【高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)】第二講 厘清句子成分和基本句型

1、第二講厘清句子成分和基本句型1句子成分的分類及用法2.八種基本句型3.用基本句型正確造句組篇一、句子成分構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；次要成分：賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)?？键c(diǎn)1主語(yǔ)習(xí)慣于發(fā)號(hào)施令，偶爾也會(huì)被趕下臺(tái)1.定義：主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)講述的對(duì)象，表示所說(shuō)的“是什么”或“是誰(shuí)”。主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的執(zhí)行者。主語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句或名詞化形容詞等充當(dāng)。當(dāng)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，主語(yǔ)就被“趕下臺(tái)”。 2位置：主語(yǔ)一般位于句首，但若不定式(短語(yǔ))、動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))、名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)， 常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，則把真正的主語(yǔ)

2、放在句后?？键c(diǎn)2謂語(yǔ)堅(jiān)決服從主語(yǔ)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”，執(zhí)行命令雷厲風(fēng)行謂語(yǔ)置于主語(yǔ)之后，描述主語(yǔ)所發(fā)出的動(dòng)作或主語(yǔ)具有的特征或狀態(tài)。常用作謂語(yǔ)的主要有動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)等。謂語(yǔ)有時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣的變化。謂語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)在人稱與數(shù)方面要相互照應(yīng)，即主謂一致。寫(xiě)出加黑部分在句中所做的成分The little girl smiled happily.謂語(yǔ)She takes part in all kinds of afterschool activities.謂語(yǔ)The girl can speak Chinese and Russian.主語(yǔ)What he said at the meeting is reasonab

3、le.主語(yǔ)I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside.謂語(yǔ)The water is clean in our hometown.謂語(yǔ)I can hear birds singing in the green trees.謂語(yǔ)It is impossible for him to pass the test.主語(yǔ)考點(diǎn)3賓語(yǔ)一直受到壓迫，有時(shí)“翻身農(nóng)奴把歌唱”1.定義：賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作、行為的對(duì)象，由名詞、代詞、不定式、或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)或從句來(lái)充當(dāng)，它和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么，通常放在及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞之后。有時(shí)會(huì)有雙賓語(yǔ)。在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中

4、才會(huì)“翻身農(nóng)奴把歌唱”。2形式賓語(yǔ)：不定式(短語(yǔ))、動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))、名詞性從句作賓語(yǔ)， 常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，則把真正的賓語(yǔ)放在句后?？键c(diǎn)4賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)始終寄人籬下，永遠(yuǎn)成不了“主人”1.定義：賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)稱賓補(bǔ)，是對(duì)賓語(yǔ)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的句子成分，一般放在賓語(yǔ)之后。常用作賓補(bǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞等。“賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”可統(tǒng)稱為“復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)”。2復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))的結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)注釋例句賓語(yǔ)名詞常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：name，call，make，find，think，leave等。We call him Peter.They made her their moni

5、tor.賓語(yǔ)形容詞常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：keep，think，believe，leave，drive，make，get，want等。We cant leave him alone.She always keeps our classroom clean.賓語(yǔ)副詞常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的副詞有：down，up，here，there，home，in，out，anywhere等。My uncle drove us home.When getting there，she found him out.賓語(yǔ)介詞短語(yǔ)介詞短語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ)常表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)(即賓語(yǔ))所處的狀態(tài)，兩者有主表的關(guān)系。We found everyth

6、ing in good order.I regard him as my best friend.賓語(yǔ)不定式三種情況：要求帶to的不定式；要求不帶to的不定式；加to或不加to皆可The farmer asked us to have dinner.She helps her mother (to) do housework.賓語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，此時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)即為現(xiàn)在分詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)，與賓補(bǔ)有著主謂關(guān)系I saw her playing on the playground.I heard Tom singing in the classroom.賓語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，過(guò)去分

7、詞表示被動(dòng)和完成I had my watch stolen yesterday.She spoke loudly to make herself heard.形式賓語(yǔ)形容詞不定式(短語(yǔ))、動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))、名詞性從句作賓語(yǔ)，常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)He found it impossible to rise.I think it no use arguing with her.【名師指津】句型“主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。考點(diǎn)5表語(yǔ)最會(huì)察言觀色，就看“主子臉色”1.表語(yǔ)位于連系動(dòng)詞后，用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征、狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、職業(yè)、數(shù)量、處所等。2常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞主要有：(

8、1)“狀態(tài)”類：be(am，is，are，was，were)(2)“持續(xù)”類：keep，stay，remain，lie等(3)“表象”類：seem，appear等(4)“感官”類：look，sound，smell，taste，feel(5)“漸變”類：grow，turn，get，go，become，come，fall(6)“證明”類：prove3常用作表語(yǔ)的有：名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)從句等。(1)形容詞作表語(yǔ)You look younger than before.(2)名詞作表語(yǔ) My father is a teacher.(3)副詞作表語(yǔ) Ever

9、yone is here.(4)介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ) They are at the theatre.(5)不定式作表語(yǔ) My job is to teach them English.(6)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ) Her job is training the nurses.(7)從句作表語(yǔ) That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.補(bǔ)全句子 He doesnt like swimming (喜歡游泳) He seemed worried about it(似乎為那件事?lián)? Mother bought me a shirt yesterday(昨天給我買(mǎi)了

10、一件襯衫) The doctor advised me to take/do more exercise(勸我多鍛煉) I heard Mary singing in her room(在她房間里正在唱歌).考點(diǎn)6定語(yǔ)鞍前馬后搞服務(wù)，全心全意勤務(wù)兵1.定語(yǔ)是用于對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。單個(gè)詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)常放在被修飾詞之前(前置定語(yǔ))，而短語(yǔ)或從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往放在被修飾詞之后(后置定語(yǔ))。2常用作定語(yǔ)的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、定語(yǔ)從句等。(1)形容詞作定語(yǔ)The black bike is mine.(2)代詞作定語(yǔ)

11、Whats your name?(3)名詞作定語(yǔ)They made some paper flowers.(4)介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)The boys in the room are in Class Three，Grade One.(5)不定式作定語(yǔ)I have no time to travel in spring.(6)從句作定語(yǔ)The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.(7)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)There are fallen leaves on the ground.考點(diǎn)7狀語(yǔ)行蹤飄忽不定，卻對(duì)動(dòng)詞“情有獨(dú)鐘”1.狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短

12、語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子，用來(lái)表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、程度、方式、比較、伴隨等。狀語(yǔ)一般放在句末，但有時(shí)也可以放在句首、句中。2狀語(yǔ)一般由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、狀語(yǔ)從句或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)。He did it carefully.(副詞用作程度狀語(yǔ))Without his help, we couldnt have worked it out.(介詞短語(yǔ)用作條件狀語(yǔ))To catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.(不定式作目的狀語(yǔ))The girls entered the room, talking

13、 and laughing.(現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ))When I was young, I could swim well.(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)He helped me although he didnt know me. (讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)考點(diǎn)8同位語(yǔ)總是玩失蹤，特殊場(chǎng)合還是顯露原形同位語(yǔ)用于對(duì)名詞或代詞的進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明，且與其前面的名詞或代詞在語(yǔ)法上處于同等的地位，常位于名詞或代詞之后。常用作同位語(yǔ)的有名詞、名詞短語(yǔ)、數(shù)詞、代詞、同位語(yǔ)從句等。單句語(yǔ)法填空A boy entered the room, crying_(cry)She listened to me carefully_(carefu

14、l) while we were talking.The girl who/that is wearing a red dress is my cousin.He told me the news that our team won the game.The fact that Columbus discovered America is known to all.二、基本句型常見(jiàn)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有八種：主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)；主語(yǔ)連系動(dòng)詞表語(yǔ)；主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)；主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)間接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)；主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)；主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)；存現(xiàn)句。The door opened.(SV)門(mén)開(kāi)了。She teach

15、es English.(SVO)她教英語(yǔ)。The flower smells sweet.(SP)這朵花聞起來(lái)很香。Mr Smith lent me his car.(S V IO DO)Mr Smith lent his car to me.史密斯先生把他的車(chē)借給了我。The news made us very surprised.(SVOC)這消息使我們很吃驚。They lived in Beijing.(SVA)他們住在北京。She put all the books on the desk.(SVOA)她把所有的書(shū)都放在桌上了。There is a small pool at the

16、foot of the mountain.山腳下有一個(gè)小池塘。(存現(xiàn)句)【名師指津】1S V IO DO句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以是：“主謂間賓直賓”或“主謂直賓to/for間賓”。2There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，There在該結(jié)構(gòu)中是個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞，本身無(wú)詞義。動(dòng)詞be是謂語(yǔ)，有時(shí)態(tài)變化，也可與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。動(dòng)詞be要和后面的就近的主語(yǔ)取得單復(fù)數(shù)方面的一致。3分辨S V IO DO和S V O C訣竅：如果賓語(yǔ)與其后的成分之間存在著邏輯上的主謂或主表關(guān)系，則該動(dòng)詞接的是復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，否則就是雙賓語(yǔ)。根據(jù)句型知識(shí)，選擇正確答案“The news makes me feel very happy.” The structu

17、re of this sentence is“_”ASVO BSV CSVPDSVOCThe sentence structure of “The high temperature makes people sleepy.” is _ASVP BSVOC CSVODSV IO DOWhats the sentence structure of “She found her seat easily.”？ASV BSVP CSVOADSVOCThe sentence “Mum bought me some nice presents” is _ .ASVP BSVOC CSV IO DODSVO答

18、案DBCC.分析下列句子的成分(主語(yǔ)“_”；謂語(yǔ)“”；賓語(yǔ)“”； 表語(yǔ)“”；賓補(bǔ)“” ; 狀語(yǔ)“”)1Shesmiled2The_expert could speak several languages as she was young3Mary showed me her birthday present4Finally, setting_goals makes you more confident5Goals are important in many ways6You should listen more carefully 7Aunt_Wang helped me in many wa

19、ys8._Beijing,_the_capital_of_China,_is a beautiful city.單句寫(xiě)作1賽跑在上午9點(diǎn)開(kāi)始。The_race_began_at_9：00_am.2他賺了很多錢(qián)。He_earned_a_lot_of_money.3我的朋友約翰英語(yǔ)很好。My_friend_John_is_good_at_English.4她建議我多做體育鍛煉。She_advised_me_to_take_more_physical_exercise.5老師給了我們一些關(guān)于如何保護(hù)自己不受傷害的建議。The_teacher_gave_us_some_instructions/adv

20、ice/suggestions_on_how_to_protect_ourselves_from_injury.語(yǔ)法填空(2021濟(jì)南市高三5月模擬試題)Battling coronavirus is an experience that will forever stay in my mind.I had what was considered a mild case, but even in its weakest form, this virus was 1._ (violence) and cruel.My husband, Louis, and I have been trying

21、to figure out where we first came into contact 2._ the virus, and we think it was the Friday night when we went out 3._ (celebrate) his sisters birthday in early March.We went to a Mexican restaurant, 4._ we shared lots of laughs and food.We didnt think anything of it at the time.5._ (look) back now

22、, we think that must have been the start of it all.Sharing food and drinks 6._ (be) one of the everyday habits that should change forever after coronavirus.Louis began showing symptoms on Monday, but we assumed it was 7._ typical cold.It didnt seem a cause for concern.Then it took 8._(I) down.The doctor was certain I would test positive for coronavirus, but gave me the option to test 9._ I wanted to know for sure.I opted to be tested.Now that I 10._ (recover), Im sharing my story because I want people to take this situation seriously.We have to fight this battle together and we have to win.【語(yǔ)