初高中銜接英語詞性的分類導(dǎo)學(xué)案

1、【講一講】英語詞性的分類及用法初高中銜接英語詞性的分類導(dǎo)學(xué)案country countries factory factories dictionarydictionaries (4) 以 o 結(jié)尾的名詞加“s” :learning content: the classification and use of english words (英語詞性的分類及用法) learning aims: know the different parts of speech(詞性) and be able to use them correctly.【考一考】用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. li na is

2、 an outstanding tennis _ (play).有生命的物體加“es” : potatopotatoes tomatotomatoeshero-heroes 英雄 negronegroes 黑人(5) 以 f、fe 結(jié)尾的名詞,變 f、fe 為 v 再加“es” :halfhalves shelfshelves knifeknives leafleaves 復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化：2. anna had a fever yesterday, so she was _ (able) to go to school. man-men womanwomen toothteeth footf

3、eet goosegeese mousemice 3. the movie was interesting, but grace was not _ (interest) in it.4. thanks to your _ (suggest), i got to complete the job in time. chinese-chinese japanese japanese deer-deer fish-fish sheep-sheep5. it is always _ (sun) here in winter.6. emily used to be short, but now she

4、 is much _ (tall).7. i was so hungry that i had a _ (three) bowl of rice.8. we cant go out to have a picnic because it is raining _ (heavy) outside.9. justin biebers first single, one time, is about one of his favorite _ (topic), puppy love. 10. niushou hill is an area of natural _ (beautiful). it a

5、ttracts lots of tourists every spring.概述 英語的詞類英語的詞類通常可以分為十大類：1 名詞 n. teacher, book 。表示人或事物的名稱 。2 代詞 pron. we ,me, he 等。 代替名詞或數(shù)詞。3 數(shù)詞 num. two, fifth 等。表示數(shù)目或順序4 動詞 v. work, study, live 等。 表示動作或狀態(tài) 在句中可做謂語。5 形容詞 adj. good, big, beautiful 等。表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)，6 副詞 adv . fast, quickly 表示動作特征或形狀特征7 冠詞 art. a, a

6、n, the 表示名詞的泛指或特指8 介詞 prep. in, on,by,with9 連詞 conj. and,if, but 連接詞，短語，句子10 感嘆詞 interj. oh, ah，my god! 表示說話者的感情或口氣一、名詞a man doctor men doctors a woman teacher-women teachers注意：german-germans(德國人)（三）名詞的句法功能1 在句中作主語 this book is very useful.2 作表語 my brother is a worker.3 作賓語或賓語補(bǔ)足語 we made tom our mon

7、itor.4 作定語 he got three gold medals at 23rd olympic games.5 作狀語 the meeting lasted two hours.6 作同位語 mr. smith,our leader, is speaking now.【練一練】用所給的名詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1.a group of _(sheep) are eating _(grass) and _(leaf) at the foot of the hill. 2.there are a few _ (people) in the room.3. i want two _ (glass)

8、of _ (milk).4. i have a lot of _ (money) in my pocket.5. people wear shoes on their _ (foot).6. the _ (woman) teachers are playing basketball.7. the first room is the _ (teacher) office.8. those _ (child) are playing football outside.9. the doctor has saved a lot of _ (life).10. there are five _ (pe

9、ar) trees in the yard.11. this isnt my book, but my _ (brother).（一）名詞的分類專有名詞人名，地名，機(jī)構(gòu)名 china，london，helen12.there are some _ (sheep) in the field.二. 代詞名詞普通名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞物質(zhì)名詞抽象名詞cup, apple,studentpolice, family, teamwater, rice, cottonlove, work, success可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞（一） 含義：用來代替名詞或名詞短語的詞。（二） 分類：按 意 義 特 征 和 語 法

10、 功 能 可 分 為 人 稱 代 詞 、 物 主 代 詞 、 反 身 代 詞 、 相互代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞、關(guān)系代詞等 9 類。（三）. 分類講解：1. 人稱代詞：形 式主 語 i you he she it we you （ 你 們 ） they 賓 語 me you him her it us you （ 你 們 ） them（二）名詞復(fù)數(shù)的變化規(guī)則變化：2. 物主代詞的用法：(1) 一般在復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加“s”: 如： dog dogs book books(2) 以 s、x、ch、sh 結(jié)尾的名詞加“es”：box boxes watch watches (3)以輔

11、音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的名詞,變 y 為 i 加“es” :形容詞性的物主代詞：my our your your his her its theirs 名詞性的物主代詞： mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs 3. 指示代詞： this these that those it4. 不定代詞 只修飾可數(shù)名詞: many, a number of few, a few1 / 4只修飾不可數(shù)名詞: much , little , a little初高中銜接英語詞性的分類導(dǎo)學(xué)案3. eating too much isnt good _ your health

12、.修飾可數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞: a lot of= lots of some any復(fù)合不定代詞由 every, some, any, no 與 thing, body, one 構(gòu)成復(fù)合不定代詞5. 反身代詞： 反身代詞表自身，句中可作兩成分：表示強(qiáng)調(diào)同位語，賓語動作回自身。單數(shù)： myself yourself himself herself itself復(fù)數(shù)： ourselves yourselves themselves6、 疑問代詞 有 who，whom，whose，what 和 which 等。疑問代詞用于特殊疑問句中，一般 都放在句首，并在句子中作為某一句子成分。例如：who is

13、 going to come here tomorrow? （作主語） what is that? (作表語)7. .關(guān)系代詞 關(guān)系代詞是引導(dǎo)定語從句并起連接主句和從句作用的代詞。關(guān)系代詞有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 例如：i hate people who talk much but do little.im looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.【練一練】用適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空1. she has lost _ pen. will you lend her _?2. - exc

14、use _! is this bike yours? - no, it isnt _. i think it is li lei.- yes, its _.3. they have got _ ready for the football match.4. lily looks unhappy. _ must have happened to her.5. theres _ time left. we must hurry.6. how _ did you pay for the trousers?3. “help _ to some fruit.” mother said to the ch

15、ildren.4. they enjoyed _ at the party yesterday.5. we couldnt eat in a restaurant because _ of us had _ money on us.6. id been expecting _letters the whole morning, but there werent _ for me.三. 介詞（一）. 含義：又稱前置詞，是一種虛詞。介詞不能單獨(dú)做句子成分。介詞后須接賓語，介詞與其 賓語構(gòu)成介詞短語。（二）：介詞的分類：從其構(gòu)成來看可以分為1、 簡單介詞（simple prepositions） 如

16、：at ,by, for, in, from, since, through 等；2、 復(fù)合介詞（compound prepositions） 如：onto, out of, without, towards 等；3、 短語介詞（phrasal prepositions） because of, instead of, on account of, in spite of, in front of； （三）常見介詞的基本用法1、with 和一起, 拿著 2、 about 關(guān)于 3、 after 在之后 4、across 橫過 5. along 沿著 6、in 在里 on 在上面 under 在

17、下面7、near 在附近 8、of 的 9、before 在之前10、behind 在后面 11、by 到時(shí) 12、during 在期間 13、except 除了4. i dont know which is the way _ the park.5. he prefers playing football _ playing basketball.6. _ mr wangs help, i have passed the exam.7. the students walked _ the gates with uncle wang.8. im sorryi wont talk to othe

18、rs in class _ now on.9. im afraid hell fall _ the bike.10. _ the end of the road youll see the hospital四 形容詞（一）含義：用以修飾名詞，表示事物的特征的詞。e.g. long, empty, cheap, hungry, etc. （二）形容詞在句子中的作用：形容詞在句子中可定語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀1). she is a brave girl and she can do anything. brave 在句中作_2). who lets the door open? open 在句中

19、作_3). i went to bed, hungry. hungry 在句中作_4). the classroom is clean. clean 在句中作_（三）多個(gè)形容詞作定語時(shí)的排列順序常用順序?yàn)?限定詞-外觀-形狀-年齡-顏色-國家-材料.e.g. the little white wooden house smells as if it hasnt been lived in for years.這座白色的木頭小房子似乎很多年沒有人住過了五副詞（一） 含義：用來修飾動詞、形容詞、其它副詞、全句或名詞詞組及句子的詞。 如：very, early, out, soon, quickly

20、, fast, late etc.（二） 用法：如： my mother is out. 作_the girl there is my friend. 作_h e runs fast. 作_h found him outside. 作_（三）. 形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~：quickquickly, truetruly, happyhappily, possiblepossibly.（四）形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級1)“比較級+and+比較級”表示“越來越”。如，he is getting taller and taller.他變得越來越高了。the flowers are more and more

21、beautiful.花兒越來越漂亮。2）“the+比較級，the+比較級”表示“越，越”。如，the more careful you are，the fewer mistakes youll make.你越認(rèn)真，犯的錯(cuò)誤越少。 【練一練】用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. the weather is getting _ (warm) and _ (warm).2. africa is the second _ continent. (large)14、for 為了15、from 從 16、to ,at 朝方向3. the night was very _, so he had to take of

22、f his shoes _(quiet).17、over 在正上方 18、round/around 圍繞 19、towards 朝著 20、 against 反對【練一練】用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空1. you can buy some school things _ your way home. 2. what are you talking _ ?4. can you play ping pang _(good)?4. the war broke out between the two countries after an _(friend) talk. 6.in fact, the _ (busy

23、 )he is , the_ (happy)he feels.六連詞2 / 4（一）、 連詞定義: 用來連接詞、短語或句子的詞。（二）、 連詞分類：1. 并列連詞：并列連詞用來連接具有并列關(guān)系的詞，短語或句子。常見的并列連詞有：(1)表并列關(guān)系的 and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor 等。 (2)表選擇關(guān)系的 or, eitheror 等。(3)表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的 but, while 等。初高中銜接英語詞性的分類導(dǎo)學(xué)案語態(tài) 主語指動作的發(fā)生者或承受者 we study english .the road was filled with rubbish

24、.語氣 說話人表達(dá)事實(shí)，要求，愿望等 i wish i could fly.英語動詞是句子的核心。它既決定著句子意思的表達(dá)同時(shí)又決定著句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)?？梢娬莆談?詞的用法在英語學(xué)習(xí)中是十分重要的。(三) 分清及物，不及物動詞:a及物動詞后面必須跟賓語。如：he reached paris the day before yesterday.please hand me the book over there.they asked me to go fishing with them.(4)表因果關(guān)系的 for, so 等。2. 從屬連詞-用來引導(dǎo)從句。常見的從屬連詞有：(1)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的

25、after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as 等。 (2)引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的 if, unless 等。(3) 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的 because, as, since 等。(4) 引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的 so that, in order that 等。(5) 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的 though, although, even if 等。(6) 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的 so that, sothat, suchthat 等。(7) 引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的 than, asas 等。(8) 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的 that, if ,

26、whether 等。【練一練】用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空1. he can speak english_ chinese.1. physics is not so easy, _i like it very much.2. will tom wait for her at home _ at the library?3. _we got home it was very late.4. i cant sleep well at night, _i often feel very tired in the day.5. study hard, _ you will fall behind.b不及物動詞后面

27、不跟賓語。 如：this is the room where i once lived.類似的還有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, fail, c既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動詞，其意義不變。如 begin 都是作開始講。everybody is here , our game begins. let us begin our game. 類似的還有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, rea

28、d, learn, pay, hurt, improve.（四） 動詞有五種形態(tài)，分別是：原形、第三人稱單數(shù)形式、過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞。 規(guī)則動詞的過去式過去分詞都以-ed 結(jié)尾，不規(guī)則動詞的變化是沒有規(guī)律的，大體上有 aaa，abb, abc，aba 等類型。如 put-put-put, buy-bought-bought, drive-drove-driven, come-came-come.具體要 根據(jù)每冊書最后幾頁的不規(guī)則動詞表來記憶。（必修一 p103）（四） 系動詞及其用法總結(jié)系動詞亦稱連系動詞 ，作為系動詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語， 構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說

29、明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。1）狀態(tài)系動詞 用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有 be 一詞，例如：he is a teacher. （is 與補(bǔ)足語一起說明主語的身份。）2） 持續(xù)系動詞 用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有 keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, he always kept silent at meeting.3） 表“像”系動詞 用來表示看起來像這一概念，主要有 seem, appear, look, 例如：he looks tired. 他看起來很累。7.youll be late _ you dont get up early tomorrow

30、 morning. he seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來很傷心。8.i didnt buy the dictionary yesterday _ my aunt would give me one.七動詞（一） 分類：a) 按 用 法 分 ， 動 詞 可 分 為 四 類 ： 實(shí) 義 動 詞 、 系 動 詞 、 助 動 詞 、 情 態(tài) 動 詞 。 b)根據(jù)其后是否帶有賓語，可分為兩類：及物動詞 vt.，不及物動詞 vi.c) 按句法功能分為謂語動詞和非謂語動詞。謂語動詞即能做謂語的動詞。例: he writes well .非謂語動詞即不能做謂語的動詞，但它具有動詞的一

31、些特征。 例：he likes reading . / the cup is broken ./ it takes me 20 minutes to go to school .非謂語動詞有著動詞不定式，動名詞，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。（二）初步了解：謂語動詞形式 意義人稱 與主語在人稱上一致 i am reading now.4）感官系動詞 主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：this kind of cloth feels very soft. 這種布手感很軟。5）變化系動詞 主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come

32、, run.he became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。6）終止系動詞 表示主語已終止動作，主要有 prove, trun out, 表達(dá)證實(shí)，變成之意，例如： the rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。his plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。（turn out 表終止性結(jié)果）【練一練】用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. it _ (take) me i hours _ (do) my homework last night.2. she _ swimming to skating last year. (pr

33、efer)3. he _ up smoking last year. (give) he _ for about a year. (not smoke)4. she often _ a blue skirt last year. (wear)5. listen! someone _ a song. (sing)6. spring in china _ from february to april. (last)數(shù) 與主語在數(shù)上一致he writes well .構(gòu)詞法時(shí)態(tài) 表示動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間 he wrote a story last week.3 / 4英語中常見的構(gòu)詞法有合成、派生和轉(zhuǎn)化。

34、初高中銜接英語詞性的分類導(dǎo)學(xué)案(7)un-“不”，如：unfit, unfair, unknown 等。（一）派生：在詞根上加后綴或前綴構(gòu)成新詞。 （二）合成：由兩個(gè)或更多的詞合成一個(gè)詞。1 常見的后綴： 名詞后綴：(1)-er,-or 表示“動作者，人”，如：leader, teacher, singer, actor, visitor, monitor等。 (2)-ese 表示“語言，人”，如：chinese, japanese 等。(3)-ian 表示“人”，如 musician, politician, russian 等。如： 1 合成名詞：bookcase, classroom,

35、dining-room, classmate, housework 等。 2 合成形容詞：seasick, ever-green, good-looking, snow-white, hard-working 等。 3 合成動詞：overcome, dumbfound, white-wash 等。4 合成副詞：however, whenever, maybe, beforehand 等。5 合成代詞：himself, everyone, nobody, anything 等。(4)-ist 表示“人, 主義者”，如：scientist, artist, communist, socialist

36、 等。 （三）轉(zhuǎn)化：由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞類。如：(5) -ment 表示“運(yùn)動，結(jié)果”，如：development, movement, government 等。(6) -ness 表示“狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)”，如：kindness, darkness, weakness, happiness, illness 等。 (7)-sion 表示“動作，狀態(tài)”，如：discussion, possession, permission 等。(8)-tion 表示“動作，狀態(tài)”，如: action, pronunciation, instruction, education, liberation 等

37、。 (9)-al 表示“動作，過程”， 如：arrival, signal 等。(10)-dom 表示“狀態(tài)，職位，領(lǐng)域或身份”，如：freedom, kingdom, wisdom 等。 (11)-age 表示“狀態(tài)，身份，地點(diǎn)，場所”，如：advantage, average, baggage, voyage 等。 (12)-ess 附在名詞后，表示“女性的，雌性的”，如：actress, waitress 等。 (13)-ics 表示“學(xué)科名”，如: mathematics, physics, polities 等。1 you must wash your hands before ea

38、ch meal. (hands 為名詞) 2 he took off his cap and handed it to me. （handed 為動詞） 3 you must try to catch up with others. (try 為動詞)4 have a try and you might succeed. (try 為名詞)5 the sports meet was held two days ago. (meet 為名詞)6 they often meet here in the afternoon. （meet 為動詞）7 he was lying on his back

39、in the sun. （back 為名詞）8 he came back before supper yesterday. (back 為副詞)9 they came on through the back door. (back 為形容詞)(14)-ing 表示“動作，動用的過程，動作的結(jié)果”，如：building, living, feeling, shopping 等。 【練一練】：根據(jù)句意，用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。(16)-ship 表示“狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，身份”，如：citizenship, friendship, relationship 等。1. its _for him to co

40、me late; he is always punctual (準(zhǔn)時(shí)). (usual)(17)-th 附在部分形容詞之后，表示“狀態(tài)，程度，過程，性質(zhì)”，如：breath, death, depth, growth, 2. its _for him to pay extra money; all the expenditures (花費(fèi)) are included. (necessary)length, strength, truth, warmth 等。 形容詞后綴：(1) -al 表示“的”，如: national, chemical, political 等。(2) -an 表示“（地

41、，人）的”，如：african, asian, american, italian 等。(3) -ble 表示“能夠”，如：reasonable, valuable, unforgettable, enjoyable 等。(4) -ern 表示“方向”，如：southern, northern, eastern, western 等。(5) -ful 表示“充滿”，如：beautiful, careful, harmful, successful, mouthful, spoonful 等。 (6)-ive 表示“性，傾向”，如：active, expensive, native, relat

42、ive, protective 等。 (7)-less 表示“無（反義詞后綴）”，如：careless, harmless, useless 等。(8) -y 表示“充滿，性質(zhì)”，如: rainy, windy, snowy, cloudy, lucky, dirty等。(9) -ly 表示“像的，有性質(zhì)的”，如：daily, friendly, lively, lonely, lovely等。 (13)-en 表示“由制（構(gòu)）成的”，如: wooden, golden 等。(14)-some 表示“易于的，有傾向的”，如：tiresome, troublesome 等。 (15)-ous 表示“的”，如：famous, mountainous, continuou