WHICHTHAT的就近修飾和跳躍修飾整理

1、2,Construction of the RomanColosseum,which was officially known as the Flavianwhich that就近與跳躍修飾which的用法1、 WHICH 非限1. which指代主句賓語：s+verb+o,which指代 0 （svo,which 指代 s一定錯！）2. which 指代主句主語 s:s+verb,which（1）介詞+which=連詞1. s+verb（+o）+prep+which2. s+verb（+o）,prep+which區(qū)別 介詞+that=名詞I will buy this bookbecause

2、 from that I study a lot. （有 because 作為連接詞，不用“介詞+which ”結構連接）I will buy this book from which I study a lot.（無連接詞，需要用“介詞+which ”結構連接）which指代的三種情況：1、緊鄰修飾一般情況下，名詞，which中的which是就近修飾緊鄰的名 詞的。這種例子多的不勝枚舉。一般例子就不用舉了，只舉個比較特別例子“Aof B, which ”（注：這里的of表示從屬關系）1，The commissi on proposed that funding for developme n

3、t of thepark, whichcould be ope n to the public early n ext year, be obta ined through a local bond issue. Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladitorial games, and spectacles.Flavian Amphi

4、theatre ： 福雷維安圓形劇場3， In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, whichprevents clotting. thromboxane 生化 凝血噁烷， 凝栓質，血栓素。 阿斯匹林可以阻止血小板生成凝血惡烷

5、prostacyclin n. 【生物化學、藥物】環(huán)前列腺素，前列腺環(huán)素 , 4，The survival of coral colonies, whichare composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but al

6、so by dropped anchors, probing divers, and global warming.,5， In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil, oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety ofapproaches, whichinclude reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently

7、from smaller fields, and finding innovative ways to cut the cost of building and operating platforms., 這些例子都能說明 從屬關系 “A of B， which ”中的 which 就近 修飾緊鄰的名詞B。但是需要注意的是，在“ SVO,which”句 型中，如果 which 指代 S 一定錯誤， which 如果指代主語， 這樣使用 : s+verb, which2 、 跳躍修飾在前有 核心詞+介詞、分詞等修飾結構”或者插入語的情況 下，which跳躍修飾前面的核心詞，不能修飾緊鄰的名詞。

8、下面是幾個例子：From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar , which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impedi ng rapids.(A) bagga

9、ge so light(B) baggage being so light(C) baggage, yet being so light(D) baggage, and so light(E) baggage yet was so light答案：E這句話的which離其所應該修飾的核心詞canoe很遠，中間 隔了一個插入語，還隔了個介詞結構about，但只要知道核 心詞是canoe就能一目了然找到which應該指的是什么。這 里不能修飾緊鄰的名詞cedar。OG12-26Emily Dickins on s letters to Susa n Hun tiDgbkinson werewrit

10、ten over a period beginning a few years before Susan marriage to Emily s brother and ending shortly before Emily death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.A, Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan s marriage to Emily s brother and ending before Emilys de

11、ath in 18u8tn6u, mo beringB, Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan s marriage to Emily s brother and ended s before Emily s death in 1886, outnumberC, Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susan s marriatgoeEmily s brother tahnadt ends shor

12、tly before Emily s death in 1886and outnumberingD, Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother, endbefore Emily s death in 1886, and outnruinmgbeE, Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage

13、to Emilys brother andshortly before Emily s death in 1886, outnumber 這句話的 which 不能修飾其緊鄰的名詞 Susan HuntingtonDick in son，必須跳過介詞結構to；修飾核心詞letter。 Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies service areas, the merger of the nat

14、ion gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition. 這句話的 which 不能修飾其緊鄰的名詞 utility industry ，必須 跳過介詞結構in；修飾核心詞merger。In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods aga

15、inst both American and Irish competition, England passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibited the export of woolen cloth beyond a colonys borders. 這里的 which 不能修飾緊鄰的 1698 ；必須跳過介詞結構 of 1968 修飾前面的核心詞 act。One pervasive theory explains the introduction of breakfast cereals in the early 1900s as a re

16、sult of the growing number of automobiles, which led to a decline in horse ownership and a subsequent grain glutGlut n. （商品）供過于求；大量The Forbidden City in Beijing, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate, was a site which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission, on pain of de

17、ath.有人這里會說這不是 A of B； which 嗎？ wh i ch 應該緊鄰修飾 ?。科鋵嵅蝗?；因為 of 1968 和前面的那些 A of B 實際上用 法不一樣；這里是表示時間而不是 “從屬關系 ”。這個時間應 該歸在介詞結構一類；所以要跳過。on pain of違者以論處OG12SC107Origi nally developed for detect ing air polluta nts, atechnique called proton-induced X-ray emission,which canquickly an alyze the chemical eleme

18、nts in almost any substance without destro ying it, is finding uses in medici ne, archaeology, and crim ino logy.(A) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, atech nique called prot on-in duced X-ray emissi on,which canquickly an alyze the chemical eleme nts in almost any substa nee withou

19、t destro ying it,(B) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substa nee without destro ying it, a tech nique calledprot on-in duced X-ray emissi on(C) A technique originally developed for detecting airpollutants, called pro

20、ton-induced X-ray emission,which canquickly an alyze the chemical eleme nts in almost any substa nee without destro ying it,(D) A technique originally developed for detecting airpolluta nts, called prot on-in duced X-ray emissi on,which hasthe ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any s

21、ubsta nee quickly and without destro ying it,(E) A technique that was originally developed for detecting air polluta nts and has the ability to an alyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and withoutdestro ying the substa nee, called prot on- in duced X-ray emissi on,答案（A）答案中which

22、發(fā)生跳躍指代，而且emission不處于介詞短語 中，這句話的which不能修飾其緊鄰的名詞 emission，必須 跳過分詞修飾結構 called 廠修飾核心詞technique。注意這不是 SVO,which 指代 S 了而是 called prot on-i nduced X-ray emissi on 分詞形式做后置修飾定語。 GWD-10-Q2: GWD-11-10Marconi s conception of tlradio was as a substitute for the telepho ne, a tool for private con versati on; in s

23、tead, it is precisely the opposite, a tool for comm uni cati ng with a large, public audie nee.A, Marconi s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the teleph one, a tool for private con versati on; in stead, it isB, Marconi conceived of the radio as a substitute for the telepho ne, a tool f

24、or private con versati on, but which isC, Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private con versati on that could substitute for the telepho ne;in stead, it has becomeD, Marc oni con ceived of the radio to be a tool for privatecon versati on, a substitute for the teleph one,which hasbecomeE,

25、Marc oni con ceived of the radio to be a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, other than what it is,答案為 C。 B 為啥不好？因為選 B 會有 which 修飾 telephone 的錯誤， which 應該修飾 radio 的。雖然 which 可以跳躍， 但是 邏輯上都可以完成從句動作的時候， 應該是就近優(yōu)先的 ，即使邏輯上完成不了從句的動作， 跳躍也難 保不會被判錯，所以 盡可能不跳躍修飾。GMAT題干中曾經(jīng)用到可以跳躍的 which

26、, which跳躍是可 以接受的， 但是正確選項中很少出現(xiàn)過 which 跳躍修飾的情況， 幾乎都被其他結構替代了， 這說明如 果有可以替代的正確選項，那么盡量不要選跳躍修飾的 which，因為可能有歧義。C可以避免歧義，it 一般不指代介詞短語中的名詞，優(yōu)先指代主語，如果主語是人或者復數(shù)不能指代， 則指代賓語 ，我不知道這題的 radio 還算不算賓語，但是至少你讀出這個句子的時候，它確實相當于 一個賓語，至少算一個核心詞。目前只見過A of B/A in B，which可以指代A，主要都發(fā)生在介詞短語中。A選項可以我理解是因為 CALLED從句表達的只是tech的另一個名字而已，本質上是同

27、一東西，指代誰邏輯上都沒有歧義。目 前我找到的 which 強悍地跳躍， 無視前面的名詞的非常少， 而且基本都不出現(xiàn)在選項中， 都是未畫線 部分。但是， 可以跳躍不是意味著必定跳躍， 當 which 前面有很多個名詞的時候， 不是只要有一個正 確，which就會自動地正確地指代到那個詞的。相反， GMAT會優(yōu)先判斷這是修飾混亂。所以，最好 不要有跳躍指代，如果非跳不可，最好是使用單復數(shù)區(qū)分 which 的指代詞。 歸納一下，會發(fā)現(xiàn) which 之所以要跳過介詞結構是因為：其 原本應該緊鄰所修飾的核心名詞，但是因為 which 的內容太 長，而介詞、分詞等修飾結構又很短，所以把 which 結構

28、后 置了。3、 特別情況 A and B, which這個which到底修飾誰呢？是 A?是B?還是A and B ？我覺得這里正確修飾方法的原則只有一個：沒有歧義。如果A and B中的B為復數(shù)（Bs），which后面動詞也是復數(shù)， which 指代會有歧義，讓人不知道 which 到底指的是什么。As and Bs, which are （which 指 Bs? 或 which 指 As and Bs？ ） A and Bs, which are （which 指 Bs?或 which 指 A and Bs ？） 下面情況沒有歧義： 如果 A 和 B 都是單數(shù)， which 后面動詞復數(shù)，

29、沒有歧義， which 修飾 A and B 。如果 B 是單數(shù)（不管 A 是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)） ， which 后面動詞也 是單數(shù)，沒有歧義，which修飾B。如果B是復數(shù)(不管A是單數(shù)還是復數(shù))則必須要用whichtogether，沒有歧義，這時 which修飾A and Bs。舉兩個例子：The huma n n ervous system bears a superficial resembla nee to a teleph one system both because the former carries information in the form of electrical i

30、mpulses and because all of its n eural pathways con verge in the brain and spinal cord, which together form a ki nd of cen tral excha nge.Un like the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orb

31、iting space stati on will have to gen erate its own electricity.其實which的指代問題肯定不會只有這些，而且最準確判斷 which指代的方法是通過句子的邏輯意思，但是在實戰(zhàn)中有 個別GMAT題目的很難判斷本意，所以準備寫大方向性的小 結還是必要的。OG12-SC1010.Carni vorous mammals can en dure what wouldotherwise be lethal levels of body heat because they have a heat-excha nge n etwork whic

32、h kept the brain from gett ing too hot.(A) which kept(B) that keeps(C) which has kept(D) that has bee n keep ing(E) hav ing kept答案 B, In (A) and (C), which introduces a restrictive clause. Some writers follow the conven ti on that which can on ly be used for non restrictive clauses, but in siste nce

33、 on this rule is con troversial, and both (A) and (C) can be rejected on other gro un ds.Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty cen timeters of Baltic Sea sediments , which are consistent with the growth of in dustrial activity there.(A) Baltic Sea

34、sedime nts, which are con siste nt with the growth of in dustrial activity there(B) Baltic Sea sedime nts, where the growth of in dustrial activity is consistent with these findings(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of in dustrial activitysediments from the Baltic Sea, fin

35、dings consistent with the growth of in dustrial activity in the area（E）sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with thegrowth of in dustrial activity there波羅的海答案D為啥A不對？which是可以跳過介詞短語或者插入語的，但是不能跳過謂語動詞 。svo,which指代s 一定錯！ ！ ”但這題中 which跳躍多遠都不對，這里 WHICH是指代前面整個句子的意思，而這在GMAT中是一定錯的。sediments are consisten

36、t with the growth of in dustrial activity there 邏輯意思有錯誤， 只有 finding ， result，means，forms 之類的 抽象名詞才能be consistent with ,某個具體的東西不行。that用法：適用范圍（1）不定代詞為先行詞（2） any , all, each, every, little, few, no, much, many為先行詞（3）“人+物”為先行詞序數(shù)詞為先行詞最高級為先行詞例句： The boy and the bike that are in the room,（4） the only, the

37、very, the most為先行詞（注意，the 不可省略）1定語從句：a. subject+verb.+object+ that +verb.+object ，that就近指代修飾離that最近的名詞2定語從句中出現(xiàn)后置定語（介詞短語分詞）S+verb+O+（prep+C）+that+verb.+objectS+verb+O+that+verb+O+（prep+c）3.that不能指代人物be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony strugglesthat limits4,sth

38、 that , and that(that 不可省略)OG85 . Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization _that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.(A) that flurished

39、at the same time as the civilizations(B) that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations(C) that flourished at the same time those had(D) flourishing at the same time as those did(E) flourishing at the same time as those were答案A0G12-126 The use of lie detectors is based on the assumpti

40、onthat lying produces emotionalreacti ons in an in dividual that , in tur n, create uncon scious physiological resp on ses.(A) that , in turn, create unconscious physiological responses(B) that creates unconscious physiological responses in turn(C) creat ing, in tur n, uncon scious physiological res

41、p on ses(D) to create, in turn, physiological responsesthat are unconscious(E) who creates uncon scious physiological resp on ses in tur n答案A, that跳躍一個介賓結構修飾reactions這題有意思的地方還在于 E干擾選項,who緊跟在 in dividual后面，出題機構現(xiàn)在變得很陰險嘍，如果不去理解邏輯意思只是快速看語法修飾，很容易誤 選E所以也驗證了很多同學說的，現(xiàn)在語法比以前更傾向于從句子邏輯角度出題考prep語法-6題that就近指代 Aof

42、 B,that指代BThe list of animals that exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has bee n expa nded to in elude the lower vertebrates.(A) exhibits a prefere nee of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has bee n expa nded to

43、 in clude(B) exhibits the prefere nee to use either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has bee n expa nded and in cludes(C) exhibit a prefere nee in either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has bee n expa nded to in clude(D) exhibit a prefere nee for usin

44、g either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has bee n expa nded to in clude(E) exhibit the prefere nee as to either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has bee n expa nded and in cludes這個that修飾誰呢？答案 D！ that是修飾animals只有動物才會 exhibit a preferenee of either usi

45、ng the right or the left hand ， list 怎么會 exhibits a preferenee of either using the right or the left hand 呢GWD31-24-41.In California, a lack of genetic variation in the Argentine ant has allowed the species to spread widely; due to their being so gen etically similar to one ano ther, the an ts eon s

46、ider all their fellows tobe a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony strugglesthat limits thespread of this species in its n ative Arge nti na.due to their being so genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all their fellows tobe a close relative and thus

47、 do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony strugglesthat limitsthatA. due to its being so genetically similar the ant considers all its fellows to be a close relativeand thus does not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony strugglesthat limitB. because it is so gen etically similar, the an t

48、 con siders all its fellows to be close relatives andthus does not en gage in the kind of fierce in terco lony strugglesthat limitsC. because they are so gen etically similar to one ano ther, the ants con sider all their fellows to be close relatives and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce inte

49、rcolony struggles that limitD. because of being so gen etically similar to one ano ther, the an ts con sider all their fellows tobe a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony strugglesthat limits答案D不是直接考that指代，它考到了謂語單復數(shù)問題，that這里的指代the kind of fierce intercolony struggl

50、es名詞詞組，所以limit用單數(shù).because of與due to問題記住because of后面不能跟動詞以及具有動詞功能的動名詞 ,而due to=be caused by 基本上 gmat 不會選有 due to 的選項； due to means caused by, due to 只有在 能使用caused by的情況下被用在句子里The game was postp oned due to rain, wrongThe game was postp oned because of rain, correctThe games postp on eme nt was due to

51、 rain, correctBecause of和due to的一個相同點是它們之后只能加名詞或名詞性詞組E于that引導定語從句的跳躍修飾：1 . N +介詞短語+ that(1) N +介詞短語+ that中that跳躍修飾N885-4-21. With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land, Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a

52、way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.(A) is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract(B) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract(C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality o

53、f urban life and attract(D) are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting(E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract答案C,從邏輯意思上看，that應修飾communities(2) N +介詞短語+ that中that就近修飾(例子就不舉了, 很常見)2. A of B +

54、 that(1) A of B + that 中 that 指代 BOg10-1 The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still experience some of the effects of a divorce occurring when a child.(A) occurring when a child(B) occurring when children(C) that occurred when a child(D) that occurred when the

55、y were children(E) that has occurred as each was a child 答案為D; that就近指代a divorce;(2) A of B + that 中 that 指代 A 的：Og10-168. Today, because of improvements in agricultural technology, the same amount of acreage produces double the apples that it has in 1910.(A) double the apples that it has(B) twice a

56、s many apples as it did(C) as much as twice the apples it has(D) two times as many apples as there were(E) a doubling of the apples that it didChoice B, the best an swer, correctly uses the adverbial phrase twice as many. to modify the verb produces; properly employs many rather tha nmuch to describ

57、e a qua ntity made up of countable units (apples); and appropriately substitutesdid for the un derstood produced to express the logically n ecessary past ten seof produces. Choice A awkwardly substitutes the adjective double for twice; usesthat without a clear refere nt; and misuses has to refer to

58、eve nts occurri ng in 1910. Choice C employs the in correct much in a wordy con structi on and also misusesias. D is wordy and imprecise;. as there were in 1910refers to all apples produced in 1910, regardless of locationE is illogical: sincethat refers toa doubling,E nonsensically asserts that the doubling occurred in 1910.GWD 32-2Written in ink or engraved by stylus, more than 2,000 letters and docu