高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法填空之詞性轉(zhuǎn)換類(lèi)

1、2021/3/131語(yǔ)法填空第三講語(yǔ)法填空第三講: :有提示詞之有提示詞之詞性轉(zhuǎn)換詞性轉(zhuǎn)換2021/3/132 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換詞性轉(zhuǎn)換是語(yǔ)法填空的必考點(diǎn)。這一考是語(yǔ)法填空的必考點(diǎn)。這一考點(diǎn)涉及到點(diǎn)涉及到: (1) 句子成分劃分或句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析句子成分劃分或句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析; (2) 各種詞性的語(yǔ)法功能各種詞性的語(yǔ)法功能; (3) 構(gòu)詞法特別是派生法構(gòu)詞法特別是派生法 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換詞性轉(zhuǎn)換等多個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)等多個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn),是綜合性較強(qiáng)的是綜合性較強(qiáng)的一道題。我們將其主要考點(diǎn)和必備基礎(chǔ)歸一道題。我們將其主要考點(diǎn)和必備基礎(chǔ)歸納如下納如下:2021/3/133考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)1:形容詞形容詞副詞副詞 形容詞后形容詞后+ly可變成與原

2、來(lái)意義相同的副詞。可變成與原來(lái)意義相同的副詞。直接加直接加-lyslow 慢的慢的 slowly 緩慢地緩慢地改改y為為-ilyhappy 高興的高興的 happily 高興地高興地去去e加加-lytrue 真的真的 truly 真的真的考點(diǎn)解密考點(diǎn)解密2021/3/134后后 綴綴 例例 詞詞 后后 綴綴 例例 詞詞 -alindustrial national -an European American-ern eastern northern -able reasonable believable -ful careful mouthful -ish childish selfish-i

3、ve active creative -y dirty thirsty windy -en golden wooden -ary imaginary revolutionary-ic realistic historic -some troublesome lonesome-like childlike womanlike -lyfriendly lovely -lesscareless harmless考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)2:名詞名詞形容詞形容詞(1)(1)名詞加不同的后綴變成形容詞名詞加不同的后綴變成形容詞, ,常見(jiàn)的后綴有常見(jiàn)的后綴有: :2021/3/135(2)形容詞變成名詞。如形容詞變成名詞。

4、如:后綴后綴例例 詞詞-nesshappiness 幸福幸福 illness 疾病疾病 -ydifficulty 困難困難 possibility 可能性可能性 -ismsocialism 社會(huì)主義社會(huì)主義2021/3/136考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)3:形容詞形容詞動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞(1)形容詞可變成動(dòng)詞。如形容詞可變成動(dòng)詞。如:en-enrich豐富豐富 enable 使能夠使能夠-enwiden加寬加寬 sharpen削尖削尖shorten 縮短縮短 soften 軟化軟化-izeAmericanize 美國(guó)化美國(guó)化 civilize 使開(kāi)化使開(kāi)化modernize 現(xiàn)代化現(xiàn)代化 nationalize國(guó)有化國(guó)有化

5、-ysimplify簡(jiǎn)化簡(jiǎn)化某些名詞后加某些名詞后加-y可變成動(dòng)詞可變成動(dòng)詞,表示表示“使使化化”。如。如:beautify 美化美化2021/3/137(2)動(dòng)詞變成形容詞。如動(dòng)詞變成形容詞。如:-ouscontinuous持續(xù)的持續(xù)的 various各種各樣的各種各樣的-able/ibledrinkable可飲用的可飲用的accessible可進(jìn)入的可進(jìn)入的-ing/edinteresting令人感興趣的令人感興趣的 excited興奮的興奮的2021/3/138考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)4:動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞名詞名詞后綴后綴例例 詞詞-anceacceptance接受接受 appearance 出現(xiàn)出現(xiàn)-encer

6、eference參考參考 existence 存在存在-alrefusal拒絕拒絕 arrival 到達(dá)到達(dá)-tiondictation聽(tīng)寫(xiě)聽(tīng)寫(xiě) preparation 準(zhǔn)備準(zhǔn)備-mentargument 爭(zhēng)論爭(zhēng)論 judgment 判斷判斷2021/3/139考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)5:名詞名詞名詞名詞(人人)后綴后綴例例 詞詞-erteacher 教師教師 reader 讀者讀者officer 官員官員 farmer 農(nóng)夫農(nóng)夫villager 村民村民 Londoner 倫敦人倫敦人-orconductor 售票員售票員 visitor 游客游客-arbeggar 乞丐乞丐 -essactress 女演員

7、女演員 hostess 女主人女主人-eseChinese 中國(guó)人中國(guó)人Japanese 日本人日本人-ianmusician 音樂(lè)家音樂(lè)家 physician內(nèi)科醫(yī)生內(nèi)科醫(yī)生-istscientist科學(xué)家科學(xué)家 socialist社會(huì)主義者社會(huì)主義者2021/3/1310考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)6:不變?cè)~性的前綴和后綴不變?cè)~性的前綴和后綴前綴前綴含含 義義例例 詞詞dis-不不,否定否定dissatisfy使不滿意使不滿意 dishonest 不誠(chéng)實(shí)不誠(chéng)實(shí)un-不不unable 不能夠不能夠 unlucky 不幸的不幸的un-相反動(dòng)作相反動(dòng)作undress脫衣服脫衣服 unload 卸貨卸貨in-im-i

8、r-il-不不,非非inactive 不活躍的不活躍的 incorrect 不正確的不正確的impolite不有禮貌的不有禮貌的 impossible不可能的不可能的irregular 不規(guī)則的不規(guī)則的 irresponsible不負(fù)責(zé)任不負(fù)責(zé)任的的illogical 不合邏輯的不合邏輯的 illegal 非法的非法的non-不不,非非non-existent不存在的不存在的 non-stop 直達(dá)的直達(dá)的mis-錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤的,壞的壞的misunderstand 誤解誤解 misfortune 厄運(yùn)厄運(yùn),不幸不幸2021/3/1311前綴前綴含含 義義例例 詞詞re重復(fù)重復(fù),再再rewrite

9、重寫(xiě)重寫(xiě) remarry 再婚再婚super-在上面在上面,超級(jí)超級(jí)supermarket 超市超市 supermodel 超級(jí)名模超級(jí)名模under- 在在之下之下underestimate低估低估 underground 地下的地下的inter-相互相互,之間之間international國(guó)際的國(guó)際的 interact 相互作用相互作用semi-半半semifinal（半決賽）（半決賽） semicircle 半圓半圓multi-多多,多種多種multi-national多國(guó)的多國(guó)的 multi-coloured多種多種顏色的顏色的kilo-千千kilometer 千米千米,公里公里 ki

10、logram 千克千克,公斤公斤tele-遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)telephone 電話電話 television 電視電視a-在在上上/里里aboard 在船在船/火車(chē)火車(chē)/飛機(jī)上飛機(jī)上 ahead 在前面在前面2021/3/1312注注:前綴一般只改變?cè)~義而不改變?cè)~性前綴一般只改變?cè)~義而不改變?cè)~性: 但但en-也改變?cè)~性也改變?cè)~性,如如:large大的大的-enlarge擴(kuò)大擴(kuò)大,danger危險(xiǎn)危險(xiǎn)-endanger危及危及; 后綴一般改變?cè)~性不改變?cè)~義后綴一般改變?cè)~性不改變?cè)~義,但但-ship也不改變?cè)~性也不改變?cè)~性,如如:leader領(lǐng)導(dǎo)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)-leadership領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階層;friend朋友朋友

11、-friendship友誼。友誼。2021/3/1313 要正確解答高考語(yǔ)法填空中的詞語(yǔ)派生題要正確解答高考語(yǔ)法填空中的詞語(yǔ)派生題,必須弄清要填的必須弄清要填的詞在句子中充當(dāng)哪種句子成分詞在句子中充當(dāng)哪種句子成分,作該種成分需要哪種詞類(lèi)的詞作該種成分需要哪種詞類(lèi)的詞;然后再然后再根據(jù)構(gòu)詞根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法法將括號(hào)中的詞變成所需要的詞類(lèi)。將括號(hào)中的詞變成所需要的詞類(lèi)。 下表歸納了各種下表歸納了各種句子成分的概念句子成分的概念、所處的、所處的語(yǔ)境語(yǔ)境和充當(dāng)該和充當(dāng)該句子成分句子成分的典型詞類(lèi)的典型詞類(lèi),這些是做好這些是做好詞語(yǔ)派生題的必備基礎(chǔ)詞語(yǔ)派生題的必備基礎(chǔ),建議同學(xué)們理解并熟記建議同學(xué)們理解并熟記:

12、解題技巧解題技巧2021/3/1314概念描述概念描述所處語(yǔ)境所處語(yǔ)境充當(dāng)?shù)脑~類(lèi)充當(dāng)?shù)脑~類(lèi)主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)講的是什么人或講的是什么人或什么事什么事句子最前面句子最前面;在冠詞、形容詞性物在冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞主代詞,及及some, any, other等后等后名詞、名詞、代詞代詞;動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式不定式或從句或從句賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)作的行為對(duì)象行為對(duì)象及物動(dòng)詞或介詞之后及物動(dòng)詞或介詞之后;在冠詞、形在冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞容詞性物主代詞,及及some, any, other等后等后謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)干什么表示主語(yǔ)干什么或是什么或是什么主語(yǔ)之后主語(yǔ)之后動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、

13、特征或狀態(tài)特征或狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞之后系動(dòng)詞之后主要是形容詞主要是形容詞;某些名詞某些名詞;個(gè)別副詞個(gè)別副詞補(bǔ)語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)在賓語(yǔ)之后在賓語(yǔ)之后;或在被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)之后或在被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)之后定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)修飾和限定名詞修飾和限定名詞或代詞或代詞名詞之前名詞之前,something等代詞之后等代詞之后形容詞形容詞狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞詞、副詞,或或整個(gè)句子整個(gè)句子動(dòng)詞前后動(dòng)詞前后;形容詞或副詞之前形容詞或副詞之前;句首句首副詞副詞2021/3/1315根據(jù)該詞在句子所作成分確定用哪根據(jù)該詞在句子所作成分確定用哪種形式。具體方法有種形式。具體方法有: 技巧技巧1:作表語(yǔ)

14、、定語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ),通常用形容詞形通常用形容詞形式。式。The youngster immediately fell _ (silence) as tears flew down from his big blue eyes. 解析解析:因在系動(dòng)詞因在系動(dòng)詞felt后作表語(yǔ)后作表語(yǔ),用形容詞用形容詞,故填故填silent。 In a _ (danger) part of the sea off the coast of New Zealand, they learnt to 解析解析:在冠詞與名詞之間在冠詞與名詞之間,要用形容詞要用形容詞,作定語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),故填故填dangerous。

15、 2021/3/1316 Teachers must try their best to make most of their students _ (interest) in the subject 解析解析:因所填詞在句中作賓語(yǔ)因所填詞在句中作賓語(yǔ)most of their students的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),用形容詞用形容詞;表示表示”感興趣感興趣的的”,填填interested。2021/3/1317 1.In this lecture, I can only give you a purely _ (person) view of how we can live life to the

16、 full and make some suggestions about the future. 2.If I find someone who looks like the suspect, my _(immediately) reaction will be to tell the police.personal immediate 2021/3/1318 技巧技巧2:作主語(yǔ)、在及物動(dòng)詞或作主語(yǔ)、在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后作賓語(yǔ)介詞后作賓語(yǔ),用名詞形式用名詞形式;在形在形容詞性物主代詞后容詞性物主代詞后,或者在或者在”冠冠詞詞(+形容詞形容詞)”后后,用名詞形式。用名詞形式。要注意名詞要注意名詞

17、是否用復(fù)數(shù)是否用復(fù)數(shù)形式。形式。如如:2021/3/1319 1. Always read the _ (instruct) on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine. 2. On the seven days in a week, Saturday is said to be the most popular _ (choose) for a wedding in some countries. 3. We take _ (proud) in the prosperity of our country.inst

18、ructions choice pride 2021/3/1320 4. the remains date from this period because of their _ (similar) to those found elsewhere. 5. instructors expect students to be familiar with _ (inform) in the readingsimilarities information 2021/3/1321技巧技巧3:修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,或整或整個(gè)句子個(gè)句子,作狀語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),用副詞形式。用副詞形式。如:

19、1Volunteering is becoming _ (increase) popular in China. 2 I wasnt blaming anyone; I _ (mere) said errors like this could be avoided.increasingly merely 2021/3/1322 3.The island is _ (equal) attractive in spring and autumn because of the pleasant weather in both seasons. 4.Do you think shopping onli

20、ne will _ (final) take the place of shopping in stores?equally finally 2021/3/1323 技巧技巧4:括號(hào)中所給詞有可能是括號(hào)中所給詞有可能是要求詞義轉(zhuǎn)換要求詞義轉(zhuǎn)換,詞類(lèi)不一定要變?cè)~類(lèi)不一定要變,主要是考查具有與詞根意義相主要是考查具有與詞根意義相反的派生詞反的派生詞,需根據(jù)句子意思及需根據(jù)句子意思及前后邏輯關(guān)系前后邏輯關(guān)系,在詞根前加在詞根前加un-, im-等等,在詞根后加在詞根后加-less等。等。如:2021/3/1324 1. With the time going by, he was increasin

21、g concerned that his aim was _ (hope) to achieve. 2. _(fortunate), when he hurried to the station, he found the train had left five minutes.hopeless Unfortunately 2021/3/1325 技巧技巧5:括號(hào)中所給括號(hào)中所給動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞也不一也不一定是考動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)或非謂定是考動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,而是考詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換而是考詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換;若是形若是形容詞或副詞容詞或副詞,有可能是考查其有可能是考查其比比較等級(jí)較等級(jí)。如。如:2021/3/

22、1326 1there was a lot of information about the citys well-known tourist _ (attract) 2 The other frog went on jumping as hard as he couldHe jumped even _ (hard) and finally made himself out. 3.Mr. Black is very happy because the clothes made in his factory have never been _ (popular).more popular att

23、ractions harder 2021/3/1327 4. Storms which produced at least 13 tornadoes swept along New Mexicos border with Texas on Friday, destroying homes and other buildings and injuring at least 16 people, several critically, authorities said. The _ (bad) damage was reported in the towns of Logan and Clovis

24、, which are about 80 miles apart, police said. worst 2021/3/1328綜合練習(xí)綜合練習(xí):根據(jù)以上技巧完成下面的語(yǔ)法填空根據(jù)以上技巧完成下面的語(yǔ)法填空2021/3/1329語(yǔ)篇填空語(yǔ)篇填空:閱讀下列短文閱讀下列短文,按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)法性按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)法性,用括號(hào)中所給詞語(yǔ)的適當(dāng)形式填空。用括號(hào)中所給詞語(yǔ)的適當(dāng)形式填空。(A) A father sat at his desk looking at and carefully studying his 1_ (month) bills when his young son rushed i

25、n and announced, “Dad, because this is your birthday and youre 55 years old, Im going to give you 55 kisses, one for each year!” But the father exclaimed, “Oh, Andrew, dont do it now; Im too busy!”monthly 2021/3/1330 The youngster immediately fell 2_ (silence) as tears flew down from his big blue ey

26、es. 3_ (apology) the father said, “You can finish later.” The boy said nothing but 4_ (quiet) walked away, 5_ (disappoint) written over his face. That evening the father said, “Come and finish the kisses now, Andrew!” But the boy didnt respond. 6_ (fortunate), the boy had an accident and was drowned

27、. His heartbroken father wrote. silent Apologically quietly disappointment Unfortunately 2021/3/1331 “If only I could tell him how much I regret my 7_ (thought) words, and could be assured that he knows how much my heart is aching.” Love is a two-way street. Any loving act must be 8_ (warm) accepted

28、 or it will be taken as 9_ (reject) and can leave a scar. Nothing is more 10_ (importance) than responding with love to the cry for love from those who are near and precious to us. Because. there may be no chance at all as in the case of the little boy.thoughtless warmly rejection important 粗心的相互的20

29、21/3/1332(B) The Edinburgh International Festival is over fifty years old and has earned its reputation as one of the worlds greatest 1_ (celebrate) of the arts. The 2_ (found) of the Festival believed that the Festival programmes should be of the highest possible artistic standard presented by the

30、best 3_(art) in the world, that the Festival should enliven(使活躍使活躍) and 4_(rich) the cultural life of Europe, Britain and Scotland and that it should provide a period of flowering of the human spirit.celebrations founders artists enrich 2021/3/1333 The Edinburgh International Festival has developed

31、5_(significance) over the years, yet the founders 6_(origin) intentions are closely reflected in the current aims and objectives.significantly original 2021/3/1334Each year during the summer months Edinburgh becomes the worlds Festival City. It is the huge range and number of artistic events, 7_(per

32、form) and exhibitions happening throughout the city which makes Edinburgh 8_(forget). It makes you feel that there is always something else happening around the corner which you are 9_(miss). This is 10_(evitable可以避免的可以避免的)part of the joy of the Festival. performances unforgettable missing inevitabl

33、e 2021/3/1335 The _ (die) of composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart at the age of 35 may have been caused by complications stemming from strep throat, according to a Dutch study published on Monday. Since the _ (compose) death in 1791, there have been _ (vary) theories about the cause of his _ (time) end, from intentional poisoning, to rheumatic fever, to trichinosis, a parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork.dea