定語從句之我見

1、定語從句專題葛誦志緒論定語從句是中學階段英語語法中十分重要的一個語法項目。它是高考必考的語法內容，它在句子中的出現(xiàn)頻率很高，對于正確的理解句子的意義起著舉足輕重的作用。定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。定語從句在句子中的作用相當于一個形容詞，起著“定語”的作用。修飾說明名詞，代詞或句子的全部內容；通常在修飾的詞語（即先行詞）之后。由關系詞引導。要學好定語從句，做好定語從句有關的試題，就必須理解透“關系詞”具有的三種功能。1 連接功能（相當于一個連詞）：連接主句與從句，引導定語從句。2 指代功能：（在定語從句中）指代“先行詞”3 語法功能：在定語從句中充當且必須充當句子成分。關系詞依

2、其在定語從句中的功能，又分為關系代詞和關系副詞兩種。（關系代詞在定語從句中充當主語，定語，表語與賓語，關系副詞在其中充當狀語）關系代詞：which,that,who,whom,whose,as關系副詞：when,where,why第一講 關系代詞的應用其中，要正確使用關系代詞就必須掌握和區(qū)分其指代功能和語法功能。主語賓語表語定語指人Who/that Whom(who)/thatthatwhose指物Which/thatWhich/thatthatwhose 可?。?）關系代詞who/that，當定語從句所修飾的先行詞是人時用who或that，關系代詞在從句中作主語時用who/that，作賓語時

3、用whom，但在口語中常用who代替。 Eg: The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.The boy who broke the window is called Jack.The girl we met yesterday is Lileis sister.He is the man whom/that I visited last week.(2)關系代詞which/that，當定語從句所修飾的先行詞是物的時候，用關系代詞which/that。which和that可以在從句中充當主語也可以充當賓語 。th

4、at還可以用來指人，且可在定語從句中做表語。Eg: They planted the trees which/that dont need much water.The fish which/that we bought were not fresh.A plane is a machine that can fly.(3)關系代詞whose既可以用于指人的先行詞，又可以用于指物的先行詞，在定語從句中作定語。whose的意義相當于先行詞的所有格?？蓳Q由n+of which/whom代替 Eg: The World Wide Fund for wildlife is an organizatio

5、n whose aim is to protect wildlife. A story I read several years ago, whose title I cant remember clearly now, changed my idea about money.注：關系詞指物的時候，只用that不用which的情況。(1)當先行詞是everything，anything，nothing，few，little，all，some，much等不定代詞時，或由不定代詞修飾時Eg: All that can has been done.Is there anything (that) I

6、 can do for you?He told us all that he had done.Tell me everything that he had done.(2)當先行詞被every, both, the only, all, the very, no any, little, much, some修飾時。Eg: This is the very book that I have been looking for.The only thing that I want to do is to have a rest.And then I watched all the glasses

7、 that were on the table fell off onto the floor.但指人的時候不受限制。Eg: I was the only person in my office who/that was invited.(3) 先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾或先行詞本身就是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時Eg: He was the first person that passed the exam.This is the best way that can solve the problem.(4)當先行詞既包括人又包括物時Eg: The film star and her fil

8、m that you have just talked about(4)當主句是以(who, which, what)開頭的疑問句，為避免重復，用that.Eg: Which is the book that you want?Who is the man that was talking to you?(6)當先行詞在定語從句作表語時，先行詞無論是人還是物。Eg: China is no longer the country that she was.(7)被修飾詞為數(shù)詞，只用that(8)如果兩個從句，其中一個關系代詞用which，另一個用that，以避免重復。Eg: He built u

9、p a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.(9)主句是there be結構，修飾其主語的定語從句用that注意：關系代詞在定語從句中做主語時，從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復數(shù)由先行詞決定。Eg: He is one of the students who are interested in drawing.He is the only one of the students who is interested in drawing.注：關系代詞在定語從句中做主語時，從句中的謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復數(shù)由先行詞決定。

10、Eg: He is one of the students who are interested in drawing.他是對繪畫感興趣的學生之一。He is the only one of the students who is interested in drawing.他是唯一一個對繪畫感興趣的學生。(one由the only修飾，且先行詞在定語從句中做主語，從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。注：只用which不用that的情況:1非限制性定語從句中 2. 關系代詞前有介詞時 3. 先行詞本身是that時 4. 先行詞后有插入語時第二講 關系副詞以及介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句1由where和whe

11、n引導的定語從句(1)定語從句在修飾一個表示地點的先行詞，且先行詞在定語從句中擔當?shù)攸c狀語用where來引導。Eg: A booking-office is a place where tickects are sold.where是關系副詞，在從句中做地點狀語，其作用相當于一個介詞短語，在本句中等于in the place，所以上例可改為：A booking-office is a place in which tickets are sold。因此定語從句中的where等于 “介詞+which.“Eg: This is the house where(=in which) he lives

12、.This is the house (which)he lives in.注意：1)不要因為先行詞是表示地點或處所的名詞，就不加分析地一律用where來引導定語從句。而必須要看清楚關系詞在從句中充當何種成分，只有做地點狀語才可以用where，做主語或賓語的時候要用that或which。Eg: This is the place where I once lived.This is the place(that/which)I once visited.This is the hospital where my mother works.This is the hospital which/t

13、hat we visited the day before yesterday.2)抽象地點類先行詞后的定語從句當先行詞為stage，situation，point，case等詞且關系詞在從句中作狀語，這時用where引導定語從句。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他們已經到了必須分手的地步。I can think of many cases where students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but

14、 cant write a good essay.我能想出許多這樣的場合，很顯然學生知道許多英語詞匯但是卻寫不出一篇好文章。2.當先行詞是表示時間的名詞，且從句中缺少一個時間狀語，此時when作為引導詞引導一個定語從句修飾先行詞。Eg:I still remember the year when we studied together.He has told me the day when he will come.以上兩個句中是關系副詞，在定語從句中做時間狀語，其作用也相當于一個“介詞+which”。因此上例也可改為：I still remember the year in which we

15、 studied together.He has told me the day on which he will come.注意：關系詞雖然代替的是時間，如果在從句中做主語或賓語時，仍然用which/that：做賓語時還可以省略。Eg: Ill never forget the days when I worked with him.Ill never forget the days(that/which)I spent with him.3.由why引導的定語從句（1）關系副詞why的先行詞只有reason，且在從句中做原因狀語Eg: Do you know the reason why

16、he left early?（引導詞在定語從句中做狀語，等于for which）Do you know the reason for which he left early?（2）關系詞在從句中做賓語時，即使先行詞為reason，仍要用which或that。Eg: The reason that/which he gave us was unacceptable.4以way為先行詞的限制性定語從句且先行詞在定語從句中做方式狀語通常用that或in which引導。這時that或in which的作用相當于關系副詞且在非正式文體中，通常省略that或in which。Eg: The way(in

17、 which/ that)you answered the questions as admirable.I dont like the way in which/that you laugh at her.注：請觀察以下句子：The way (that/which)he explained to us was quite simple5介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句多用于非正式文體中，能做這種用法的關系代詞有which(物)/whom（人），且不能省略。（由關系副詞 when, where, why引導的定語從句常可以用“介詞+關系代詞“來替換）Eg: This i

18、s the person from whom I learnt the mews.There are fifty students in class four , of whom John is the most diligent.The speed at which light travels is 300,000km per second.注意：（1）這類句子中的介詞也可以放在從句的末尾。這時的關系代詞也可省略。Eg: This is the person (whom) you are going to work with.(2)如何選用結構中的介詞有以下三個方法：1).根據(jù)先行詞來選擇介

19、詞Eg: I still remember the day on which I joined the league.I still remember the days during which I lived in the country.I still remember the years in which I stayed there.The train on which she is traveling is arriving.The pencil with which I wrote my homework was broken.2).根據(jù)從句中的謂語動詞的搭配Eg: This is

20、 the book on which I spent five yuan.This is the book for which I paid five yuan.This is the book from which I learnt a lot.This is the book in which there are few new words.This is the book about which Tom often talks.In the dark street，there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.3)

21、.根據(jù)句子的意義來選擇Eg: The brave man by whom the tiger was shot is a good hunter.The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what was going on inside the house.(3)介詞在定語從句中的位置，一般有兩種情況：1).一些介詞既可以放在關系代詞前面，也可以放在從句中。Eg: The athlete to whom you talked is a famous runner.The lady whom he was

22、 dancing with stepped on his foot.The lady with whom he was dancing stepped on his foot.2).在含有介詞的短語動詞中，介詞一般不前提Eg: Is this the watch which he is looking for?The old man whom the nurses are looking after is very well now.The old woman who needs to be taken care of has no children.(4) 復合介詞短語關系代詞which”引

23、導的定語從句，這種結構引導的定語從句常與先行詞用逗號分開，定語從句常用倒裝語序。He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.(5)“介詞where”引導的定語從句有時我們可以見到“介詞where”引導的定語從句，此時要和“介詞which”引導的定語從句從意思上加以區(qū)別。His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw n

24、othing but trees.他的頭很快從窗口探了出來，從那里除了樹木他什么也看不到。(from where相當于from out of the window，而不是from the window)China is the birth place of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan，Korea，Thailand and India.中國是風箏的故鄉(xiāng)，從這里放風箏傳到了日本、朝鮮、泰國和印度。第三講 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別1.形式不同限制性定語從句與其先行詞一般用逗號隔開，翻譯是也往往譯成一個句子；非限制性定語從句

25、與其先行詞一般用逗號隔開，翻譯時常常譯成兩句。Eg: She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.I will never forget the days which we spent together.2.功能不同限制性定語從句與其先行詞關系十分密切，它限制了先行詞的意思，去掉從句，剩余部分的意思往往不完整，甚至失去意義；非限制性定語從句只是其先行詞的附加說明，如去掉，句子剩余部分意思仍然完整。Eg: His brother who works in Shanghai will come here to

26、morrow.（不止一個弟弟）His brother, who works in Shanghai, will come here tomorrow.（僅有一個弟弟）There is nothing in the world that can frighten the Chinese people.Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party.3.先行詞不同限制性定語從句的先行詞一般為單個的名詞或代詞；非限制性定語從句的先行詞既可以是單個的名詞或代詞，也可以是整個句子或其中一部分。Eg: Mike sold the house, which made

27、 his father very angry.注：使用非限制性定語從句需要注意的問題。1（1）that通常不能用來引導非限制性定語從句。使用非限制性定語從句時，如果先行詞指人，可用who, whom, whose來引導，先行詞指物，也可用which, as；先行詞表示時間或地點可用when,where來引導（它們在從句中作時間或地點狀語）Eg: Well graduate in July, when we will be free.Once more I am in Boston, where I have not been for ten years.Ive decided to get t

28、he book, the cover of which looks quite beautiful.She has two daughters, both of whom become doctors.（2）關系代詞whom在限制性定語從句中做賓語時，可用who代替；但在非限制性定語從句中做賓語時通常不可用who代替。若介詞前提，無論在限制性定語從句還是非限制性定語從句中，其后必須用whom。Eg: This is the girl whom I met in the street.The young man had a new friend, whom he wanted to impres

29、s.(3)引導限制性定語從句的關系詞，在從句中做賓語時，在口語中可以省略；引導非限制性定語從句的關系詞，即使在從句中做賓語也不能省略。Eg: This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.注意：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句無論是在形式上，用法上還是在意義上都有一定的區(qū)別，同樣一個句子，用限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句來表達，意義也是完全不同的。2which與as的選擇1）which與as都可以用來引導非限制性定語從句，來指代整個句子的內容，

30、非限制性定語從句位于句尾，且或在從句中做主語，賓語或表語時，兩者可以互換。Eg: He failed in the exam, which/as was natural.He is an honest boy, which/as anybody can see.The man seemed a German, which/as in fact he was.2）which與as引導非限制性定語從句時的區(qū)別A如果非限制性定語從句位于主句之前或插入主句之中時，只能用aseg: As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the ear

31、th.The kind of computer, as is well-known is out of date.B定語從句中的動詞若為下列動詞時如：see, know, observe, expect, point out etc. 只能用asEg:As we (all) know, as is well known, as was expected ect,As is announced in the newspaper, our country has launched another manmade satellite.As has been said above, grammar i

32、s a set of deal rules.As Engels pointed out, labour created man himself.C當先行詞受到such, as, the same 修飾時。Eg: I have never seen such kind of people as they are. These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.I received as nice a gift as my mother promised.Do you want to buy the same radio

33、as was shown on TV?注：1）當the same修飾先行詞的句中，先行詞與關系詞在定語從句所指代的內容是指同一件東西時，關系詞則需要用that。Eg: She was wearing the same dress that she had on the day before.2)such.as.(定語從句)像那樣(as做從句成份)such.that.(狀語從句)如此以至于（that不做成份）This is such an easy question as I can answer.(定語從句)這是一個我能回答的簡單問題。This is such an easy question

34、 that I can answer it.(狀語從句)這是個如此簡單的問題，以至于我能回答它。Das在從句中做主語，后面常跟行為動詞的被動形式，which在從句中做主語，后面常跟行為動詞的主動形式Eg: She has been late again, as was expected.It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.Kate always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.E當從句與主句的語義一致時用as，表“正如”；反之用which（

35、主句，從句皆為肯定句，否則多要用which）Eg: He is honest, as we expected.He isnt honest, which we expected.The elephant is like a snake, which is not right.3）關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇在非限制性定語從句中，關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇方法和限制性定語從句一樣；引導詞在從句中做主語，賓語，定語和表語時用關系代詞；做狀語時用關系副詞。4）關系代詞和人稱代詞，指示代詞的選擇選關系代詞還是人稱代詞，關鍵是分清句子結構。如果是非限制性定語從句，兩句中用逗號隔開，且無連詞，用關系代詞；如果是

36、并列句，全句中有連詞，兩句中間為句號或分號，用人稱代詞或指示代詞。Eg: Bill, who was here yesterday, asked me a lot of questions.(=Bill was here yesterday, and he asked me a lot of questions.)His wife, who you met at my home, is a worker.(=His wife is a worker, and you met her at my home.)第四講 定語從句分類正誤例析1 成分重復誤：The factory where we w

37、orked there last year was built in 1968.正：The factory where we worked last year was built in 1968.析：別忘記定語從句的關系詞一定要在定語從句中充當某一成分。誤句中關系詞where在從句中做狀語用，意為“在那工廠”，再用there就重復狀語了。又如：Who is the man (that)you talked to him just now?應改為：Who is the man that you talked to just now?（that在從句中做賓語用，意為“那個人”，him是多余的。）及

38、Ill give you the book which youll find it interesting.定語從句中的it是多余的，因為which 已經代表了the book 在定語從句中做了find 的賓語。不能又it來做它的賓語。2 關系詞用錯誤：This is the right bookstore where we are looking for.正：This is the right bookstore which we are looking for.析：要弄清楚各個關系詞在從句中所充當?shù)某煞帧Ｕ`句中的關系詞應指bookstore，而where在從句中只能做狀語，因此是錯誤的，故

39、關系副詞where應改為關系代詞which。又如：This is the boy whom was praised by Mr.Jack yesterday.應改為：This is the boy who was praised by Mr.Jack yesterday.（關系代詞在從句中做主語用，應把whom改為who）3 主謂矛盾誤：Can you show me the book which have been translated into English by Xiao Hong?正：Can you show me the book which has been translated

40、 into English by Xiao Hong?析：在定語從句中，當關系詞為主語時，從句的謂語動詞必須與先行詞保持一致，而不是與主句的主語相一致。應將have been translated改為has been translated。4 缺關系代詞誤：The man is giving a report in our school is a scientist.正：The man who is giving a report in our school is a scientist.析：犯這種錯誤大致有兩個原因：一是受漢語影響，把英語和漢語結構等同起來；二是沒弄清楚關系代詞在定語從句中做

41、主語是不能省略。5 漏掉介詞誤：The woman whom I went to the concert is a singer.正：The woman whom I went to the concert with is a singer.析：該句的漢語意思是：“和我一起去參加音樂會的那位女士是位歌唱家?！备鶕?jù)句義，定語從句中的關系代詞whom應做介詞with的賓語。如果漏掉介詞with，關系代詞whom就無處可放，也就無法解釋了。又如：The man whom I talked to you lives upstairs.應改為：The man whom I talked to you a

42、bout lives upstairs.（whom做about的賓語用，故about不能漏掉。）6 詞語錯位誤：The room in that she lives is a large one.正：The room that she lives in is a large one. 析：在定語從句中，介詞不能置于關系代詞that之前。當介詞放在從句后面時，that也可以用，也可以省略。例如：This is the question that we have had so much discussion about.注意：含有介詞的動詞短語一般不可以拆開。不能說：The book for wh

43、ich he is looking was given by my brother.而應該說：The book which he is looking for was given by my brother.當然在一般情況下，定語從句的關系代詞which和whom做介詞的賓語時，介詞是可以置于which和whom之前的。例如：Do you know the comrade to whom she was talking?/ The tool with which he is working is called a saw.7。 定語從句與狀語從句判斷錯誤：A. Here is such a b

44、ig stone as no one can move.B. Here is so big a stone as no one can move.C. Here is such a big stone that no one can move itD. Here is so big a stone that no one can move it.在A,B句中as 都在定語從句中做了move 的賓語，as是引導詞，引導定語從句，而在C，D句中，that 上作來引導狀語從句的。EIll go to the place where you stay.F. Ill go where you stay.

45、在句E中where是引導定語從句，而在句F 中where是引導在點狀語從句的。8. 定語從句與主語從句判斷失誤：A. As is known to all, they are sure to win.B. Its known to all that they are sure to win.在句A中as是關系代詞，代表后面的整個句子做主句的主語。在句B中it是代詞，代表that引導的句子做主句的主語。9. 是定語從句還是同位語從句。A. We heard the news that pleased everyone.B. We heard the news that our term had

46、won.在這里要認清楚定語從句的關系詞在從句中起句子成份作用，而同位語的that 不充當句子成份，句A中的that就充當了從句中的主語，在句B中that卻不在從句中充當任何成份。再者同位語從句引導詞還可以由其他的詞來引導。故在定語從句中，that作主語、賓語或表語；在同位語從句中，that不作任何成分，如：C. I have no idea what he going to do.D. I have no idea whether he will come.E. I have no ides where he will go.F.There are no signs that Charles

47、is a rich man.G.They find signs that make them believe other humans before them have traveled to the Earths center.10 看不出插入句部分，以為是定語從句，影晌句中動詞的選擇A. I met a man who I thought _ to help us. a. would come b. of coming c. to come d. come許多學生一看though馬上就想起think of doing sth而選了c. 然而在這里I thought是一個插入成份，如果將其省

48、掉就容易看出who是后面的主語了。同樣who也不會用whom 了。11 冠詞處理不好學習者往往以為定語從句是對前面的名詞有限定作用，那么則是特指了，先行詞如有寇詞則一定是the了，其實不然。A A sailor is a man that works in a ship。B He is the man that helped me yesterday。要知道，有的定語從句只是對前面的名詞作說明或解釋。句A的定語從句是對行詞作說明，說水手是一種。人，那是泛指的，不用the。而句B的定語從句是才特指的。C. Is this factory_ you visited last year?a. the one c. that c. which d. whereD. Is this the factory_ you visited last year?a. the one c. that c. who d. where1. （2014安徽卷）22The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.A. When B. where C. why D. which2.（2014北京卷）26. I bo