新大地坐標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

1、附錄a:外文文獻(xiàn)development of new geodetic coordinate datum management systemabstract：current situations of geodetic coordinate datum development procedures and china were presentedthe precisions of astronomic geodetic network and space geodetiongeodetic datum requirements under the current and future new

2、surveying technologies and their applications were discussedthe necessity for upgrading national astronomic geodetic network and development of a new open coordinate geodetic datum management method was investigatedkey words：geodetic datum；geodetic network；managementintroduction coordinates are the

3、reference for surveying and mappingthe development for a high quality coordinate datum is one of the important tasks for surveyors over the world and also a reflection to the survey technologies in statecurrently，world geodetic system 1984(wgs-84)is the most popularly used coordinate system internat

4、ionallythere are two nationally used coordinate system，in 1954 beijing system and 1980 xian systernthere are lots of local coordinate systems developed with different methods in some areasconsidering the importance of coordinate system，a high quality coordinate datum with modern management method is

5、 essential1、geodetic coordinate system statusin chinaat the beginning when founding our stateformer soviet union krasovskys ellipsoid was used for the development of reference coordinate systemthe origin of this system was in former soviet unionthe iointly surveyed coordinates of former soviet union

6、 geodetic coordinate network and the three points at huma，jilalin，and dongning in northeast of our country were taken as our astronomic starting reference datathen a point in beijing was calculated accordingly and was so called 1954 beijing coordinate systemsince the founding of the state，a lot of s

7、urveying and mapping tasks were completed with this coordinate system despite some problems existed due to the technological restrictions at that timethese prob1ems are：（1）the reference ellipsoid semi-major axis is more than 100m longer than modern precisely surveyed size （2）the reference ellipsoid

8、used is not identicall with the geoid of our counterthe elevation abnormity in eastern is as high as 68 m （3）the ellipsoid reference axis direction is not precisely defined （4）error accumulations are large and accuracy is lowto overcome these problems and provide better services for economic develop

9、ment，national defence，and geodesy as well as space research，the national surveying bureau did adjust in one cast to national astronomic geodetic network in the end of 1970s and the beginning of 1980sthe 1980 xian coordinate system was developediugg-75 ellipsoid was used in this systemthe difference

10、between ellipsoid and geoid is within 4-20 m and the side accuracy is 1/500 000 after adjustmenta new geodetic coordinate system is planning to meet the scientific needs in our country as the developments of new technologies such as very long base interfere(vlbi)and global positioning systems(gps)th

11、e classes a and b gps network were completed and put in use respective in 1996 and 1997the space geodetic network developments entered a new phase with these progressesit is not only with higher accuracy than former systems but also with three dimension coordinates which developed on internationaly

12、defined itrf framethis high accuracy 3d space geodetic coordinate system will guarantee the infrastructure surveying for the first 10 years of twenty-first eenturyafter adjustment，the plate coordinate overlap accuracy of class a gps network is better than 210。elevation accuracy is better than 710abs

13、olute accuracy is better than 41.2 mfor class b network，these accuracies are better than 410，810，and 1 m，respectivelythe completion of national class a and class b geodetic control network indicates that we have developed decimetre absolute 3d geodetic control net worka new reference system is avail

14、able for our space technology，and spatial data as well as real proceedings of ism 12th international congress time dynamic positioninga lot of local coordinate systems were developed besides national plane coordinate systemthese systems served national economic developments in some senseconsidering

15、the importance of coordinate system to economic developments and national defence，coordinate system factors are confidential datathe national and local governments control the geodetic coordinate factors strictly and data processing is also charged by relative government agencies2 modern surveying t

16、echnology requirements for coordinate system managementrequirements with advances and applications of gps gps has been playing an important role in surveying and mapping from 1990 s and the accuracy is getting betterthe us gps real time positioning accuracy is 3 mas a military targeted system，sa was

17、 carried out on the beginning of gps system and was removed on may 2000 to meet its economic benefitsthe us government provides higher accuracy of 30 m from earlier 100 m total standard usersa new global navigation satellite system(gnss)was in march 26，2002 by european union(eu)to meet their own ben

18、efitsgalileo is a program independent of us gps developed by euaccording to its plan，galileo program will include 30 satellites with four phasesthe first phase is system evaluation period(completed in 2000)；the second phase is development and test period(from 2001 to 2005)；the third phase is impleme

19、ntation period(2006 to 2007)；and the fourth phase is commercial operation perod(from 2008)the characteristics of galileo are its civil purpose and high accuracyfree of chargeusers can reach6 m and charge users1 m which means an accuracy of 1 m global satellite positioning system will be available in

20、 2008the popularly used coordinate systems now in our country are 1954 beijing system and 1980xian system and 10cal systems are also based on these two systemsnational coordinate system is actually national astronomic geodetic networkthe national geodetic control point accuracy is far from the accur

21、acy of l m due to the restrictions of technologiesso it is urgent to upgrade our astronomic geodetic network with modern surveying technologiesthe popularity and applications of global satellite require open coordinate management systemfor the historic reason，coordinate management in many areas in o

22、ur country is still with restriction and coordinate factors are confidential datait is not available for standard userscoordinate transferring to control points takes in charge by government agenciesthe most distinctive character of gnss is its real time positioning and navigationcurrently，real time

23、 kinetic(rtk)surveying requires coordinate factors for data processing in teal timepost processing can not meet the need of this technologygnss is not only single point coordinate surveyingthe integration of gps and gis is becoming a trenddata collected by gps receivers integrated with gis includes

24、not only coordinates，but also graphs，attributes，topologies，etcthese functions can not be completed with solo point coordinate transferringthe development of open transferring factors between national coordinate system and gnssespecially open local coordinate factor to public is essential with the ad

25、vances of gnssrequirements of modern geographic information industry.as a key point of national economic development，the influence of modern geographic information industry has been growing greatlyas a benchmark digital earth representing modern geographic technologies become the trend of informatio

26、n society，and the objective of digital earth is realizing the integration of economy and society information in the best way and promoting the information for society sharing and wide applicationwith the advances of every kind technology，nationwide and 10cal area government，enterprise，and different

27、thematic gis development is getting fastthe development and applications of these systems bring great changes to government and economic managementcoordinate system datum is the basis of data collection and processing for all gisfor different reasons，there are different coordinate systems existing c

28、urrently in our countrythis requires that gis software has the functionality of coordinate transferring in timetransferring factors between different systems are essentialtraditional closed coordinate management mechanism can not meet the needs of gis developmentsthe development of information shari

29、ng mechanism is the only way for digital earth technologythe final objective is to promote digital earth development，enhance government agency corporation，avoid overlap development，and get high productivitythe information resource standardization is a guarantee for digital earth development and oper

30、ationthe transferring factors between different coordinate systems are important contents of standardizationit is a precondition for data sharingproceedings of ism12th international congress3、development of open coordinate management systemupgrade national astronomic geodetic network coordinate syst

31、emwith the restrictions of technologies，the traditionai main technology factor to evaluate 8n astronomic geodetic network is relative accuracyabsolute accuracy is rarely usedas the advances of gnss。common users can get the accuracy of1 mthe current national astronomic geodetic network accuracy is lo

32、wer than1 mit is an urgent task to promote current national astronomic geodetic network accuracythe national gps class a and class b network has been developedthere are 27 points for class a network and more than 700 points for class b networkthe point absoluteaccuracies of class a and class b netwo

33、rk are0.2m and41 m respectivelyside lengths are 650 km and 150 km respectivelythis high density and accuracy space geodetic network can be used as known condition for the national astronomic geodetic network adjustmentthe current national astronomic geodetic network will be upgraded after data proce

34、ssingfor many reasons，there exists a lot of local coordinate systemsthe main reasons for these local systems are，firstly，on the beginning of state founding，national astronomic geodetic network had not covered all the nation due to technology restrictionslocal coordinates were built to meet the needs

35、 of economic developmentsas the completion of national astronomic geodetic network，these independent local systems were iointly surveyed and transferring relations were built upsecondly。side transferring distortion was required 1ess than 1/40 000 due to technology consideringthirdly，national defence

36、 considerations，transferring factors between 10cal coordinate systems and national datum are confidentialthe transferring tasks must be completed through govern agenciesthese kinds of 10cal systems are widely usedfourthlvfor the reasons of local benefits，there exists several coordinate systems in th

37、e same areathey are independent of each other and of no conneetionit is obvious that local system played important role in the historywith the advances of new technology，local systems blocked the new technology development and gis can not share graphic applicationsthematicdatagps real time nayigatio

38、n is an impossible missionintegrated gis and gps receivers can not be used for data collection under local systemsthe only choices for those new technology and equipment users are，first，not using them and selecting other systems，and second，using the common points to calculate those factorsthis resul

39、ted in many different unstandardized factorsunder the new society and technological conditions，new ideas should be introduced into the coordinate management agencieslocal system is reasonable technically but close-in management is worth discussingnational defence is one of the maln reasons for close

40、-in managementwith the advonces of modern technology，calculation of relationship between systems is not a difficult issueso it is not realistic to use close-in management with those coordinate systems for national defence safetyit is also responsibility for those surveying agencies to provide coordi

41、nate factors and make progress of new surveying technology applications附錄b:中文翻譯新大地坐標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)摘要:大地坐標(biāo)基準(zhǔn)開發(fā)進(jìn)行的現(xiàn)狀在中國也存在。近些年,我們就大地基準(zhǔn)的應(yīng)用,以及在當(dāng)代和未來的新測(cè)量技術(shù)的發(fā)展下開發(fā)大地基準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行了討論。同時(shí)對(duì)升級(jí)國家天文大地網(wǎng),開發(fā)新型的開放式大地坐標(biāo)基準(zhǔn)管理方法的必要性進(jìn)行了研究。關(guān)鍵詞:大地基準(zhǔn),大地網(wǎng),管理1 簡(jiǎn)介坐標(biāo)是測(cè)繪學(xué)中的參考。高質(zhì)量坐標(biāo)基準(zhǔn)的開發(fā)不僅是世界各地勘測(cè)員的重要工作之一,也是一個(gè)國家測(cè)量技術(shù)水平的反映。目前,wgs-84(世界大地坐標(biāo)系)是在國際上使

42、用最廣泛的坐標(biāo)系。1954北京坐標(biāo)系和1980西安坐標(biāo)系是我們使用的兩個(gè)國家坐標(biāo)系。依據(jù)不同的方法,在一些地區(qū)也開發(fā)出了許多地方坐標(biāo)系?？紤]到坐標(biāo)系的重要性,開發(fā)出一個(gè)具有現(xiàn)代管理方法的高質(zhì)量坐標(biāo)基準(zhǔn)是非常必要的。1中國大地坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)的概況在建國初期,前蘇聯(lián)的克拉索夫斯基橢球被用來發(fā)展參考坐標(biāo)系。這個(gè)坐標(biāo)系的坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)是前蘇聯(lián)。參加者調(diào)查了前蘇聯(lián)大地坐標(biāo)網(wǎng)中的坐標(biāo)系,在我們國家東北呼瑪,基拉林,東寧的三點(diǎn)被用來作為天文起始的參考點(diǎn)。之后,有一點(diǎn)在北京被計(jì)算出來,據(jù)此,我們稱之為1954北京坐標(biāo)系。自從建國以來,通過這個(gè)坐標(biāo)系,我們完成了許多測(cè)繪工作,但是由于當(dāng)時(shí)技術(shù)的限制,也或多或少存在一些問題。

43、這些問題為:(1)參考橢球的半長軸尺寸要比現(xiàn)在精確測(cè)量的長100m。(2)所采用的參考橢球與我們計(jì)算出的大地水準(zhǔn)面并不完全符合。東部高差達(dá)到正負(fù)68m。待添加的隱藏文字內(nèi)容3(3)參考橢球的軸向并沒有明確定義。(4)累積誤差大,精度小。 為了克服這些問題,為我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、國防建設(shè)、大地測(cè)量學(xué)以及空間研究提供更好的服務(wù),國家測(cè)繪局在70年代末80年代初對(duì)國家天文大地網(wǎng)的一個(gè)鑄型做了校正。然后,1980西安坐標(biāo)系就被開發(fā)出來了。這個(gè)坐標(biāo)系以iugg-75橢球作為參考。校正后，橢球和大地水準(zhǔn)面的誤差在4-20m范圍內(nèi)，面精度為1/500000。作為新技術(shù)的開發(fā),我們國家正在設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)新的大地坐標(biāo)系來

44、滿足科學(xué)發(fā)展的需求,比如說:vlbi(甚長基線干涉測(cè)量技術(shù))和gps(全球定位系統(tǒng))。a、b類gps網(wǎng)分別在1996、1997年建成并投入使用。伴隨著這些進(jìn)展,空間大地網(wǎng)的發(fā)展進(jìn)入了一個(gè)嶄新的階段。它不僅較先前的系統(tǒng)精確度高,而且發(fā)展出了三維坐標(biāo),在國際發(fā)展上被定義為itrf(國際地球參考框架)框架。這種高精度3d空間大地坐標(biāo)系將擔(dān)保21世紀(jì)頭十年測(cè)繪工作的順利進(jìn)行。經(jīng)過校正,a類gps網(wǎng)的重疊精度優(yōu)于210。高度精度優(yōu)于710。絕對(duì)精度優(yōu)于41.2m。對(duì)于b類網(wǎng)，這幾個(gè)精度分別要優(yōu)于410、810、1m。國家a類和b類大地測(cè)量控制網(wǎng)的建成說明我們已經(jīng)開發(fā)出了分米精度級(jí)別的絕對(duì)3d大地測(cè)量控制

45、網(wǎng)。新的參考系統(tǒng)對(duì)于我們的航天技術(shù)的發(fā)展、空間數(shù)據(jù)的收集、甚至ism（美國供應(yīng)管理協(xié)會(huì)）第十二屆國際會(huì)議上真是行為的實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)定位都是可用的。除了國家平面坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng),也開發(fā)出來許多地方坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)。從某種意義上來說,這些系統(tǒng)在為國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展服務(wù)著?？紤]到坐標(biāo)系對(duì)于國家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和國防安全的重要性,坐標(biāo)系因子都是絕密數(shù)據(jù)。國家和地方政府嚴(yán)格控制大地坐標(biāo)因子,而且數(shù)據(jù)處理也必須是有相關(guān)的政府機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)。2 坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)管理的現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪要求從20世紀(jì)90年代起,gps研究進(jìn)展和應(yīng)用要求一直在測(cè)繪學(xué)中扮演著重要的角色,而且精度也越來越高。美國gps的實(shí)時(shí)定位精度為3 m。作為一個(gè)軍事目的系統(tǒng),sa(選擇可用性,美國采

46、取的限制定位精度的政策)在gps開發(fā)初期就開始執(zhí)行,但是為了滿足他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,在2000年5月份這個(gè)政策被廢除。美國政府向所有普通用戶提供較之前精度100m更高的精度30m。歐盟為了滿足他們的利益,在2002年3月26日將一個(gè)新型的全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)初始化。galileo就是由歐盟開發(fā)的一個(gè)獨(dú)立于美國gps的程序。根據(jù)它的計(jì)劃,galileo包括30個(gè)衛(wèi)星,分為4個(gè)階段。第一階段時(shí)系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)階段(2000年完成);第二階段是發(fā)展和測(cè)試階段(2001-2005年);第三階段是實(shí)施階段(2006-2007年);第四階段是商業(yè)運(yùn)行階段。galileo的特點(diǎn)是它的民用性和高精度。免費(fèi)用戶精度能達(dá)到6m,收費(fèi)用戶精度能達(dá)到1m,這意味著精度為1m的全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)在2008年將能夠投入使用。現(xiàn)在在我們國家被廣泛使用的坐標(biāo)系是1954北京坐標(biāo)系和1980西安坐標(biāo)系,地方坐標(biāo)系也是建立在這兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)之上。國家坐標(biāo)系實(shí)際上是國家天文大地網(wǎng)。由于技術(shù)條件的限制,國家大地控制點(diǎn)的精度離1m的精度還差很遠(yuǎn),所以,使用現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪技術(shù),省級(jí)我們的天文大地網(wǎng)是十分迫切的。全球衛(wèi)星的普及和應(yīng)用需要開放的坐標(biāo)管理系統(tǒng)。由于一些歷史原因,我們國家許多地區(qū)的坐標(biāo)管理仍然受到限制,而且我們坐標(biāo)系的因子都是絕密數(shù)據(jù)。對(duì)于一般用戶來說是不