GMAT資料GWDTN16

1、gwd-tn-16: verbal1. gwd18-q34the state religion of ancient china, which came into existence at least as far back as the han dynasty (206 b.c. to a.d. 220) and perhaps as early as the western zhou dynasty (1050 b.c. to 771 b.c.), allowed only emperors performing the ritual worship of heaven, perceivi

2、ng them as special links between the earthly and celestial realms.a. only emperors performing the ritual worship of heaven, perceiving them asb. only emperors to perform the ritual worship of heaven, with the perception of them beingc. the ritual worship of heaven to be performed only by emperors, w

3、ho were perceived asd. the ritual worship of heaven, performed by emperors only, with the perception of them ase. the ritual worship of heaven as performed by emperors only, who were perceived to be-2. gwd25-q2. in two months, the legal minimum wage in the country of kirlandia will increase from fiv

4、e kirlandic dollars(kd5.00) per hour to kd5.50 per hour. opponents of this increase have argued that the resulting rise in wages will drive the inflation rate up. in fact its impact on wages will probably be negligible, since only a very small proportion of all kirfandic workers are currently receiv

5、ing less than kd5.50 per hour.which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?a. most people in kirlandia who are currently earning the minimum wage have been employed at their current jobs for less than a year.b. some firms in kirlandia have paid workers considerably less than

6、kd5.00 per hour, in violation of kirlandic employment regulations.c. many businesses hire trainees at or near the minimum wage but must reward trained workers by keeping their pay levels above the pay level of trainees.d. the greatest growth in kirlandias economy in recent years has been in those se

7、ctors where workers earn wages that tend to be much higher than the minimum wage.e. the current minimum wage is insufficient for a worker holding only one job to earn enough to support a family, even when working full time at that job.-3. gwd25-q3.mel: the official salary for judges has always been

8、too low to attract the best candidates to the job. the legislatures move to raise the salary has done nothing to improve the situation, because it was coupled with a ban on receiving money for lectures and teaching engagements.pat: no, the raise in salary really does improve the situation. since ver

9、y few judges teach or give lectures, the ban will have little or no negative effect.pats response to mel is inadequate in that ita. attempts to assess how a certain change will affect potential members of a group by providing evidence about its effect on the current members.b. mistakenly takes the c

10、ause of a certain change to be an effect of that changec. attempts to argue that a certain change will have a positive effect merely by pointing to the absence of negative effectsd. simply denies mels claim without putting forward any evidence in support of that deniale. assumes that changes that be

11、nefit the most able members of a group necessarily benefit all members of that group.-4. gwd25-q4. recent findings lend strong support to the theory that a black hole lies at the center of the milky way and of many of the 100 billion other galaxies estimated to exist in the universe.a. that a black

12、hole lies at the center of the milky way and ofb. that a black hole lies at the milky ways center and c. that there is a black hole lying at the milky ways center andd. of a black hole lying at the milky ways center ande. of a black hole that lies at the center of the milky way and of-5. gwd25-q5.fo

13、r many revisionist historians, christopher columbus has come to personify devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that has decimated native peoples of the western hemisphere.a. devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that has decimated native peoples of the western hemisphere

14、b. devastation and enslavement in the name of progress by which native peoples of the western hemisphere decimatedc. devastating and enslaving in the name of progress those native peoples of the western hemisphere which in the name of progress are decimated.d. devastating and enslaving those native

15、peoples of the western hemisphere which in the name of progress are decimated.e. the devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that have decimated the native peoples of the western hemisphere.-q6-q9 gwd-29-q3-q6 in a 1984 book, claire c, robertson argued that, before colonialism, age was a

16、 more important indicator of status and authority than gender in ghana and in africa generally. british colonialism imposed european- style male dominant notions upon more egalitarian local situations to the detriment of women generally, and gender became a defining characteristic that weakened wome

17、ns power and authority. subsequent research in kenya convinced robertson that she had overgeneralized about africa. before colonialism, gender was more salient in central kenya than it was in ghana, although age was still crucial in determining authority. in contrast with ghana, where women had trad

18、ed for hundreds of years and achieved legal majority (not unrelated phenomena), the evidence regarding central kenya indicated that women were legal minors and were sometimes treated as male property, as were european women at that time. factors like strong patrilinearity and patrilocality, as well

19、as womens inferior land rights and lesser involvement in trade, made women more dependent on men than was generally the case in ghana. however, since age apparently remained the overriding principle of social organization in central kenya, some senior women had much authority. thus, robertson revise

20、d her hypothesis somewhat, arguing that in determining authority in precolonial africa age was a primary principle that superseded gender to varying degrees depending on the situation.-6. gwd29-q3:the primary purpose of the passage is toa. present evidence undermining a certain hypothesisb. describe

21、 a particular position and its subsequent modificationc. discuss two contrasting viewpoints regarding a particular issued. describe how a social phenomenon varied by regione. evaluate an assumption widely held by scholars-7. gwd29-q4:the passage indicates that robertsons research in kenya caused her

22、 to change her mind regarding which of the following?a. whether age was the prevailing principle of social organization in kenya before colonialismb. whether gender was the primary determinant of social authority in africa generally before colonialismc. whether it was only after colonialism that gen

23、der became a significant determinant of authority in kenyan societyd. whether age was a crucial factor determining authority in africa after colonialisme. whether british colonialism imposed european-style male-dominant notions upon local situations in ghana-8. gwd29-q5:the passage suggests that aft

24、er conducting the research mentioned in line 18, but not before, robertson would have agreed with which of the following about womens status and authority in ghana?a. greater land rights and greater involvement in trade made women in precolonial ghana less dependent on men than were european women a

25、t that time.b. colonialism had a greater impact on the status and authority of ghanaian women than on kenyan women.c. colonialism had less of an impact on the status and authority of ghanaian women that it had on the status and authority of other african women.d. the relative independence of ghanaia

26、n women prior to colonialism was unique in africa.e. before colonialism, the status and authority of ghanaian women was similar to that of kenyan women.-9. gwd29-q6:the author of the passage mentions the status of age as a principle of social organization in precolonial central kenya in lines 24-26

27、most likely in order toa. indicate that womens dependence on men in precolonial kenya was not absoluteb. contrast the situation of senior women to that of less senior women in precolonial kenyan societyc. differentiate between the status and authority of precolonial kenyan women and that of precolon

28、ial ghanaian womend. explain why age superseded gender to a greater extent in precolonial kenya than it did elsewhere in africae. identify a factor that led robertson to revise her hypothesis about precolonial africa-10. gwd25-q10.in 1926, in her second attempt to swim across the english channel, ge

29、rtrude ederle not only crossed the channel against currents that forced her to swim thirty-five miles instead of the minimal twenty-one, but she set a record for speed as well, by swimming the distance in almost two hours faster than anyone had yet done.a. but she set a record for speed as well, by

30、swimming the distance in almost two hours faster than anyone had yet done.b. but also set a record for speed, swimming the distance almost two hours faster than anyone had yet done.c. but also swam the distance in almost two hours faster than anyone had yet done, and setting a record for speedd. but

31、 also setting a record for speed by swimming the distance in almost two hours faster than anyone had yet done.e. but, swimming the distance almost two hours faster than anyone had yet done, she also set a record for speed.-11.gwd-19-q30criminologist: some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of

32、 life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted of a third serious crime. these legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permane

33、ntly. what this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime. filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our abili

34、ty to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes.in the argument as a whole, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?a. the first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is a claim that has been advanced

35、in support of that conclusion.b. the first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.c. the first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is an objection that has been raised against that conclusion.d. the first is the

36、main conclusion of the argument; the second is a prediction made on the basis of that conclusion.e. the first is a generalization about the likely effect of a policy under consideration in the argument; the second points out a group of exceptional cases to which that generalization does not apply.-1

37、2. gwd25-q12.in kantovia, physicians income comes from insurance companies, which require physicians to document their decisions in treating patients and to justify deviations from the companies treatment guidelines. ten years ago physicians were allowed more discretion. most physicians believe that

38、 the companies requirements now prevent them from spending enough time with patients. yet the average amount of time a patient spends with a physician during an office visit has actually increased somewhat over the last ten years.which of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent di

39、screpancy between physicians perceptions and the change in the actual time spent?a. patients are more likely to be in a hurry nowadays and are less willing to wait a long time to see their physician.b. physicians today typically have a wider range of options in diagnosis and treatment to consider wi

40、th the patient before prescribing.c. physicians are increasingly likely to work in group practices, sharing the responsibility of night and weekend work.d. most patients would rather trust their physicians than their insurance companies to make decisions about their treatment.e. since the insurance

41、companies pay physicians a set amount for each office visit, it is to physicians financial advantage to see as many patients as possible.-13-17 gwd25-q 13 to 15: grassland songbirds often nest in the same grassland-wetland complexes as waterfowl, particularly in a certain part of those complexes, na

42、mely, upland habitats surrounding wetlands. although some wildlife management procedures directed at waterfowl, such as habitat enhancement or restoration, may also benefit songbirds, the impact of others, especially the control of waterfowl predators, remains difficult to predict. for example, most

43、 predators of waterfowl nests prey opportunistically on songbird nests, and removing these predators could directly increase songbird nesting success. alternatively, small mammals such as mice and ground squirrels are important in the diet of many waterfowl-nest predators and can themselves be impor

44、tant predators of songbird nets. thus. removing waterfowl-nest predators could affect songbird nesting success through subsequent increases in small-mammal populations. in 1995 and 1996, researchers trapped and removed certain waterfowl-nest predators, primary raccoons and striped skunks, then obser

45、ved subsequent survival rates for songbird nests. surprisingly. they observed no significant effect on songbird nesting success. this may be due to several factors. neither raccoons nor striped skunks consume ground squirrels, which are important predators of songbird nests. thus, their removal may

46、not have led to significant increases in populations of smaller predators. additionally, both raccoons and striped skunks prefer wetlands and spend little time in upland habitats; removing these species may not have increased the nesting success of songbirds in the uplands enough to allow detection.

47、-q 13:according to the passage, which of the following is true about the role played by ground squirrels in the ecology of grassland-wetland complexes?a. while not important in the diet of raccoons or striped skunks, ground squirrels are a significant source of food for other waterfowl-nest predator

48、s.b. whereas ground squirrels are typically important as predators of songbird nests, their opportunistic predation on waterfowl nests also has an observable effect on waterfowl nesting success.c. although most waterfowl-nest predators prey on small mammals such as mice and ground squirrels, populat

49、ions of ground squirrels tend to increase quickly enough to compensate for this level of predation.d. although ground squirrels have been known to prey on songbird nests, a larger portion of their diets is usually provided by predation on waterfowl nests.e. since larger predators tend to prefer smal

50、l mammals to songbird eggs as a food source, a large population of ground squirrels plays an important role in controlling opportunistic predation on songbird nests.-q 14: which of the following best describes the function of the sentence “neither raccoonssongbird nests” (lines 34-37) in the context

51、 of the passage as a whole?a. it raises questions about the validity of a theory described in the first paragraph. b. it points out an oversimplification that is inherent in the argument presented in the first paragraph.c. it introduces information that may help explain the results of the experiment

52、 that are presented earlier in the paragraph.d. it provides a specific example of the type of data collected in the experiment described earlier in the paragraph.e. it anticipates a potential objection to the conclusions drawn by the researchers involved in the experiment described earlier in the pa

53、ragraph.-q 15:the primary purpose of the passage is toa. describe some procedures used for wildlife management and consider some problems associated with the execution of those proceduresb. outline a problem related to a wildlife management procedure and offer potential explanations for the results

54、of an experiment bearing on that problemc. present experimental results that illustrate the need for certain wildlife management procedures and point out some inconsistencies in those resultsd. argue that a certain procedure used for wildlife management should be modified because of its unintended consequencese. propose that further experiments be performed to assess th