英語(yǔ)高考選閱讀之解題技巧劉勇PPT學(xué)習(xí)教案

1、會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)1 英語(yǔ)高考選閱讀之解題技巧劉勇英語(yǔ)高考選閱讀之解題技巧劉勇 試題模式為：給出一篇缺少5個(gè)句子的文章，對(duì) 應(yīng)有七個(gè)選項(xiàng)，要求同學(xué)們根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容，選 出正確的句子，填入相應(yīng)的空白處。 “主要考查考 生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和框架結(jié)構(gòu)以及語(yǔ)篇中段際及句 際邏輯意義的銜接的理解和掌握?！泵}依據(jù)是英 語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提出的“提高學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)獲取信息、處 理信息、分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力”的要求。這種 題型以指導(dǎo)性或描述性說(shuō)明文居多，這兩種文體的結(jié) 構(gòu)層次都比較清晰完整，邏輯嚴(yán)密，適合考查標(biāo)題概 括、主題句和過(guò)渡句等，以達(dá)到考查學(xué)生綜合閱讀能 力的要求。 題型解讀 第1頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 第2頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 主

2、要考點(diǎn) 1. 主旨大意題：選出段落小標(biāo)題或主 題句。 2. 句際關(guān)系題：正確選項(xiàng)與上下文之 間主要有解釋例證、轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比、因果、 遞進(jìn)、順承或順序、并列排比、概括 歸納等邏輯關(guān)系。此為考察的重點(diǎn)。 第3頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 設(shè)空或選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn) 1. 設(shè)空處通常是完整的句子，但也有可能是并 列分句或從句，甚至是逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)的短語(yǔ)（通常 是狀語(yǔ)）。七個(gè)選項(xiàng)都與短文有關(guān)，多為完整 的句子，句型不一，長(zhǎng)短不同，七個(gè)備選項(xiàng)通 常由短到長(zhǎng)排列。 2. 設(shè)空的位置可在段首，段中或段尾。 3. 正確的選項(xiàng)通常有三種：主旨概括句（考察 對(duì)文章或段落的歸納概括能力), 過(guò)渡性句子 （考察對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力），注釋性句子 （考察對(duì)

3、上下文邏輯意義的理解能力） 第4頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 解題技巧 一、根據(jù)位置線(xiàn)索解題 二、根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 三、根據(jù)詞匯線(xiàn)索解題 第5頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 解題技巧一：根據(jù)位置信息解題 1.問(wèn)題設(shè)在段首（三種可能）： 通常是段落主題句。短小精悍，多為名詞性短語(yǔ) 或祈使句。閱讀此段剩余內(nèi)容，根據(jù)段落一致性 原則，查找相關(guān)詞或者同義詞，從而鎖定答案。 與后文是并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果等關(guān)系。著重閱讀后 文一二句，鎖定線(xiàn)索信號(hào)詞，然后在選項(xiàng)中查找 相關(guān)特征詞。正確選項(xiàng)與后文的句子在意思上是 銜接的，因此通常這兩句話(huà)之間會(huì)有某種銜接手 段。 段落間的過(guò)渡句。此時(shí)要瞻前顧后找啟示，閱讀 上一段結(jié)尾。通常正確選項(xiàng)可以承上啟下，起

4、到 兩段之間很好的過(guò)渡作用。 第6頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例1: In order to make a change, you need to decide why its important. Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reasons, tell your family or roommates about the

5、 change you want to make. 答案：Find the right motivation. （主題句） 例2： However, he is not a fish. Because he must breathe air, he cant stay under the water surface for any length of time. To explore deep water, man faces even more dangers and problems. 答案：Man wants to explore deep into the sea. （與 后文轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

6、并啟示下文內(nèi)容。） 第7頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 解題技巧一：根據(jù)位置信息解題 2.問(wèn)題設(shè)在段中：通常正確選項(xiàng)的句子 在語(yǔ)境和邏輯方面和上下文有密切的關(guān) 系，通常為過(guò)渡句或細(xì)節(jié)注釋句。注意 句際體現(xiàn)時(shí)間、原因、方式、轉(zhuǎn)折等邏 輯關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞以及邏輯性插入語(yǔ)等。 第8頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例3: Practice safe wear and care of contact lenses (隱形眼鏡）. Many Americans use contact lenses to improve their eyesight. While some follow the medical guidance for wear

7、ing contact lenses, many are breaking the rules and putting their eyesight at risk. Otherwise, you may have problems such as red eyes, pain in the eyes, or a more serious condition. 答案：Always follow the doctors advice for appropriate wear. （注意祈使句與otherwise的搭配 邏輯） 第9頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例4: Unfortunately, weve all

8、 been victims of betrayal . Whether weve been stolen from, lied to, misled, or cheated on , there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply cant trust anymore. 37 Its understandable , but if youre willing to build trust in a relationship again , we have some steps you can take to

9、 get you there. 答案：Theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again. (前后因果關(guān)系，注釋無(wú)法再信任的原因，并與 下文understandable銜接。) 第10頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 解題技巧一：根據(jù)位置信息解題 3.問(wèn)題設(shè)在段尾： 通常是結(jié)論、概括性語(yǔ)句。注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示結(jié) 果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)等的信息詞，如therefore, as a result, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word等詞語(yǔ)。 與前文之間是轉(zhuǎn)折或者

10、對(duì)比關(guān)系。 與前文之間是并列排比或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。此時(shí)，正確選項(xiàng) 的作用往往是補(bǔ)全說(shuō)明本段主題的其他細(xì)節(jié)。解題時(shí) 注意查找表示并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞或與前文類(lèi)似 的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，或同義詞等其他線(xiàn)索。 承上啟下，引出下一段的內(nèi)容。此時(shí)注意看下一段的 開(kāi)頭幾句，看選項(xiàng)中是否有與之緊密銜接的句子。 第11頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例5: How to reduce food waste It was reported recently that in the UK, we throw away up to one third of the food we buy each week. This amounts to 6.

11、7 million tons of food each year. As the food crisis increases around the world, it makes sense for us to reduce the amount of food we waste. 36 答案 This will save us money too- imagine saving a third of your weekly food bill! （補(bǔ)充解釋makes sense的理由并歸納概 括上文） 第12頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) Here are some tips to help you redu

12、ce food waste. Make a menu plan. Think about the meals that your family enjoys most and make a menu plan for the week. Write down the ingredients you need for each meal on a list. There is nothing worse than pushing a trolley(手推 車(chē)）around a supermarket aimlessly with no ideas about your meals for the

13、 following week. 37. 答案：You often end up with lots of ingredients that dont go together! （解釋上文語(yǔ)句的結(jié)果） 第13頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例6: Everyone wants to succeed in their life , dont they? Even as a teenager, you can achieve success in your life; it really isnt that hard. 31 Do well in school. No matter how boring it is

14、 now , education will help you be a productive member in society. Try your best for excellence in school; listen to the teachers, do your homework, study, and get good grades. Doing so will help you get into a better university, which will enable you to have a bright future.32 答案：31: Here are some i

15、mportant points that you may find helpful. (承上啟下） 32: School sets you up on the right track!（歸納概括） 第14頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 解題技巧二：根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 語(yǔ)篇是指比單個(gè)句子長(zhǎng)的語(yǔ)言單位（句群、 段落、篇章等）。語(yǔ)篇中的各種邏輯關(guān)系通常 是通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志詞來(lái)體現(xiàn)的。對(duì)語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志詞了 解得越多，就可以更好地理解語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)和要 表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，為解題提供幫助。 第15頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 七選五閱讀中常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系： 1.解釋例證關(guān)系：前后的某句是為了證明另 一句而舉的例子或具體解釋說(shuō)明。例證的形 式具有多樣性，思維過(guò)程基

16、本是歸納（從例 子到觀(guān)點(diǎn)）和推理（從觀(guān)點(diǎn)到例子）。常見(jiàn) 的表示例證關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞有： for example/instance, in fact/as a matter of fact, actually, in other words/that is （ to say ）that means等 。 解題技巧二：根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 第16頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 2.轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系:主要指英語(yǔ)行文中后句對(duì)前 句構(gòu)成逆轉(zhuǎn)邏輯關(guān)系。表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的標(biāo)志 詞有：but, however, yet, while，though， although, or/otherwise, on the contrary, instea

17、d(of), nevertheless(然而), still, in/by contrast/comparison, on the other hand, unfortunately, whereas, unlike, rather than, it is true that, even if/though, despite, in spite of 等。 解題技巧二：根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 第17頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 3.因果關(guān)系:主要指前后的句子有著前因后果 或者前果后因等關(guān)系。表示因果關(guān)系的標(biāo)志 詞有： so, therefore , thus，consequently , as a result (

18、of）, so/suchthat., so that， because(of), for, since, as, hence, accordingly, due to, thanks to,in that, for this reason等。 解題技巧二：根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 第18頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 4.遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：對(duì)前文進(jìn)行加深解釋。表示 遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞有： whats more, whats worse, to make matters worse, in addition/additionally, besides，further ，further more, moreover等。 解題技巧二：

19、根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 第19頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 5.順承或順序關(guān)系：上下文按照時(shí)間、空 間、事理或邏輯上的順序表達(dá)連續(xù)的動(dòng)作 或相關(guān)情況。標(biāo)志詞有： afterwards, at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to start/begin with，in the mean time, last, later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly等。 解題技巧二：根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 第20頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 6.并列或排比關(guān)系：句子共同為一個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)看 法服務(wù)。標(biāo)志詞有：

20、and , or, too, also, someothers, for one thing, for another thing, neithernor,eitheror, equally, in the same way, that is to say ,as well as, the same as,likewise, similarly, as well, notbut, not only.but also，等。 解題技巧二：根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 第21頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 7. 概括歸納關(guān)系: 對(duì)下文（段首空）或前文 （段中或段尾空）進(jìn)行概括歸納。標(biāo)志詞有 ： in short , in bri

21、ef , in summary ,generally speaking ,in general , to conclude ,in conclusion, in a word ,on the whole , to sum up 等。 解題技巧二：根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 第22頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例7(解釋例證關(guān)系) There are three main types of cryptography（密碼術(shù)）. 37, For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden messag

22、e“Meet me.” 答案：You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spelt out. 解題技巧二：根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 第23頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例8 (轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系) （同時(shí)參見(jiàn)例2、例3） This could be watching TV or listening to music. Doing some exercises earlier in the day should help you feel physically as well as mentally tired ._However, cof

23、fee or tea should be avoided as they contain caffeine and will keep you awake. A. So, whats a good sleep? B. A bedtime drink can also help. C. Having a good sleep will keep you lively the whole day. 答案：B 此題還可 以根據(jù)其他邏輯線(xiàn) 索或詞匯線(xiàn)索得出 答案 解題技巧二：根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 第24頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例9 (因果關(guān)系) There is no doubt that, in an incre

24、asingly competitive trading environment, we are better equipped than ever to compete and to win and we feel increasingly optimistic._. 答案：This is due to our now having a clear strategy with a focus on the customer and product improvement . 解題技巧二：根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 第25頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例10 (遞進(jìn)關(guān)系) It seems urgent, that co

25、mmunications in transport should be improved. _ All over cities, it seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite. A.Communication between human beings should also be kept smooth and polite. B.Yet this is all too often seen. C.The public should obey the rules. 答案：A 解題技巧二：根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 第26頁(yè)/

26、共44頁(yè) 例11 (順承或順序關(guān)系) Taking good notes is a time saving skill that will help you to become a better student in several ways. _ Second, your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test. Third, note-taking offers A.Use words, not complete sentences . B.You must write your

27、notes on separate paper. C.First,the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember. D.There are three practical note-taking methods. 答案：C 第27頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例12 (并列或排比關(guān)系) Warm Up. 17 You shouldnt even start having sports until youre a little warmed up. So take a ligh

28、t jog to get loosened up and ready to play . By warming up, you get yourself ready to play. Warming up your muscles and practicing a sport help keep you safe , too. Know the Rules of the Game. Traffic lights help to prevent crashes between the many cars and trucks that drive on the roads together .T

29、his works because drivers know the rules and follow them - at least most of the time . 18 When players know the rules of the game , you and the other players know what to expect from each other. A.Watch out for others. B.Its not a good idea to just run to the field and start playing directly. C.Dont

30、 play when you are injured. D.Its the same way with sports. 答案：18 D 答案：17 B 解題技巧二：根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 第28頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例13 (概括歸納關(guān)系) _ Every day ,when she comes back home from work, she sets about doing housework , sweeping the living room and bedrooms or cleaning the furniture , and putting everything in order. She s

31、eems to be busy all the time. Mother never buys expensive dresses for herself, but she often buys some inexpensive but high quality clothes for us. A.She never goes to expensive restaurants to enjoy meals. B. My mother is hard-working and never wastes money. C. As a mother , she takes good care of u

32、s and gives us every comfort. 答案：B 解題技巧二：根據(jù)邏輯線(xiàn)索解題 第29頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 解題技巧三：根據(jù)詞匯線(xiàn)索解題 詞匯線(xiàn)索主要指利用語(yǔ)篇中起銜接作用的 詞匯或者上下文以及選項(xiàng)中重現(xiàn)的詞匯或結(jié)構(gòu) 。觀(guān)察發(fā)現(xiàn)并利用這種具有啟示性的詞匯線(xiàn)索 ，從而能夠快速準(zhǔn)確選定正確選項(xiàng)，也是解答 七選五題型的重要策略之一。 具體而言，詞匯線(xiàn)索主要包括以下幾種： 1.代詞線(xiàn)索 2.數(shù)詞線(xiàn)索 3.詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn) 4.詞匯同現(xiàn) 5.結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)現(xiàn) 第30頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 七選五閱讀中常見(jiàn)的代詞有：it, one, that, they/them, this/that, these/those, ev

33、eryone, everybody, each, both, all, many等. 英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率極高，代詞的作用 無(wú)非是指代前面提及的人、物、事或整句概念。凡 在選項(xiàng)中或空格前后遇到代詞，就需要考慮該代詞 指代上下文中的什么內(nèi)容，代入選項(xiàng)后上下文意義 是否通順并合乎邏輯。代詞中需要特別注意人稱(chēng)代 詞、指示代詞以及不定代詞以及代詞所指代的名詞 的單復(fù)數(shù)與代詞的對(duì)應(yīng)。 1 代詞線(xiàn)索 第31頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例題14： The new design was well received by the reception staff of the hotel chain. _ 答案：They

34、all believe that its introduction has led to a modern , more professional corporate image and greater confidence among them. 第32頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 第33頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 2 數(shù)詞線(xiàn)索 包括具體數(shù)字以及和數(shù)字相關(guān)的詞 匯諸如ratio, rate等等。作者列出數(shù)字， 除了和其他數(shù)字進(jìn)行對(duì)比和比較之外， 還可以用數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)說(shuō)明一個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)。 第34頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例16 As in China, the weather is different from area to area. 1 T

35、he temperatures can fall to 60 , which is 60 below freezing. In the capital,Ottawa,the average of winter temperature is -10, and in summer 21 . 2 The average January temperature is 3, and in July it is 18 . A.Canada is the second largest country in the world . B.The west coast of Canada is the warme

36、st place in winter. C.In the North, the winters are long and hard with snow for six months. 答案：2 B答案：1 C 第35頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 3 詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn) 即作者在文章上下文不同的位置對(duì)同一個(gè)概念 進(jìn)行重復(fù)描述。因此上下文中和正確選項(xiàng)中可能會(huì) 復(fù)現(xiàn)原詞、同根詞、同義詞、近義詞、反義詞等。 例17： You dont show your secret personality when you are awake because you can control your behavior, but when y

37、ou are asleep，your sleeping position shows the real you 答案：Everyone has got two personalities the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real 第36頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例18：_ The image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self

38、-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us. A. Dont allow doubts to occur in it . B. Always love yourself. C. Self-image is your own minds picture of yourself. 答案：C 第37頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 4 詞匯同現(xiàn) 屬于語(yǔ)義上相互關(guān)聯(lián)的詞語(yǔ)或者跟此詞 匯屬于同一領(lǐng)域的詞匯在上下文中同時(shí)出 現(xiàn)，達(dá)到語(yǔ)義銜接的目的。如：school, teacher, student, headmaster, c

39、lass, test, fail, pass, learn等就可能出現(xiàn)在同一 篇和學(xué)校相關(guān)的文章中。（但要注意命題陷 阱，切忌當(dāng)同樣的詞，同樣的名字或同樣的日 期都在選項(xiàng)和節(jié)選段落中出現(xiàn)，就認(rèn)為它們是 正確的選項(xiàng)，一定要符合邏輯，確保文章內(nèi)容 嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。） 第38頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例19： Certain key products have been subject to a thorough review, most notably menswear, where significant advances have been made in product design and manufactur

40、e. _.All of these have reported an increase in market share. 答案：Other areas where product innovation has been particularly effective are in lingerie, （女士?jī)?nèi)衣） gifts and home ware. 第39頁(yè)/共44頁(yè) 例20 39 This may surprise you, but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation. It gives you the chance to