皮欽語與克里奧爾語 分析解析

1、Pidgin and Creole Languages -LongJuan Contents 1 Introduction Pidgins Creoles Pidginization and creolization 2 Creoliguistic and Linguistic Variation and Change The Creole continuum Grammaticalization in creoles 3 The Bioprogram Hypothesis 4 Creole and US VBE Features of the VBE verb system The creo

2、le origin hypothesis The divergence controversy 5 Summary Introduction ? Definition : A pidgin language is generally understood to be a “simplified” language with a vocabulary that comes mostly from another language, but whose grammar is very different. ? Features:Pidgins are not one?s mother langua

3、ge. They are used primarily in trading or plantation situation. ? Function : to enable workers to communicate with each other. Pidgins ? Pidgin are ?simplified? most noticeably in certain aspects of grammar and pronunciation. ? For example: grammatical gender, noun- verb agreement ending and so on.

4、?The best way to get an impression of what a pidgin language is like might be to see some examples: ?Misi kamesi Arelu Jou no kamu ruki me ?Mr Comins, How are you? You no come look me, ?Mi no ruki iuo Jou ruku Mai Poti i ko Mae tete ?Me no look you. You look my boat he go Mae today. ?Vakaromala mi r

5、aiki I tiripi Ausi parogi iou I ?Vakaromala me like he sleep house belong you he ?rukauti Mai Poti mi nomea kaikai me angikele nau Look-out my boat. Me no-more kaikai, me hungry now Poti mani Mae I kivi iou Jamu Vari koti iou kivi tamu Boat man Mae he give you yam very good. You give some te pako pa

6、ragi me I penesi nomoa te Paka Tobacoo belong me he finish. No-more tobacco. Oloraiti All right ? Dear Mr Comins, ? How are you? We haven?t seen each other for awhile. Please watch for the boat from here is going to Mae today. I would like Vakaromala, who will be looking after my boat, to sleep at y

7、our house. I have nothing more to eat and I am hungry now. The fellow on the boat to Mae will give you some very good yams. The tobacco you gave me is all used up; I don?t have any more tobacoo. ? sincerely Creoles ? 1 Creoles, according to the most general account, arise when a pidgin language beco

8、mes the native language of a new generation of children. ? 2 Once a pidgin language becomes a mother tongue, it must support all the inter active needs of its speakers, since they have no other language to fall back on. ? ? . ? 3 A list of the world?s pidgin and creole languages have ? been compiled

9、 by Hancock (漢考克)and his two lists have been collated by Romaine. ? For example: Hawaiian creole, Gullah, Guyannese creole, Jamaican creocle , Tok Posin. 中葡混合語廣州英語 洋涇浜英語后洋涇浜英語 中國皮欽英語 (chinese pidgin English) 簡稱CPE, 是在中國沿海地 區(qū)及遠東一帶原帝國主義的殖民地使用的一種語言變體.漢考克 (Hancock)列出的127 種皮欽語和克里奧爾語,CPE列出了是其中的 一種。 馬偉林馬偉林

10、.中國皮欽英語的歷史演變中國皮欽英語的歷史演變 ? 1 有一個洋行老板讓中國司機到大光明電影院買電影票， 司機空手而歸，他告訴老板：“man mountain man sea, today no see, tomorrow see, tomorrow see, same see” ? ? 人山人海,今天看不到,明天看,明天看，一樣看， ? 2 陳存仁銀元時代生活史中有這么一個笑話：一個男 廚子，與女主人談工價和食宿，他對主人說：twenty dollar one month, eat you ,sleep you. 意思是：“月薪二 十元，吃你的，住你的?！闭f者無心，聽者害臊不已。 ? Goo

11、d good study, day day up.好好學習，天天向上 ? You ask me, me ask who?你問我，我問誰 (后洋涇浜英 語) Pidginization and creolization ? 1 The study of pidgin and creole language is controversial, partly because of their unique properties ? their historical origins and their historical origins. ? pidgin languages are not bei

12、ng formed today. ? few written records of their formative stages ? the combination of language mixture and reduction ? 2 It is true that having native speakers is ? perhaps the most common defining criterion ?for a creole. ?It is also true that creole are structurally ?enriched compared to pidgins.

13、?There need not to be a leap from the earliest pidgin stages to creole. ? Muhlhausler present the following development pattern from early pidgin through to creoles that would represent these cases. ?jargon ? ?stable pidgin ? ?expanded pidgin ?creole ? Dell Hymes has suggested the study ? Of pidginz

14、ation and creolization, ? ?not unique and mariginal, but as ? Part of our general understanding ? of linguistic change.? ? Pidginizationis that complex process of sociolinguistic change comprising reduction in inner form, with convergence, in the context of restriction in use. ? Creoization is that

15、complex process of sociolinguistic change comprising expansion in inner form, with convergence, in the context of extension in use. ? simplification and complication. ?from the aspect of sociolinguistics will get the most attention Negative attitude towards creoles The creole continuun ? Basilect(下層

16、語言): A typical pattern for variation in a creole that is in contact with its lexifier language is for there to be variety that is maximally different in structure from the lexifier language. ? Acrolect ( 上層語言): The local variety of the lexifier language. ? Mesolect(中層語言): between the basilect and th

17、e acrolect there will be myriad ways of using language. This kind of variation is called the post-creocle continuun ? One of the most influential contributions to the study of the creole continuun was made by David DeCamp . DeCamp noticed that the Jamaican Creole continuun seemed to fall into an imp

18、licational scale(蘊含比例法) ?+A child -A pikni ?+B eat -B nyam ?+C/ t/ -C /t/ ?+D/d/ -D/d/ + E granny -Enana + F didn?t -Fno ben ? Implicational scale for six features of Jamaican Creole ?speaker B E F A C D ? 1 + + + + + + ? 2 + + + + + - ? 3 + + + + - ? 4 + + + - 5 + + - ? 6 + - ? 7 - ? The resulting

19、order of features can be interpreted as reflecting degrees of “ basilect -ness” or “acrolect-ness” ? Three of the major criticism about implicational scaling technique ? Whether an unidimensional basilect-to-acrolect model can do justice to the actual facts of language use in creole communities. ? I

20、t isn?t about the continuun concept itself, but about implicational scaling. ? In many scales, especially on matters of grammar rather than phonology, the data in a given cell is likely to be sparse. Grammaticalization in creoles ? It is the tracing of the development of grammatical markers from lex

21、ical markers within discourse structure in the process of decreolization. ?An example by Sankoff and Brown: ? You stay here ?Yu stap ia deictic function Disfela ia, ol ikosim em haumas ?this one, how much do they charge for it? A locative adverb The noun ? A further use for ia is to call attention t

22、o the noun phase it follows as one that is about to receive further identifying or descriptive material ? Na em, man ia lapun man ia stap autsait ia ? And this man, this old man, stayed outside. The bioprogram hypothesis ? According to Bickerton?s hypothesis, human being have a biological program fo

23、r language that is distinct from whatever general learning resources they may have. In other words, a human being comes into the word with capacity for acquiring a language and this capacity is of no use for learning anything but language. ? 1 Bickerton sees his hypothesis basically as an enhancemen

24、t of Chomsky?s version of the innateness hypothesis. ? 2 The detail of bioprogram grammar could be overridden by the influence of ?cultural language ? ? . ? 3 there is one fundanmental set of systactic principles that is valid for all the world?s languages ? As we have seen in the preceding chapters

25、 and will continue to see, sociolinguists tend to take language to be entirely a social phenomenon that has reality only in the context of people communicating with each other. ? http:/ Creocle and US VBE Features of the VBE verb system ? 1 Definition: VBE is a substantially decreolized linguistic d

26、escendant of a Plantation Creole spoken in the USA before the civil war, with linguistic ties to English lexified creoles spoken in the Caribbean and west Africa. ? 2 Features by Wolfram and Fasold ? Habitual or distributive ?be? ? Remote time ?been? ? Completive or perfective ?done? ? Future comple

27、tive or future perfective ?be done? ? Aspectual ?steady? ? Semi-auxiliary ?come? ? Absent forms of ?be? ? Absent verbal ?s? The creole origin hypothesis ? It was generally taken for granted that the kind of English used by most American blacks was comparable to the language of white American of the

28、same geographical religion and social status. ? 非洲語 ? 早期英語洋涇浜語 ? 現(xiàn)在標準語 黑人英語克里奧爾語 ? ?格拉語牙買加語 ? 克里奧爾語猜想克里奧爾語猜想 ?非洲語言 ? 早期英語洋涇浜語 ? 現(xiàn)代標準語克里奧爾語 ? ?黑人英語格拉語 牙買加語 郭家栓.美國黑人英語的起源和歷史發(fā)展 The divergence controversy ? In a recent article, Labov and Harris came to a startling conclusion: the Philadelphia speech com

29、munity is separating into two distinct speech communities: white and black. They share a large part of the general English language, and a number of local words as wellBut the number of differences between them in grammar and pronunciation seem to be growing steadily greater ? A number of point were

30、 against Labov and Bailey: ? 1 The data relies implicitly on the ? apparent time? method of sociolinguistic research. ? 2 Another factors has to do with the method of data elicitation. ? Labov clarified his view of divergence by making the following three points: ? divergence is a matter of qualitat

31、ive changes in the VBE liguistic system, not changes in frequencies of variants; ? divergence applies only to the Black English Vernacular, the speech of the most ethnically isolated blacks; ? only certain important features of VBE are diverging, not the entire grammar. ? The hypothesis also has received consid