二手汽車(chē) 外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

1、 10128 學(xué)校代碼： 200920302070號(hào) 英文參考文獻(xiàn)及譯文 題 目：The Used Car Industry 姓 名：馬威 學(xué) 院：能源與動(dòng)力工程 輸系通別：交運(yùn)系 運(yùn)輸：交通 專(zhuān) 業(yè) -2運(yùn)交通輸09級(jí)班 ： 教授副高導(dǎo)指教師：志鷹 二 一 三 年 六 月 The Used Car Industry With annual sales of nearly $370 billion, the used vehicle industry represents almost half of the U.S. auto retail market and is the largest

2、 retail segment of the economy. In 2005, about 44 million used cars were sold in the U.S., which is more than double that of the nearly 17 million new cars sold. In 1898, the Empire State Motor Wagon Company is one of the very first used car companies. The used vehicle market is substantially larger

3、 than other large retail sectors, such as the school and office products market ($206 billion in estimated annual sales) and the home improvement market ($291 billion in Estimated annual sales).The Federal Trade Commission recommends that consumers consider a car retailers reputation when deciding w

4、here to purchase a used car. In the United States, an estimated 34% of consumers (in 2006) are buying a Vehicle history report for used cars. Vehicle history reports are one way to check the track record of any used vehicle. The report may indicate minor/moderate collision damage or improper vehicle

5、 maintenance. These reports will indicate items of public record, such as vehicle title branding, lemon law buybacks, odometer fraud, and product recall vehicle history reports provide customers with a record based on the vehicles serial number. An attempt to identify vehicles which have been previo

6、usly owned by hire car rental agencies, police and emergency services or taxi fleets is also made. Consumers should research vehicles carefully, as these reporting services only report the information to which they have access. In some places the government is a provider of vehicle history, but this

7、 is usually a limited service providing information on just one aspect of the history. Two vehicle history reporting services used to offer the service for free namely Install VIN and Vin Check. But currently customers need to pay to view vehicle reports through Instating. Vin Check became part of A

8、uto Check and provides very little information for free, and customers need to buy a detailed report. the and Kingdom United the in those notably most services, the of Several United States, sell reports to dealers and then encourage the dealers to display the reports on their Internet sites. These

9、reports are paid for by the dealer and then offered for free to potential buyers of the vehicle. Car check service is available online for the public and motor trade. Companies may add to the reports additional information gathered from police, finance and insurance companies. In the UK, the DVLA pr

10、ovides information (Car check) on the registration of vehicles to certain companies for consumer protection and anti-fraud purposes. Used car pricing reports typically produce three forms of pricing information. Dealer or Retail Price is the price you should expect to pay if buying from a licensed n

11、ew-car or used-car dealer retail price. Dealer Trade-in Price or wholesale price is the price you should expect to receive from a dealer if you trade in a car. This is also the price that a dealer will typically pay for a car at a dealer wholesale auction. Private-Party Price is the price you should

12、 expect to pay if you were buying from an individual. A private-party seller is hoping to get more money than they would with a trade-in to a dealer. A private-party buyer is hoping to pay less than the dealer retail price. The growth of the Internet has fueled the availability of information on the

13、 prices of used cars. This information was once only available in trade publications that dealers had access to. There are now numerous sources for used car pricing. Multiple sources of used car pricing means that listed values from different sources may differ. Each pricing guide receiving data fro

14、m different sources and makes different judgments about that data. Pricing of used cars can be affected by geography. For example, convertibles have a higher demand in warmer climates than in cooler areas. Similarly, pickup trucks may be more in demand in rural than urban settings. The overall condi

15、tion of the vehicle has a major impact on pricing. Condition is based on appearances, vehicle history, mechanical condition and mileage. There is much subjectivity in how the condition of a car is evaluated. There are various theories as to how the market determines the prices of used cars sold by p

16、rivate parties, especially relative to new cars. One theory suggests that new car dealers are able to put more effort into selling a car, and can therefore stimulate stronger demand. Another theory suggests that owners of problematic cars (lemons) are more likely to want to sell their cars than owne

17、rs of perfectly functioning vehicles. Therefore, someone buying a used car bears a higher risk of buying a lemon. A car dealership or vehicle local distribution is a business that sells new and/or used cars at the retail level, based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales subsidiary

18、. It employs automobile salespeople to do the selling. It may also provide maintenance services for cars, thus employing automobile mechanics, stock and sell spare automobile parts, and process warranty claims. In China, an authorized car dealership is called 4S car shops. The 4S represents Sale, Sp

19、are part, Service and Survey .In most cases, brand-name new cars can be purchased only from 4S shops. For new cars in high demand, a premium is sometimes added for instant delivery or just placing an order. Likewise, cars with high supply are often discounted. The profit of car dealers in China is q

20、uite high compared to the rest of the world, in most cases 10%. This is due to the non-transparent invoice price as announced by manufacturers and to the premiums they charge for quick delivery. Due to the lack of knowledge for most customers, dealers can sell add-ons at much higher prices than the

21、aftermarket. This field is ruled by Commission Regulation (EC) NO 1400/2002 of 31 July 2002, on the application of article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector. In the Member States of the European Union, motor vehicle and spare

22、 part manufacturers distribute their products through networks of distributors. As far as motor vehicles are concerned, these distributors are commonly known as dealers. Motor vehicle manufacturers and other undertakings also operate networks of authorized repairers. Such a distribution or repair ne

23、twork consists of a bundle of similar agreements between the manufacturer and the individual distributors or body shops. For the purposes of EU competition law, these agreements are referred to as vertical agreements, as the manufacturer and distributor or repairer each operate at different levels o

24、f the production or distribution chain. Whether a vertical agreement actually restricts competition and whether in that case the benefits outweigh the anti-competitive effects will often depend on the market structure. The new Regulation 1400/2002, which entered into force on 1 October 2002, introdu

25、ces a number of substantial changes as regards the exemption of distribution agreements for new motor vehicles and spare parts. It also introduces major changes as regards the exemption of agreements for the provision of repair and maintenance services by authorized and independent repairers and oth

26、er independent operators, such as onroad assistance operators, distributors of spare parts and providers of training for repairers. Auto Transport is used to move the vehicle from the factory to the dealerships. This includes country to country shipping as well as state to state shipping. Auto shipp

27、ing and transport was largely a commercial activity conducted by dealers, manufacturers and brokers until the last ten to fifteen years. The explosion of Internet use has allowed this niche service to grow and reach the general consumer marketplace. This car shipping industry has grown explosively s

28、ince the advent of the Internet. People are now able to purchase cars from anywhere in the world and have them shipped to their doorstep. Used Car Roadshow is a car programme that was originally aired on the Men & Motors channel, but now it is also shown on ITV4. The show is presented by Penny Mallo

29、ry and Jason Dawe. The show airs for one hour. Each programme is filmed at car shows throughout the UK, where enthusiasts display their cars and collections, as well as some who want to sell and buy cars. Penny and Jason always attempt to pick the most eye catching and unusual cars at these shows, a

30、s well as demonstrating bargains that can be had from the used car market. Every programme has a different scenario, where a viewing member of the public is looking to buy a used car. Scenarios can vary from the budget-conscious student wanting to spend no more than 1500, to the mid 20 year old want

31、ing a sports car for no more than 20,000. There are also in betweens who want something economical, or good for long distance touring, or for the family. They give Jason the specifications they want, and the things they would like and not like. Throughout the show Jason comes up with different cars

32、to suit the buyers needs, summarizing the positives and negatives. He often picks three cars, with one mystery car thrown in to interest the buyer. Normally the buyer is given three cars to examine and decide from with the guidance of Penny and Jason throughout, from is drive test The tested. be can

33、 two other the before dropped be to has one which normally taken with Penny on board, who gives her opinions on the car to give the buyer a better insight as to what they may want. If the buyer decides that he/she does not like one of the cars, then Jason will throw in his mystery car to liven thing

34、s up. In the end the buyer usually makes a decision on the car they want, and attempts to negotiate with Jason, who consequently rings the seller on air from a mobile and tries to achieve the best deal possible for the buying member of the public. As of 2009, no new series/episodes had aired. 二 手 車(chē)

35、行 業(yè) 隨著每年接近3700億的成交量，二手車(chē)行業(yè)占據(jù)了美國(guó)接近半數(shù)的汽車(chē)零售市場(chǎng)，它也成為了最大的零售業(yè)務(wù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體。 在2005年，美國(guó)大約有4400萬(wàn)輛二手車(chē)成功交易，比新車(chē)交易量1700萬(wàn)輛的兩倍還要多。在1898年， 帝國(guó)汽車(chē)旅行公司是很早有很多二手車(chē)的公司之一。二手車(chē)市場(chǎng)明顯大于其他的一些大型零售行業(yè)，比如學(xué)校和辦公用品市場(chǎng)（每年的年銷(xiāo)售大概是2060億）以及家裝市場(chǎng)（每年的年銷(xiāo)售大概是2910億）。聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)建議消費(fèi)者在決定在哪里購(gòu)買(mǎi)二手車(chē)的時(shí)候考慮汽車(chē)零售商的聲譽(yù)。 在美國(guó)，預(yù)計(jì)34的消費(fèi)者（2006年）為二手車(chē)購(gòu)買(mǎi)一份車(chē)輛歷史報(bào)告。車(chē)輛歷史報(bào)告是檢查任何一輛二手車(chē)記錄的一種

36、方式。車(chē)輛歷史報(bào)告提供給消費(fèi)者一份根據(jù)車(chē)輛序列號(hào)的報(bào)告。這些報(bào)告將指示公共記錄的項(xiàng)目，例如車(chē)輛所有權(quán)的品牌，檸檬法回購(gòu)，里程表欺詐以及產(chǎn)品召回。該報(bào)告可能表明輕微/中度碰撞損壞或車(chē)輛維修保養(yǎng)不當(dāng)。 有一種嘗試也在進(jìn)行中，它可以確定先前是否為汽車(chē)租賃機(jī)構(gòu)，警察和緊急服務(wù)或者出租車(chē)隊(duì)所擁有的。消費(fèi)者應(yīng)仔細(xì)研究車(chē)輛，因?yàn)樯鲜鏊f(shuō)的服務(wù)只能提供給他們有機(jī)會(huì)獲得的信息。在一些地方，政府負(fù)責(zé)提供車(chē)輛歷史報(bào)告，但是，這也是很有限的，只能提供車(chē)輛很少一部分的信息。車(chē)輛識(shí)別代碼安裝（Instating）和車(chē)輛識(shí)別代碼檢查（VinCheck）是過(guò)去免費(fèi)提供車(chē)輛歷史報(bào)告服務(wù)的。但是現(xiàn)在消費(fèi)者需要支付一定的費(fèi)用才能通

37、過(guò)車(chē)輛識(shí)別代碼安裝（Instating）來(lái)看車(chē)輛報(bào)告。車(chē)輛識(shí)別代碼檢查（VinCheck）已經(jīng)變成了自動(dòng)檢查（Auto Check）的一部分，只提供很少一部分免費(fèi)的信息，而消費(fèi)者需要付費(fèi)才能買(mǎi)到一份很詳細(xì)的報(bào)告。 特別在英國(guó)和美國(guó)，一些機(jī)構(gòu)銷(xiāo)售給經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商報(bào)告，然后鼓勵(lì)經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商在他們的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)站點(diǎn)上顯示報(bào)告。這些報(bào)告由經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商支付，然后免費(fèi)提供給車(chē)輛的潛在買(mǎi)家。 在英國(guó)，DVLA為了保護(hù)消費(fèi)者和反欺騙的目的提供車(chē)輛登記信息（車(chē)輛檢查）給一些特定的公司。公司可能會(huì)增加一些從警察，金融和保險(xiǎn)行業(yè)收集來(lái)的信息。汽車(chē)檢查服務(wù)在網(wǎng)上對(duì)于大眾和汽車(chē)交易也是可行的。二手車(chē)定價(jià)報(bào)告基本提供三方面定價(jià)信息。 如果你想從持

38、牌新車(chē)或者是二手車(chē)經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商那里購(gòu)買(mǎi)，那么經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商或者零售價(jià)的價(jià)格應(yīng)該是你所預(yù)想的那個(gè)價(jià)格。經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商貿(mào)易價(jià)格或批發(fā)價(jià)的價(jià)格應(yīng)該和你購(gòu)買(mǎi)一輛汽車(chē)從經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商那里得來(lái)的報(bào)價(jià)是差不多的。同時(shí)也應(yīng)該和經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商在汽車(chē)拍賣(mài)會(huì)上購(gòu)得汽車(chē)的價(jià)格差不多。私營(yíng)黨的價(jià)格應(yīng)該和你個(gè)人購(gòu)買(mǎi)的價(jià)格是一致的。一個(gè)私營(yíng)黨的賣(mài)方希望得到和經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商交易相。而一個(gè)私營(yíng)黨的買(mǎi)方則希望花和經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商交易相比更少的錢(qián)。在市場(chǎng)上，通過(guò)比更多的錢(qián)，私人機(jī)構(gòu)有各種各樣的理論決定二手車(chē)價(jià)格,特別是相對(duì)于新的汽車(chē)。其中一個(gè)理論認(rèn)為,新車(chē)經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商能夠把更多的精力在賣(mài)一輛車(chē),因而能刺激強(qiáng)勁的需求。另一個(gè)理論表明，那些有問(wèn)題車(chē)的車(chē)主比擁有完美運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的車(chē)輛的車(chē)主更有可能想賣(mài)掉他

39、們的汽車(chē)。因此，買(mǎi)二手車(chē)的人要承受買(mǎi)到有問(wèn)題的車(chē)的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 二手車(chē)定價(jià)會(huì)受到地理位置的影響。例如，一般在溫暖的氣候比在更冷的地方有一個(gè)更高的要求。同樣，相比于城市，鄉(xiāng)村可能更需要貨車(chē)。整個(gè)車(chē)輛的狀況對(duì)定價(jià)有重大影響。車(chē)輛狀況取決于車(chē)輛外觀，車(chē)輛的歷史、受力狀態(tài)、里程。在評(píng)價(jià)車(chē)輛狀況的時(shí)候有許多的主觀性的條件存在。 因特網(wǎng)的成長(zhǎng)已經(jīng)加強(qiáng)了信息對(duì)二手車(chē)價(jià)格的影響。這些信息曾經(jīng)在貿(mào)易出版物中發(fā)行，但是僅有經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商可以獲取。然而現(xiàn)在有許多資源來(lái)對(duì)二手車(chē)進(jìn)行定價(jià)。多種二手車(chē)定價(jià)方式的出現(xiàn)意味著上市價(jià)值從不同的來(lái)源可能會(huì)有所不同。每個(gè)定價(jià)指導(dǎo)從不同的來(lái)源接收數(shù)據(jù),然后對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)做出不同的判斷。汽車(chē)經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商或車(chē)輛在

40、當(dāng)?shù)氐姆植?，是一個(gè)生意，是用來(lái)在零售業(yè)務(wù)中銷(xiāo)售新車(chē)和/或二手車(chē)，它是基于經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商的合同，當(dāng)然也和汽車(chē)制造商及其銷(xiāo)售子公司有關(guān)。它雇傭汽車(chē)銷(xiāo)售人員做銷(xiāo)售。它也可能提供汽車(chē)維修服務(wù)，再加上采用汽車(chē)力學(xué)、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)以及銷(xiāo)售備用汽車(chē)零部件、保修賠付過(guò)程。 在中國(guó)，一個(gè)授權(quán)的汽車(chē)經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商被稱(chēng)為汽車(chē)4 S店。4 S代表的整車(chē)銷(xiāo)售(Sale)、零配件(Sparepart)、售后服務(wù)(Service)、信息反饋(Survey)。在大多數(shù)情況下，只有從4 S店才能買(mǎi)到名牌新車(chē)。為了新車(chē)的高要求，對(duì)于要求立即交貨或者僅僅是下了訂單的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)有時(shí)候會(huì)適當(dāng)提高。同樣，供應(yīng)量大的車(chē)型會(huì)經(jīng)常打折。與世界上其他地方相比，汽車(chē)經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商在中國(guó)的利潤(rùn)是相