （nature） course. (2008) Mary felt (please), because there were many empty

19、seats in the room .naturalpleased用形容詞修飾名詞用形容詞修飾名詞作表語用形容詞，表人感到怎樣，用作表語用形容詞，表人感到怎樣，用-ed形式形式英語詞性及句子成分 Having sports makes us (health) and strong.healthy 作補(bǔ)語用形容詞作補(bǔ)語用形容詞英語詞性及句子成分 We drank together and talked （merry） till far into the night. (2007) His teacher took a deep drink, smiled (warm), and thanked

20、his student very much for the sweet water. (2010)merrilywarmly 修飾動(dòng)詞修飾動(dòng)詞 talked 用副詞用副詞 修飾動(dòng)詞修飾動(dòng)詞 smiled 用副詞用副詞英語詞性及句子成分 He must be (mental) disabled. (2011) (luck) , the hero died in a car accident two years ago.mentallyUnluckily 修飾形容詞disabled 用副詞 修飾后面整個(gè)句子 用副詞英語詞性及句子成分 The water was simply the contain

21、er for an act ofkindness and love. Nothing could be_ (sweet).” (2010) But he felt very happy since the crop did “grow”_ （high）。）。(2008)sweeterhigher 否定加比較級(jí)等最高級(jí)，按句意：沒有什么比否定加比較級(jí)等最高級(jí)，按句意：沒有什么比這更甜的了。這更甜的了。修飾動(dòng)詞修飾動(dòng)詞 grow 還是用副詞，按句意：還是用副詞，按句意：的確長(zhǎng)得更高了。的確長(zhǎng)得更高了。英語詞性及句子成分 After the earthquake many people become

22、_(home).It is (legal) to break into other peoples houses and steal things.homelessillegal 系動(dòng)詞后用形容詞，按句意：地震后很多人系動(dòng)詞后用形容詞，按句意：地震后很多人變得無家可歸。變得無家可歸。 系動(dòng)詞后用形容詞，按句意：闖進(jìn)別人家偷系動(dòng)詞后用形容詞，按句意：闖進(jìn)別人家偷東西是違法的。東西是違法的。英語詞性及句子成分 組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句子成分。英語句子成分主子成分。英語句子成分主要有主語、謂語、賓語、要有主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、補(bǔ)語、狀語表語、定語、補(bǔ)語、狀語等。等。句子成

23、分英語詞性及句子成分 一、主語一、主語主語（主語（subject）：句子說明的人或事物。）：句子說明的人或事物。主語一般位于主語一般位于_ 。1.Lucy likes her new bike. 2.We work hard.3.To learn a foreign language is not easy.4.Playing football after school is great fun.句首句首英語詞性及句子成分 1. We love China. 2. We have finished reading this book. 3. He can speak English. 4. S

24、he seems tired.二、謂語二、謂語謂語謂語:說明主語做什么或怎么樣。通常由說明主語做什么或怎么樣。通常由_ 充當(dāng)充當(dāng).動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞英語詞性及句子成分 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語,必須和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語必須和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語.They can speak English well.They are playing over there.英語詞性及句子成分 1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞：）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞：be(am is are was were)He is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞:keep, remain, stay

25、etc.He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。他開會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。 系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞英語詞性及句子成分 3）看起來像）看起來像:seem, appear, look etc.He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad.4）感官系動(dòng)詞：）感官系動(dòng)詞：feel, smell, sound, tasteThis flower smells very sweet. 英語詞性及句子成分 5）變化系動(dòng)詞：）變化系動(dòng)詞：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come etc.He becam

26、e mad after that. 6）終止系動(dòng)詞）終止系動(dòng)詞:prove, turn outThe rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。這謠言證實(shí)有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。英語詞性及句子成分 三、賓語三、賓語賓語：動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象，說明主語做什么。一賓語：動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象，說明主語做什么。一般放在般放在_或或_后面后面.1.We study English. 2.Our teacher said that he would go there.3.He is looking at the dog.

27、雙賓語：指人的是間接賓語，指物的是直接賓語。雙賓語：指人的是間接賓語，指物的是直接賓語。 He gave me two books.及物動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞介詞介詞英語詞性及句子成分 表語：跟在系動(dòng)詞后面的詞語或從句表語：跟在系動(dòng)詞后面的詞語或從句,用來用來說明主語的身份說明主語的身份,特征特征,狀態(tài)狀態(tài).The trees turn green. The flower is beautiful .四、表語四、表語英語詞性及句子成分 定語：用來修飾定語：用來修飾_. This is a red car. The building is their teaching building. The woma

28、n doctor is my wife. I have something to tell you. The man in front of the gate is Mr. Li. Every student has an English book.五、定語五、定語名詞名詞英語詞性及句子成分 狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、因果、句，說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、因果、條件、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。條件、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。 六、狀語六、狀語英語詞性及句子成分 John often came to chat with me( ) As

29、he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday. ( )She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. ( )My father worked in this school ten years ago.( )Though he is young, he knows a lot.( )He came running.( )程度，目的程度，目的地點(diǎn)，伴隨地點(diǎn)，伴隨地點(diǎn)，時(shí)間地點(diǎn)，時(shí)間讓步讓步方式方式原因原因英語詞性及句子成分 補(bǔ)語是用于補(bǔ)充說明主語或賓語的身份或補(bǔ)語是用于補(bǔ)充說明主語或賓語的身份或特征。特征。

30、七、補(bǔ)語七、補(bǔ)語Everyone calls him Jack. （賓補(bǔ)）（賓補(bǔ)）He is called Jack.（主補(bǔ)）（主補(bǔ)）英語詞性及句子成分 同位語是位于名詞或代詞后面的個(gè)別名詞同位語是位于名詞或代詞后面的個(gè)別名詞或名詞詞組，對(duì)前者進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明或名詞詞組，對(duì)前者進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明 The Great Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreign friends.八、同位語八、同位語英語詞性及句子成分 1. The sun rises in the east. （ ） 2. He like

31、s dancing. （ ）3. Two will be enough.( ) 4. Seeing is believing. （ ） 6. To see is to believe. （ ） 7. When to hold the meeting has not been decided yet. ( )8. What he needs is a book. （ ）9. It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （ ）名詞名詞代詞代詞數(shù)詞數(shù)詞動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞不定式不定式疑問詞疑問詞+不定式不定式從句從句It

32、作形式主語，作形式主語，that從句是真正的主語從句是真正的主語英語詞性及句子成分 當(dāng)不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句在某個(gè)句子中作主語當(dāng)不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句在某個(gè)句子中作主語時(shí)，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)前后平衡，避免頭重腳輕，時(shí)，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)前后平衡，避免頭重腳輕，因此常用因此常用it作形式主語置于句首，而將真正的作形式主語置于句首，而將真正的主語放在句尾。此時(shí)主語放在句尾。此時(shí)it只起先行引導(dǎo)作用，本只起先行引導(dǎo)作用，本身無詞義。身無詞義。什么情況下用什么情況下用it作形式主語？作形式主語？英語詞性及句子成分 你能劃出下列句子的真正的主語嗎你能劃出下列句子的真正的主語嗎?你懂得翻譯你懂得翻譯下列句子嗎？下列句

33、子嗎？1) It is wrong to tell a lie. ( ) 2) It is no use arguing about it. ( ) 3) It is uncertain who will come. ( ) 說謊是錯(cuò)誤的。說謊是錯(cuò)誤的。爭(zhēng)吵是沒用的。爭(zhēng)吵是沒用的。誰要來還不確定。誰要來還不確定。英語詞性及句子成分 1.She lived a happy life.( )2.I love you.( )3.We need two.( )4.Do you mind my opening the door?( )5.He began to learn English a year

34、ago.( )6.He did not know what to say.( )7.Did you write down what she said? ( )8. She felt it her duty to take good care of them.( )名詞名詞代詞代詞數(shù)詞數(shù)詞動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞不定式不定式疑問詞疑問詞+不定式不定式從句從句It作形式賓語，不定式是真正的賓語作形式賓語，不定式是真正的賓語英語詞性及句子成分 He is a teacher. ( ) My idea is this.( ) She was the first to arrive.( ) I feel much

35、better today./I must be off now. ( ) He is out of danger.( ) The news was exciting./They were excited at the news.( )1. What surprised me most was that he spoke Chinese so well.( )名詞名詞代詞代詞數(shù)詞數(shù)詞從句從句形容詞形容詞/副詞副詞介詞短語介詞短語分詞分詞英語詞性及句子成分 Its a red car.( ) They live in the room above.( ) My brother is a teach

36、er.( ) We belong to the third world.( ) Lucys father is a poor worker.( ) Mother made a birthday cake for me.( ) The man under the tree is my teacher.( )1.The swimming boy is my brother./The boy swimming in the river is my brother. ( )形容詞形容詞副詞副詞代詞代詞數(shù)詞數(shù)詞名詞所有格名詞所有格名詞名詞介詞短語介詞短語現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞英語詞性及句子成分 I liked

37、 the food cooked by my mother./Retired people have a good time at home.( ) There are two things to be discussed today.（ ） Will you tell us about your teaching plan?（ ）9.This is the very book that I need. （ ）過去分詞過去分詞不定式不定式動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞從句從句英語詞性及句子成分 He is often late for class.( ) We saw that picture at the c

38、inema.( ) He sat there smoking.( ) They returned tired and hungry. （ ） They did everything they could to save the boys life. （ ） Although he is young, he knows a lot. ( ) The box is so heavy that I cant lift it. ( )副詞，程度副詞，程度介詞短語，地點(diǎn)介詞短語，地點(diǎn)分詞，伴隨分詞，伴隨不定式，目的不定式，目的形容詞，狀態(tài)形容詞，狀態(tài)讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句英語詞性及句子成分 While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. （ ） He was angry