畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)基于單片機(jī)AT89C51電子搶答器設(shè)計(jì)

1、單片機(jī)at89c51電子搶答器設(shè)計(jì) 1.系統(tǒng)說明：給主持人設(shè)置一個(gè)開關(guān)，用來控制系統(tǒng)的清零（編號顯示數(shù)碼管滅燈）和搶答器的開始。搶答器具有數(shù)據(jù)鎖存和顯示的功能。搶答開始后，若有選手按動(dòng)搶答器按鈕，編號立即鎖存，并在led數(shù)碼上顯示選手的編號，同時(shí)揚(yáng)聲器給出音響提示。此外，要封鎖輸入電路，禁止其他選手搶答。2.硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)：總體設(shè)計(jì)圖3-1 總體設(shè)計(jì)如圖p3.0為開始搶答，p3.2為停止，p1.0-p1.7為八路搶答輸入，數(shù)碼管段選p0口，位選p2口低3位，蜂鳴器（用綠燈代替）輸出為p3.6口。p3.2為時(shí)間加1調(diào)整，p3.3為時(shí)間減1調(diào)整。p3.0為開始搶答，p3.1為停止，p1.0-p1.7

2、為八路搶答輸入，數(shù)碼管段選p0口，位選p2的低三位口。(1)外部振蕩電路:一般選用石英晶體振蕩器。此電路在加電大約延遲10ms后振蕩器起振,在xtal2引腳產(chǎn)生幅度為3v左右的正弦波時(shí)鐘信號,其振蕩頻率主要由石英晶振的頻率確定。電路中兩個(gè)電容 c1,c2的作用有兩個(gè):一是幫助振蕩器起振;二是對振蕩器的頻率進(jìn)行微調(diào)。c1,c2的典型值為30pf。(2)復(fù)位電路的設(shè)計(jì):單片機(jī)的第9腳rst為硬件復(fù)位端,只要將該端持續(xù)4個(gè)機(jī)器周期的高電平即可實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)位,復(fù)位后單片機(jī)的各狀態(tài)都恢復(fù)到初始化狀態(tài)，其電路圖所示:在方案中使用到了硬件復(fù)位和軟件復(fù)位兩種功能,由上面的硬件復(fù)位可使寄存器及存儲(chǔ)器的值都恢復(fù)到初始值

3、,而前面的功能提到了倒計(jì)時(shí)間需要有記憶功能,該功能實(shí)現(xiàn)的前提條件就是不能對單片機(jī)進(jìn)行硬件復(fù)位,所以設(shè)定了軟復(fù)位功能。軟復(fù)位實(shí)際上就是當(dāng)程序執(zhí)行完畢之后,將程序指針通過一條跳轉(zhuǎn)指令讓它跳轉(zhuǎn)到程序執(zhí)行的起始地址。(3)按鈕輸入電路的設(shè)計(jì):搶答器的輸入按鈕使用常開開關(guān),這些常開開關(guān)組成了搶答按鍵，硬件電路簡單，在程序設(shè)計(jì)上也不復(fù)雜，只要在程序中消除在按鍵過程中產(chǎn)生的“毛刺” 現(xiàn)象就可以了。這里采用最常用的方法即延時(shí)法，其的原理為：因?yàn)椤懊獭泵}沖一般持續(xù)時(shí)間短，約為幾ms，而按鍵的時(shí)間一般遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于這個(gè)時(shí)間,所以當(dāng)單片機(jī)檢測到有按鍵動(dòng)靜后再延時(shí)一段時(shí)間(這里取10ms)后再判斷此電平是否保持原狀態(tài),如

4、果是則為有效按鍵，否則無效。(4)發(fā)聲:這里能利用程序來控制單片機(jī)p3.6口線反復(fù)輸出高電平或低電平，即在該口線上產(chǎn)生一定頻率的矩形波，接上揚(yáng)聲器就能發(fā)出一定頻率的聲音，再利用延時(shí)程序控制“高”“低”電平的持續(xù)時(shí)間，就能改變輸出頻率，從而改變音調(diào)，使揚(yáng)聲器發(fā)出不同的聲音。3.軟件部分：（1）程序系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)圖：硬件電路確定后，軟件的編程要與硬件相匹配，軟硬件才能結(jié)合完成所要實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能。由功能分析得到以下的軟件結(jié)構(gòu)圖：系統(tǒng)初始化模塊按鍵模塊正確搶答模塊非法搶答模塊調(diào)整時(shí)間模塊顯示模塊程序流程圖整個(gè)程序主要由定時(shí)器t0、定時(shí)器t1、外部中斷0和主程序構(gòu)成。定時(shí)器t0用于使揚(yáng)聲器發(fā)聲，當(dāng)需要響鈴時(shí)，把響

5、鈴標(biāo)志位置一，每次中斷都對p3.7取反，揚(yáng)聲器發(fā)聲，改變定時(shí)器初值，可改變揚(yáng)聲器頻率。定時(shí)器程流程圖如下：p3.7取反定時(shí)器重新賦值返回主函數(shù)響鈴標(biāo)志為1？ny定時(shí)器t1用于倒計(jì)時(shí)，每次中斷為50ms，當(dāng)計(jì)數(shù)標(biāo)志為20時(shí)即為一秒，顯示數(shù)字減1。其流程圖如下：返回主函數(shù)計(jì)時(shí)標(biāo)志加一計(jì)數(shù)器重新賦值外部中斷0用于調(diào)整倒計(jì)時(shí)時(shí)間，流程圖如下：顯示時(shí)間r1r1減1返回主函數(shù)r1置0r1增1r1置99加1鍵按下？減1鍵按下？r1到0？r1到99？返回鍵按下？ynyyynnnny 主程序協(xié)調(diào)三個(gè)中斷一起工作，實(shí)現(xiàn)搶答功能,其流程圖如下：按鍵發(fā)聲顯示搶答號，剩余時(shí)間停止鍵按下?搶答鍵按下?停止鍵按下?開始鍵按

6、下？程序初始化倒計(jì)時(shí)顯示倒計(jì)時(shí)開始按鍵發(fā)聲準(zhǔn)備狀態(tài)，顯示fff倒計(jì)時(shí)大于5s?顯示法規(guī)號碼按鍵發(fā)聲非法搶答?停止鍵按下?提醒發(fā)聲倒計(jì)時(shí)結(jié)束?ynnynnnnnyyyyy（2）程序代碼： org 0000h ajmp main org 0003h ajmp int0sub org 000bh ajmp t0int org 001bh ajmp t1intok equ 20h ; 搶答開始標(biāo)志位ring equ 22h ; 響鈴標(biāo)志位 org 0040hmain: mov r1,#0fh; 初設(shè)搶答時(shí)間為15s mov r2,#0ah; 初設(shè)答題時(shí)間為10s mov tmod,#11h; 設(shè)置未定

7、時(shí)器/模式1 mov th0,#0f0h mov tl0,#0ffh; 越高發(fā)聲頻率越高,越尖 mov th1,#3ch mov tl1,#0b0h; 50ms為一次溢出中斷 setb ea setb et0 setb et1 setb ex0 setb ex1; 允許四個(gè)中斷,t0/t1/int0/int1 clr ok clr ring setb tr1 setb tr0; 一開始就運(yùn)行定時(shí)器,以開始顯示fff.如果想重新計(jì)數(shù),重置th1/tl1就可以了查詢程序:start: mov r5,#0bh mov r4,#0bh mov r3,#0bh acall display; 未開始搶答時(shí)

8、候顯示fff jb p3.0,next acall delay jb p3.0,next;去抖動(dòng),如果開始鍵按下就向下執(zhí)行,否者跳到非法搶答查詢 acall bark;按鍵發(fā)聲 mov a,r1 mov r6,a; 送r1-r6,因?yàn)閞1中保存了搶答時(shí)間 setb ok; 搶答標(biāo)志位,用于count只程序中判斷是否查詢搶答 mov r3,#0ah; 搶答只顯示計(jì)時(shí),滅號數(shù) ajmp count;進(jìn)入倒計(jì)時(shí)程序,查詢有效搶答的程序在count里面next: jnb p1.0,false1 jnb p1.1,false2 jnb p1.2,false3 jnb p1.3,false4 jnb p1

9、.4,false5 jnb p1.5,false6 jnb p1.6,false7jnb p1.7,false8 ajmp start非法搶答處理程序:false1: acall bark; 按鍵發(fā)聲 mov r3,#01h ajmp errorfalse2: acall bark mov r3,#02h ajmp errorfalse3: acall bark mov r3,#03h ajmp errorfalse4: acall bark mov r3,#04h ajmp errorfalse5: acall bark mov r3,#05h ajmp errorfalse6: acall

10、 bark mov r3,#06h ajmp errorfalse7: acall bark mov r3,#07h ajmp errorfalse8: acall bark mov r3,#08h ajmp error倒計(jì)時(shí)程序(包括有效搶答程序): count: mov r0,#00h; 重置定時(shí)器中斷次數(shù) mov th1,#3ch mov tl1,#0b0h； 重置定時(shí)器recount: mov a,r6; r6保存了倒計(jì)時(shí)的時(shí)間 mov b,#0ah div ab; 除十分出個(gè)位/十位 mov 30h,a; 十位存于(30h) mov 31h,b; 個(gè)位存于(31h) mov r5,3

11、0h ; 取十位 mov r4,31h ; 取個(gè)位 mov a,r6 clr c subb a,#07h jnc larger ;大于5s跳到larger,小于等于5s會(huì)提醒 mov a,r0 cjne a,#0ah,full;1s中0.5s向下運(yùn)行 clr ring ajmp checkfull: cjne a,#14h,check ; 1s時(shí),響并顯示號數(shù)并清r0,重新計(jì)時(shí) setb ring mov a,r6 jz quit ; 計(jì)時(shí)完畢 mov r0,#00h dec r6 ; 一秒標(biāo)志減1 ajmp checklarger: mov a,r0 cjne a,#14h,check ;

12、如果1s向下運(yùn)行,否者跳到查停/顯示 dec r6; 計(jì)時(shí)一秒r6自動(dòng)減1 mov r0,#00hcheck: jnb p3.1,quit; 如按下停止鍵退出 acall display jnb p1.0,true1 jnb p1.1,true2 jnb p1.2,true3 jnb p1.3,true4 jnb p1.4,true5 jnb p1.5,true6 jnb p1.6,true7 jnb p1.7,true8 ajmp recountquit: clr ok ; 如果按下了停止鍵重新回到開始 clr ring acall bark ajmp start正常搶答處理程序：true1

13、: acall bark; 按鍵發(fā)聲 mov a,r2 mov r6,a; 搶答時(shí)間r2送r6 mov r3,#01h clr ok; ajmp loop2true2:acall bark; mov a,r2 mov r6,a mov r3,#02h clr ok ajmp loop2true3:acall bark; mov a,r2 mov r6,a mov r3,#03h clr ok ajmp loop2true4:acall bark; mov a,r2 mov r6,a mov r3,#04h clr ok ajmp loop2true5: acall bark; mov a,r2

14、 mov r6,a mov r3,#05h clr ok ajmp loop2true6: acall bark; mov a,r2 mov r6,a mov r3,#06h clr ok ajmp loop2true7: acall bark; mov a,r2 mov r6,a mov r3,#07h clr ok ajmp loop2true8: acall bark; mov a,r2 mov r6,a mov r3,#08h clr okloop2: ajmp display ;搶答后停止計(jì)時(shí)，等待返回setb ring jnb p3.1 quit ajmp loop2犯規(guī)搶答程序:

15、error: setb ring ;犯規(guī)響鈴 mov r5,#0bh mov r4,#0bh; 顯示ff和犯規(guī)號數(shù)loop3: acall display jnb p3.1 quit1; 等待“停止”鍵按下 ajmp loop3 quit1: clr ring clr ok ajmp start顯示程序:display:mov dptr,#dat1; 查表顯示程序,利用p0口做段選碼口輸出/p2低三位做位選碼輸出 mov a,r5 movc a,a+dptr mov p2,#01h mov p0,a acall delay mov dptr,#dat2 mov a,r4 movc a,a+dp

16、tr mov p2,#02h mov p0,a acall delay mov a,r3 movc a,a+dptr mov p2,#04h mov p0,a acall delay retdat1:db 00h,06h,5bh,4fh,66h,6dh,7dh,07h,7fh,6fh,00h,71h;滅,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,滅,fdat2:db 3fh, 06h,5bh,4fh,66h,6dh,7dh,07h,7fh,6fh,00h,71hdelay1: mov 35h,#08hloop0: acall display djnz 35h,loop0 ret延時(shí)(顯示和去抖動(dòng)用到

17、):delay: mov 32h,#12hloop: mov 33h,#0afhloop1: djnz 33h,loop1 djnz 32h,loop ret發(fā)聲程序:bark: setb ring acall delay1 acall delay1 clr ring; 按鍵發(fā)聲 retint0(搶答時(shí)間r1調(diào)整程序): int0sub:mov a,r1 mov b,#0ah div ab mov r5,a mov r4,b mov r3,#0ah acall display；先在兩個(gè)時(shí)間led上顯示r1 jnb p3.2,inc0; p3.2為+1s鍵,如按下跳到inco jnb p3.3,

18、dec0; p3.3為-1s鍵,如按下跳到deco jnb p3.4,back0; p3.4為確定鍵,如按下跳到backo ajmp int0subinc0: mov a,r1 cjne a,#63h,add0; 如果不是99,r2加1,如果加到99了,r1就置0，重新加起 mov r1,#00h acall delay1 ajmp int0subadd0: inc r1 acall delay1 ajmp int0subdec0: mov a,r1 jz setr1;如果r1為0, r1就置99， dec r1 acall delay1 ajmp int0subsetr1: mov r1,#

19、63h acall delay1 ajmp int0subback0: retito溢出中斷(響鈴程序):t0int:mov th0,#0ech mov tl0,#0ffh jnb ring,out cpl p3.6 ; ring標(biāo)志位為1時(shí)候p3.6口不短取反使喇叭發(fā)出一定頻率的聲音out: retit1溢出中斷(計(jì)時(shí)程序):t1int: mov th1,#3ch mov tl1,#0b0h inc r0 reti end4.調(diào)試與運(yùn)行：1.調(diào)試：把編寫好的程序放入仿真軟件中，結(jié)合硬件電路進(jìn)行調(diào)試與運(yùn)行。（1）在仿真軟件中按下開始按鈕，從而達(dá)到仿真的目的； （2）led顯示器顯示當(dāng)前0030

20、初始化；（3）按照本次實(shí)際任務(wù)要求，逐個(gè)調(diào)試功能是否能實(shí)現(xiàn)。正常搶答過程調(diào)試：當(dāng)主持人按下“開始”鍵后，允許選手搶答，進(jìn)入正常搶答流程。若在倒計(jì)時(shí)時(shí)間內(nèi)有選手搶答，則顯示管顯示搶答成功的選手編號和答題時(shí)間倒計(jì)時(shí)。若無選手在搶答倒計(jì)時(shí)時(shí)間內(nèi)搶答，則自動(dòng)跳回系統(tǒng)開始部分。在選手正常搶答后，如果選手回答成功。則有主持人按下“結(jié)束”鍵，結(jié)束本次搶答，系統(tǒng)跳回開始部分。如果選手在答題倒計(jì)時(shí)內(nèi)，未能成功回答，則系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)跳回開始部分。違規(guī)搶答過程調(diào)試 ：在主持人未按下“開始”鍵時(shí)有選手進(jìn)行搶答則會(huì)進(jìn)入違規(guī)搶答流程。顯示管閃爍顯示違規(guī)選手編號并伴有蜂鳴器報(bào)警聲。當(dāng)主持人按下“結(jié)束”鍵后系統(tǒng)跳回開始部分。時(shí)間控

21、制功能調(diào)試：在系統(tǒng)開始工作后按下“搶答(回答)時(shí)間控制”鍵后即可通過“加一“或”減一“鍵進(jìn)行時(shí)間控制如圖5.10所示搶答時(shí)間由20s被修改為22s。2.結(jié)果：在運(yùn)行過程中，設(shè)計(jì)能夠滿足搶答時(shí)間正確顯示，違規(guī)搶答顯示。倒計(jì)時(shí)顯示的功能，程序功能運(yùn)行良好。g an employment tribunal claiemployment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.you may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont a

22、gree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.for more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seedismissal.you can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagai

23、nst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. however, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal.remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the

24、date when the event you are complaining about happened. if your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i.if you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.employment tribunals are

25、 less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. if you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight

26、 away from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.if you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. this is known as adamages-based agreement. in england and wales, your

27、solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.if you are thinking about signing up for a damages-based agreement, you should make sure youre clear about the terms of the agreement. it might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a citize

28、ns advice bureau. to find your nearest cab, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest cab.for more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeemployment tribunals.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforc

29、e, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him fir

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31、ere surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska.age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. may be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; may be back

32、 in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲?；蛟S是愧疚于自己

33、似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個(gè)不同的日子過成了同一天的樣子；或許是追溯過去，對自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟，這些天以來，思緒一直很凌亂，在腦海中不斷糾纏?？傆X得自己自己似乎應(yīng)該去做點(diǎn)什么，或者寫點(diǎn)什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺，突然就感覺到有些事情，非做不可了。the end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而窮盡我們的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？during my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for new year, but as

34、 the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so import

35、ant; then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball h

36、oops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年時(shí)，覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過年必備，但是隨著年齡的推進(jìn)，會(huì)越來越發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些東西根本就可有可無；初中時(shí)，以為要有一場暗戀才意味著真正的成長，但三年過去后，自己心平氣和的寫同學(xué)錄的時(shí)候，突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長了，好像并沒有那么重要了；然后到了高中，覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個(gè)句點(diǎn)，但畢業(yè)晚會(huì)的時(shí)候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉，后來再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場，看著他投過籃球的球框時(shí)，突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容顏。origina

37、lly, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原來，這個(gè)世界上，對某個(gè)事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的，除了非做不可的堅(jiān)決，還有，時(shí)間。a persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. also once seemed to be determined to

38、do something, but more often is he backed out at last. dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一個(gè)人的時(shí)候，自己的想法總

39、是特別地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明確，好像沒有什么可以撼動(dòng)自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事，但更多的時(shí)候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦，最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分，有很多錯(cuò)過，好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可，只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強(qiáng)心劑，或者說，是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。at the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; those were broken into variou

40、s shapes of stationery; from the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; have declared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是陰暗的，空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍(lán)格子襯衫；那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙；那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼；還有那場還沒有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的

41、邂逅計(jì)劃那些年那些天的非做不可，終于和青春一樣，都將在我們的人生中謝幕。baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule at

42、tached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weathethe ballo