羅馬化和身份認(rèn)同

1、“羅馬化”的早期表述：文明的傳播 Francis Haverfield, The Romanization of Roman Britain. Oxford: Clarendon, 1906. R.G. Collingwood, Roman Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press,1932. “羅馬化”的動(dòng)力 羅馬國(guó)家：C. R. Whittaker, Imperialism and Culture: The Roman Initiative. In Dialogues in Roman Imperialism, edited by D.J.M. Mattingly,

2、 143-63. JRA Suppl. 23. Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1997. 地方上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)：P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990 地方效仿中心：M. Millett, The Romanization of Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990；Greg Woolf, Becoming Roman:

3、the origins of provincial civilization in Gaul. Cambridge University Press. 1998 “羅馬化”概念和研究框架的缺陷 主導(dǎo)的分析模式側(cè)重行省地方上對(duì)羅馬和意大利文化的效 仿，強(qiáng)調(diào)地方貴族在這一過程中的推動(dòng)力，而占人口絕大多 數(shù)的農(nóng)村平民在文化變遷中的作用及其與羅馬文化之間的 互動(dòng)被忽視； 同樣未得到足夠重視的是羅馬與行省之間的互動(dòng)。 在所有的分析模式中，羅馬文化都自動(dòng)被假設(shè)為高級(jí)文化 和文明的同義詞，認(rèn)為羅馬文化的滲透是理所當(dāng)然、大勢(shì)所 趨。 在這種模式指導(dǎo)下的行省考古，尤其注重尋找“羅馬”物質(zhì) 文化的痕跡和成就。 “

4、羅馬化”這個(gè)研究模式中的最大缺陷就在于或強(qiáng)調(diào)所謂羅 馬文化的單向輻射或強(qiáng)調(diào)地方上對(duì)所謂羅馬文化的單向模 仿和復(fù)制（replication）。 尋求新的語言表述和研究模式 Creolization（混語/混合文化）：J. Webster and N. Cooper (eds.), Roman Imperialism: post-colonial perspectives (Leicester Archaeology Monographs 3, Leicester) Discrepant identity：D. J. Mattingly, Imperialism, Power, and Ident

5、ity: Experiencing the Roman Empire. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2011. Patavium個(gè)案研究 Patavium Patavium (modern Padua, Padova) N CCXXV A(ulus) Publicius Felix v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito) (Not. Sc. 1926, p.352; now in Musei Civici di Padova ) CIL V 2864=ILS 5406: M(arcus) Iunius S

6、abinus IIIIvir aedili ciae potestat(is) e lege Iulia municipali, patronus collegi cen tonariorum, frontem templi vervis et hermis marmoreis pe cunia sua orna vit et tuition(i) dedit HS . N. CCXXXXII. (Musei Civici di Padova) CIL V 2943 Pancieras restoration (Panciera 2003: 191): B(onae) m(emoriae) /

7、 Domitiae Atilianae coniugi / karissimae quae vixit / ann(os) XLVII m(enses) VIII d(ies) XII / Fl(avius) Laetus v(ir) p(erfectissimus) et sibi / N(-) CCCCXXVIII. Alternative restoration : B(ene) m(erenti)/ Domitiae Atiliane coniuci/ karissimae quae vixit/ ann(is) XLVII m(ensibus) VIII d(iebus) XII/

8、Fl(avius) Laetus v(ivus) p(osuit) et sibi/ N(umero or nostro anno) CCCC XXVIII. ILS 5650 Clau(dius) Rogatus? in theatro manu sua deiecit. To the left of this NCCC. Musei Civici di Padova CIL V.415=Museo Maffeiano,Inv. n. 443 CIL V 2787 Museo Maffeiano, Verona Q Magurius Q f Fab Ferox lus(it or or) e

9、pidixib(us) et cetas(tis) I II III in greg(e) Veturian(a) quae et iuni- orum. A(quis) A(poni) dicavit euras VIII et petric(am or as) uncinor(um) XII. N CCL IX. CIL V 2787 建城 Livy 1.1 Iam primum omnium satis constat Troia capta in ceteros saevitum esse Troianos, duobus, Aeneae Antenorique, et vetusti

10、 iure hospitii et quia pacis reddendaeque Helenae semper auctores fuerant, omne ius belli Achiuos abstinuisse; casibus deinde variis Antenorem cum multitudine Enetum, qui seditione ex Paphlagonia pulsi et sedes et ducem rege Pylaemene ad Troiam amisso quaerebant, venisse in intimum maris Hadriatici

11、sinum, Euganeisque qui inter mare Alpesque incolebant pulsis Enetos Troianosque eas tenuisse terras. Et in quem primo egressi sunt locum Troia vocatur pagoque inde Troiano nomen est: gens universa Veneti appellati. 打敗斯巴達(dá)人 Livy 10.2.14-15 Cleonymus vix quinta parte navium incolumi, nulla regione mari

12、s Hadriatici prospere adita discessit. Rostra navium spoliaque Laconum, in aede Iunonis veteri fixa, multi supersunt qui viderunt Patavi. Monumentum navalis pugnae eo die quo pugnatum est quotannis sollemni certamine navium in oppidi medio exercetur. 公元前174年，內(nèi)亂，邀羅馬促和 Livy 41.27.34: censores eo anno

13、creati Q. Fuluius Flaccus et A. Postumius Albinus legerunt senatumConsules votis in Capitolio nuncupatis in provincias profecti sunt. Ex iis M. Aemilio senatus negotium dedit, ut Patavinorum in Venetia seditionem conprimeret, quos certamine factionum ad intestinum bellum exarsisse et ipsorum legati

14、attulerant. Legati, qui in Aetoliam ad similis motus conprimendos ierant, renuntiarunt coerceri rabiem gentis non posse. Patavinis saluti fuit adventus consulis; neque aliud, quod ageret in provincia, cum habuisset, Romam redit. 公元前89年： fictitious Latin colony 公元前49年：羅馬municipium After so many disti

15、nguished men had been slaughtered, Nero at last aspired to extirpate virtue itself by murdering Thrasea Paetus and Barea Soranus. He had hated both men for a long time, Thrasea on additional grounds, because he had walked out of the Senate when Agrippinas case was under discussion, as I have already

16、 related, and had not given the Juvenile games any conspicuous service. This hatred penetrated deeper, because this same Thrasea had sung in a tragedians dress at Patavium, his place of origin, in the ludi cetasti instituted by the Trojan Antenor. (塔西佗，編年史16.21) CIL V. 2823=ILS 945. (PIR1 P 76, cons

17、ul 36 CE.) Sex(to) Papinio Q(uinti) f(ilio) / Allenio, / tr(ibuno) mil(itum) q(uaestori), leg(ato) / Ti(beri) Caesaris Aug(usti), / tr(ibuno) pl(ebis), pr(aetori), leg(ato) / Ti(beri) Caesaris Aug(usti) / pro pr(aetore), co(n)s(uli), XVvir(o) / sacr(is) fac(iundis). / D(ecreto) D(ecurionum). “羅馬化”的動(dòng)

18、力 羅馬國(guó)家：C. R. Whittaker, Imperialism and Culture: The Roman Initiative. In Dialogues in Roman Imperialism, edited by D.J.M. Mattingly, 143-63. JRA Suppl. 23. Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1997. 地方上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)：P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan

19、 Press, 1990 地方效仿中心：M. Millett, The Romanization of Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990；Greg Woolf, Becoming Roman: the origins of provincial civilization in Gaul. Cambridge University Press. 1998 CIL V 2864=ILS 5406: M(arcus) Iunius Sabinus IIIIvir aedili ciae potestat(is) e lege Iulia municipali, patronus collegi cen tonariorum, frontem templi vervis et hermis marmoreis pe cunia sua orna vit et tuition(i) dedit HS . N. CCXXXXII. (Musei Civici di Padov