2016職稱英語新增文章五篇

1、2016職稱英語新增文章五篇補(bǔ)全短文刪除文章（共五篇）補(bǔ)全短文新增文章（共五篇）第二篇The Words Longest Bridge第二篇Baby Talk第三篇Reinventing theTable第三篇Common Questions About Dreams第六篇Dung to Death第六篇The Apgar Test第七篇Time in the Animal World第七篇Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job第十四篇Robotic Highway Cones第十四篇Primeron Smell1.Primer on SmellIn addition t

2、o bringing out1 the flavor of food, what does the sense of smell do for us?Smell “gives us information about place, about where we are,” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. _1_ “Whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of information a

3、bout who is around us based on smell,” says Reed.Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. “Its a great alert,” offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it.With just a s

4、imple scent, smell can also evoke very intense emotion. Lets say, for example, that the smell is purple petunias. _2_ Now lets imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden. You wouldnt need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother

5、or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor.Compared with3 animals, how well do people detect smelts?That depends on what you mean by “how well”. We are low on receptor cells ： current estimates say that humans have roughly five million smell-receptor cells, about as man

6、y as a mouse. _3_Reed says that, across species, there is a relatively good correlation between the number of receptor cells and how strong the sense of smell is. “You can hardly find the olfactory bulb in a human brain its a pea-sized object. In a mouse, its a little bigger. Its bean-sized in a rat

7、, about the size of your little finger in a rabbit, and the size of your thumb in a bloodhound.”Does that mean that our sense of smell is not very acute?Not exactly. While we may not have the olfactory range of other creatures, the receptors we do have are as sensitive as those of any animal. _4_ A

8、trained “nose”, such as that of a professional in the perfume business, can name and distinguish about 10,000 odors. Reed says that a perfume expert can sniff a modem scent that has a hundred different odorants in it, go into the lab, and list the ingredients. “In a modest amount of time, he comes b

9、ack with what to you or me would smell like a perfect imitation of that perfume. Its amazing.”What happens to4 our sense of smell as we age?Many people continue to have good olfactory function as they get older. _5_ Leopold says that smell is generally highest in childhood, stays the same from the t

10、eens through the 50s, and drops starting at about 60 for women and 65 for men. “The average 80-year-old is only able to smell things half as well as the average 20-year-old,” says Leopold.詞匯：scent /sent/ n. 氣味，香味petunia /ptju:ni/ n. 喇叭花olfactory /lfkt()ri/ adj. 嗔覺的，味道的sniff /snif/ v. 嗅，聞，用力吸注釋：1. br

11、ing out：使顯出，使變得明顯2. warn of：發(fā)出關(guān)于的警告。warn sb. of sth.：警告某人某事3. compare with：與相比4. happen to：發(fā)生于，發(fā)生在練習(xí)：A These flowers have a rich spiciness that no other petunia has.B Odors, or smells, can warn us about trouble.C Thats not the rule, however.D And smell tells us about people.E We can also think, and

12、we make conscious (and successful) efforts to tell the difference between one smell and another.F A rat has some 10 million, a rabbit 20 million, and a bloodhound 100 million.答案與題解：1. D根據(jù)后文提到的“我們能夠根據(jù)氣味收集到有關(guān)人的很多信息”可以推斷此處答案是D選項(xiàng)。2. A前文提到以紫喇叭花的香味舉例，選項(xiàng)中只有A選項(xiàng)提到了喇叭花。3. F前文提到人類和小鼠的嗅覺受體細(xì)胞數(shù)量，可以推斷此處應(yīng)介紹其他物種的嗅覺受

13、體細(xì)胞數(shù)量。4. E后文都在介紹人類可以區(qū)分味道的不同，所以此處E選項(xiàng)最符合原文意思。5. C后文介紹了不是每個(gè)人都隨著年齡的增長嗅覺能力不發(fā)生變化，所以此處C選項(xiàng)最符合原文。參考譯文：嗅覺入門嗅覺除了能讓我們感受到食物的氣味外，還能做什么？美國約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)研究嗅覺的專家Randall Reed教授指出，氣味能提供給我們關(guān)于位置，關(guān)于我們?cè)谀膬?，以及有關(guān)人的信息?！盁o論我們是否意識(shí)到，我們能根據(jù)氣味收集到許多關(guān)于誰在我們身邊的信息，”Reed講道。即使還隔著一段距離，氣味就能提醒我們注意很多麻煩：變質(zhì)的食物，煤氣泄漏，或是火災(zāi)?！八且粋€(gè)很好的警告，”約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)的醫(yī)生Donald L

14、eopold說道。比方說，烤箱中有東西燒焦了，屋內(nèi)的每個(gè)人都會(huì)知道。僅僅是簡(jiǎn)單的氣味，嗅覺就會(huì)引起強(qiáng)烈的情感。比如說那種氣味就是紫喇叭花。它的氣味中有一種其他喇叭花沒有的香味?，F(xiàn)在我們想象一下，你的母親在你3歲時(shí)就去世了，她曾經(jīng)擁有一座花園。你不必去辨認(rèn)那種氣味或者有意識(shí)地回憶起你的母親或者她的花園，只要是你聞到那種紫喇叭花的香味，你就會(huì)感到傷感。與動(dòng)物相比，人類感知?dú)馕兜哪芰τ卸鄰?qiáng)？那要取決于你所謂的“多強(qiáng)”是什么意思。我們?nèi)祟惖氖荏w細(xì)胞很少：目前估計(jì)人類有大概500萬個(gè)嗅覺受體細(xì)胞，差不多和一只小鼠的一樣多。一只大鼠大約有1 000萬個(gè)，一只兔子有2 000萬個(gè)，一只尋血犬有1億個(gè)。Ree

15、d談到，在不同的物種中，受體細(xì)胞的數(shù)量和嗅覺的強(qiáng)弱大體是正相關(guān)的?！叭说拇竽X中是幾乎找不到嗅球的，它像豌豆般大小。小鼠的腦中，嗅球大一點(diǎn)。大鼠的腦中，嗅球有蠶豆那么大，兔子腦中的有你的小手指那么大，而尋血犬腦中的有拇指那么大?！边@是不是就意味著我們的嗅覺不夠敏銳呢？不完全是。盡管我們的嗅覺范圍可能沒有其他生物的那么廣，但是我們已有的受體細(xì)胞和其他動(dòng)物的一樣敏感。我們也可以認(rèn)為，我們?cè)谟幸猓ú⑶页晒Φ嘏^(qū)別不同的氣味。受過培訓(xùn)的鼻子，比如研究香水的專家的鼻子就能夠區(qū)分1萬種氣味并說出其名字。Reed說，一個(gè)香水專家可以在聞完一種含有100種不同香料的現(xiàn)代香水后，走進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，列出這些成分?！耙欢?/p>

16、時(shí)間過后，他調(diào)制出來的氣味對(duì)于你我來說都是那種香水氣味的完美復(fù)制，太不可思議了?！彪S著年齡的增長，我們的嗅覺會(huì)發(fā)生什么變化？許多人年齡增大時(shí)還會(huì)有很好的嗅覺能力。但并不都是這樣。指出，一個(gè)人的嗅覺在兒童時(shí)最強(qiáng)，在青少年時(shí)期一直到50多歲都保持不變，女人通常從60歲、男人從65歲開始下降?！巴ǔ碚f，80歲的人能聞到的東西是20歲的人能聞到的一半，”Leopold說道。2.Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet JobJohn Harrison has what must be the most wanted job in the United States. Hes the of

17、ficial taster for Edys Grand Ice Cream, one of the nations best-selling brands. Harrisons taste buds are insured for $1 million. _1_ And when he isnt doing that, he travels, buying Edys in supermarkets all over the country so that he can check for perfect appearance, texture, and flavor.After I inte

18、rviewed Harrison, I realized that the life of an ice cream taster isnt all Cookies n Cream a flavor that* he invented, by the way. No, its extremely hard work, which requires discipline and selflessness.For one thing, he doesnt swallow on the job. Like a coffee taster, Harrison spits. Using a gold s

19、poon to avoid “off” flavors, he takes a small bite and moves it around in his mouth to introduce it to all 9,000 or so taste buds. _2_ Then he breathes in gently to bring the aroma up through the back of his nose. Each step helps Harrison evaluate whether the ice cream has a good balance of dairy, s

20、weetness, and added ingredients 一 the three-flavor components of ice cream. Then, even if the ice cream tastes heavenly, he puts it into a trash can. A full stomach makes it, impossible to judge the quality of the flavors.During the workweek, Harrison told me that he has to make other sacrifices, to

21、o: no onions, garlic, or spicy food, and no caffeine. Caffeine will block the taste buds, he says, so his breakfast is a cup of herbal tea. _3_Harrisons family has been in the ice cream business in one way or another1 for four generations, so Harrison has spent his entire life with it2. However, he

22、has never lost his love for its cold, creamy sweetness. _4_ On these occasions3, he does swallow, and he eats about a quart (0.95 liters) each week. By comparison4, the average person in the United States eats 23.2 quarts (21. 96 liters) of ice cream and other frozen dairy products each year.Edys ic

23、e cream is available in dozens of flavors. So what flavor does the best-trained ice-cream taster in the country prefer? Vanilla! In fact, vanilla is the best-selling variety in the United States. _5_ “Its a very complex flavor,” Harrison says.詞匯：taste bud 味蕾texture /tekst/a/ n. 質(zhì)地aroma /rum/ n. 芳香va

24、nilla /vml/ n. 香草注釋1. in one way or another：以某種方式,用這樣或那樣的方式2. has spent his entire life with it：為此他已付出一生。spend.with sth.：花（時(shí)間等）在某事上3. on these occasions：在這種場(chǎng)合下4. by comparison：相比之下練習(xí)：A However, you should never call it plain vanilla.B He even orders ice cream in restaurants for dessert.C Next he sma

25、ck-smack-smacks his lips to get some air into the sample.D This is a small price to pay for what he calls the worlds best job.E In his younger days, he would help out at the ice cream factory his uncle owned.F He gets to sample 60 ice creams a day at Edys headquarters in Oakland, California.答案與題解：1.

26、 F文中第一段講了Harrison的工作情況。后文提到他休假時(shí)的情況，所以此處應(yīng)為對(duì)他工作狀態(tài)的介紹。2. C第二段主要介紹了他工作時(shí)品嘗冰淇淋的過程。前文介紹了剛?cè)肟谥械那闆r，此處應(yīng)該是后續(xù)介紹。3. D第四段講了他為此工作做出的犧牲。4. B此處前文講到他仍然愛吃冰淇淋，所以此處B選項(xiàng)最符合原文。5. A根據(jù)后文講“香草是一種復(fù)雜的口味”可以推斷此處應(yīng)為A選項(xiàng)。參考譯文：冰淇淋品嘗師一一一份甜蜜的職業(yè)約翰哈瑞森擁有一份可能是美國人最想要的工作。他是一名職業(yè)的冰淇淋品嘗師，供職于美國最暢銷的冰淇淋品牌之一Edys Grand Ice Cream。哈瑞森已經(jīng)給味蕾投保了100萬美元。他每天要在

27、位于加州奧克蘭的Edys總部嘗試60種冰淇淋樣品。休假時(shí)，他會(huì)去旅行，并且到全國各地的超市買來Edys產(chǎn)品，以便檢査外觀，質(zhì)地和口味是否完美。在采訪完哈瑞森之后，我發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)冰淇淋品嘗師的生活并不像他發(fā)明的奶油曲奇味雪糕那樣甜。這是一個(gè)需要克制和無私的艱難工作。首先，工作時(shí)他不能咽下冰淇淋，只能像咖啡品嘗師那樣吐出。為了避免其他味道的混入，他用金制的湯匙舀取冰淇淋，咬一小口在口中攪動(dòng)，讓大約9 000個(gè)味蕾全部都能感覺到味道，然后他不斷咂嘴唇好讓空氣進(jìn)入口中。接著，他輕輕吸一口氣，讓冰淇淋的芳香竄入鼻中。每一個(gè)步驟都有助于哈瑞森判斷出這款冰淇淋的牛奶、甜度和添加劑這三種成分是否已達(dá)到完美的平衡。

28、即使這個(gè)冰淇淋嘗起來極其美味，他接下來也會(huì)把它扔到垃圾桶里。飽腹感是不可能判斷出口味的品質(zhì)的。哈瑞森告訴我說，在工作周，他也不得不做出很多犧牲：不能吃洋蔥、大蒜或辣的食物以及含咖啡因的食物。因?yàn)榭Х纫驎?huì)限制味蕾，所以他早飯時(shí)只喝一杯花草茶。這只是他為了自己口中世界上最好的工作所付出的一個(gè)小代價(jià)。哈瑞森的家族中已經(jīng)有四代人以這樣或那樣的方式在冰淇淋行業(yè)工作，所以他已經(jīng)為此付出了一生。但他并沒有失去對(duì)這種涼爽油膩的甜品的愛。他甚至?xí)诓蛷d中點(diǎn)冰淇淋作為甜品。在這些時(shí)候，他會(huì)咽下它們，他每周大概會(huì)吃掉一夸脫（0.95升）的冰淇淋。而美國普通人平均每年要吃掉23.2夸脫（21. 96升）的冰淇淋和其他

29、冰凍奶制品。Edys的冰淇淋有幾十種口味。哪種口味才是這個(gè)國家最有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的冰淇淋品嘗師的最愛呢？香草味的！事實(shí)上，香草口味是全美最暢銷的。但是，你不能稱它是純香草口味?！斑@是個(gè)很復(fù)雜的口味，”哈瑞森說道。3. The Apgar TestThe baby was born at 3:36 p. m. At 3:37, she scored 4 out of 10 on her first test. At 3:41, she scored 8 out of 10. The doctor was glad.Another baby, born at 8:24 p. m., scored 3 out

30、 of 10 on his first test. He scored 4 out of 10 on his second test. He took another test at 8:34 and scored 5. _1_ He called for help1.These newborn babies took a test called the Apgar test. This test helps doctors diagnose problems. _2_ Most babies take two tests. The first is at 1 minute after bir

31、th, and the second is at 5 minutes after birth. If a babys score at 5 minutes is less than 6, the baby takes another test at 10 minutes after birth.The Apgar test is not an intelligence test. Its a test that shows a babys health right after it is born. The Apgar test measures things such as a babys

32、color, heart rate, and breathing. The test has five parts, and the score for each part can be 0, 1, or 2. _3_A doctor named Virginia Apgar developed the test. Apgar went to medical school at Columbia University in New York City in 1929. She faced many challenges because she was the first woman in th

33、e program. However, she was one of the best students in her class. After medical school, she started treating patients2.Apgar also became a researcher in anesthesiology, a new topic in medicine at the time3. During her studies, she learned how to give patients anesthesia. _4_In the 1940s, many women

34、 started to have anesthesia when they gave birth. Apgar had a question: How does anesthesia affect newborn babies? In 1949, when Apgar was a professor at Columbias medical school, she created her simple test. She wrote a paper about her methods in 1953. Soon after, people started using the Apgar tes

35、t around the world.In her work, Apgar saw that many newborns had problems. She wanted to help these babies survive. She stopped practicing medicine in 1959, and she went back to school to get a masters degree in public health. _5_Today, the Apgar test is still used all over the world. Newborn babies

36、 dont know it, but Virginia Apgar is a very important person in the first few minutes of their lives.詞匯：diagnose /daignuz/ vt. & vi. 診斷（疾?。゛nesthesiology /,nis,izildi/ n. 麻醉學(xué)anesthesia /,nisizi/ n. 麻醉注釋：1. called for help：需要幫助，求救。call for：需要，要求，提倡；來找（某人），來?。澄铮?。2. she started treating patients：她開始治療

37、病人。treat sb.有三種意思，分別是“對(duì)待某人”“治療某人”和“款待某人”。treat作“治療”講，是普通用語的治療，意義廣泛，cure多用于疾病方面，heal多用于創(chuàng)傷或外傷方面。3. at the time：當(dāng)時(shí)，在那時(shí)。同義短語有at that point, at that time, on the occasion。練習(xí)：A Doctors add the scores together for the total Apgar score.B She spent the rest of her life doing research and raising money to he

38、lp newborn babies.C A score of 10 is uncommon.D The doctor was worried.E They decide if a baby is normal or needs special care.F Anesthesia is a procedure that makes patients lose consciousness, so they do not feel any pain during surgery.答案與題解：1. D由第二段的前半部分可知這個(gè)嬰兒三次健康測(cè)試的分?jǐn)?shù)都不理想，而且最后一句提到他需要救助，說明他的情況不容

39、樂觀，所以醫(yī)生應(yīng)該擔(dān)心。因此，答案為D。2. E第三段中第二句話提到這項(xiàng)測(cè)試幫助醫(yī)生診斷新生兒的問題，即醫(yī)生可以根據(jù)測(cè)試結(jié)果判斷新生兒的健康狀況。因此，答案為E。3. A順承本段倒數(shù)第二句的句意可知選項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)C都可以，但選項(xiàng)C說10分的成績(jī)不常見，這一點(diǎn)由全文其他地方推斷不出來。因此，答案為A。4. F本段第二句話最后提到阿普加學(xué)習(xí)給病人實(shí)施麻醉，而選項(xiàng)F講的是麻醉是什么，正好與本段第二句話句意吻合。因此,答案為F。5. B本段主要講的是阿普加幫助新生兒的愿望以及她為此所做的努力，縱觀六個(gè)選項(xiàng)符合段意的只有選項(xiàng)B。因此，答案為B。參考譯文：阿普加測(cè)試下午3:36，一個(gè)嬰兒出生了。3:37時(shí)，

40、她的第一次健康測(cè)試成績(jī)是4分（總分10分）。3:41時(shí)，她的成績(jī)是8分，醫(yī)生感到非常高興。另一天晚上8:24，另外一個(gè)嬰兒出生了。他的第一次測(cè)試成績(jī)是3分，第二次成績(jī)是4分。8:34時(shí)又進(jìn)行了一次測(cè)試，成績(jī)是5分。醫(yī)生非常擔(dān)心，這個(gè)嬰兒需要救助。這些新生兒進(jìn)行的是一項(xiàng)叫作阿普加的測(cè)試。這項(xiàng)測(cè)試幫助醫(yī)生診斷新生兒的問題，他們根據(jù)測(cè)試成績(jī)判斷新生兒是正常的還是需要特殊護(hù)理。大多數(shù)的嬰兒會(huì)接受兩次測(cè)試。第一次是在出生后1分鐘，第二次是在出生后5分鐘。如果嬰兒在第二次測(cè)試中的成績(jī)少于6分，那他們需要在出生10分鐘后再進(jìn)行一次測(cè)試。阿普加測(cè)試不是一項(xiàng)智力測(cè)試。它是一項(xiàng)在嬰兒出生后表明其健康狀況的測(cè)試。這

41、項(xiàng)測(cè)試會(huì)測(cè)量諸如嬰兒的皮膚顏色、心率、呼吸一類的項(xiàng)目，總共包括五部分，每一部分的成績(jī)可以是0分、1分或2分。醫(yī)生把每一部分的成績(jī)加起來就是這項(xiàng)測(cè)試的總分。一位名叫弗吉尼亞阿普加的醫(yī)生設(shè)計(jì)了這項(xiàng)測(cè)試。1929年，阿普加去紐約的哥倫比亞大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院就讀。由于是這個(gè)學(xué)科里的第一位女性，使她面臨了許多挑戰(zhàn)。然而，她卻是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。完成醫(yī)學(xué)院的學(xué)業(yè)后，她開始給患者治療。阿普加還是麻醉學(xué)方面的研究者，當(dāng)時(shí)麻醉學(xué)是一項(xiàng)新的醫(yī)學(xué)課題。在求學(xué)過程中，她學(xué)會(huì)了如何給患者實(shí)施麻醉。麻醉會(huì)使病人失去意識(shí)，因而他們?cè)谑中g(shù)過程中不會(huì)感到任何疼痛。20世紀(jì)40年代，許多婦女在分娩時(shí)開始使用麻醉。但阿普加有個(gè)疑問：麻醉

42、是如何影響新生兒的呢？1949年，當(dāng)阿普加在哥倫比亞醫(yī)學(xué)院擔(dān)任教授時(shí)，她創(chuàng)造了這項(xiàng)簡(jiǎn)單測(cè)試。1953年，她寫了一篇關(guān)于該測(cè)試方法的論文。不久之后，人們開始在世界范圍內(nèi)使用阿普加測(cè)試。在工作中，阿普加發(fā)現(xiàn)許多新生兒都有健康問題。她想幫助這些新生兒活下來。1959年，她中止了行醫(yī)，回到學(xué)校攻讀公共衛(wèi)生碩士學(xué)位。她把自己的余生都奉獻(xiàn)給了醫(yī)學(xué)研究以及籌集資金幫助新生兒。今天，阿普加測(cè)試仍然在全世界范圍內(nèi)被廣泛運(yùn)用。雖然新生兒們并不知道，但弗吉尼亞阿普加卻是他們生命的前幾分鐘里非常重要的一個(gè)人。4. Baby TalkBabies normally start to talk when they are

43、 13 to 15 months old. Ryan Jones is only eight months old, but he is already “talking” with his parents. When lie is hungry, he opens and closes his hand. This means milk. He also knows the signs for his favorite toy and the word more.Ryan is not deaf, and his parents are not deaf, but his mother an

44、d father are teaching him to sign. They say a word and make a sign at the same time. They repeat this again and again. When _1_ Ryans parents think that he will be a happier baby because he can communicate with them.Ryan s parents are teaching Ryan to sign because of a man named Joseph Garcia. Altho

45、ugh Garcia was not from a deaf family, he decided to learn American Sign Language (ASL). First, he took courses in ASL. Then he got a job helping deaf people communicate with hearing people. In his work, he saw many deaf parents sign to their infants. He noticed that these babies were able to commun

46、icate much earlier than hearing children. _2_ When they were one year old, they could use as many as 50 signs.Garcia decided to try something new. He taught ASL to parents who were not deaf. The families started to teach signs to their infants when they were six or seven months old. _3_ More and mor

47、e parents took Garcias ASL classes. Like Ryans family, they were excited about signing with their babies. They wanted to give their babies a way to communicate before they could use spoken words.Some people worry about signing to babies. They are afraid that these babies wont feel a need to talk. Ma

48、ybe they will develop spoken language later than other babies. _4_ In fact, one study found just the opposite. Signing babies actually learned to speak earlier than other children. As they grow older, these children are more interested in books. They also score higher on intelligence tests1.There is

49、 still a big question for parents: Which are the best signs to teach their babies? Some parents make their own signs. Other parents want to teach ASL. _5_ Theres no clear answer, but we do know this: All signing babies and their families are talking quite a lot!詞匯：normally /n:m()li/ adv. 正常地；通常地，一般地

50、infant /infnt / n. 嬰兒；幼兒；未成年人communicate /kmju:nikeit/ 通信；交流；感染opposite /pzit/ adj. 相反的；n. 對(duì)立面，反義詞注釋：1. intelligence test：智力測(cè)試練習(xí)：A However, research does not show this.B All parents want to teach babies to sign.C Ryan learns a new sign, his family is very excited.D These babies started using signs a

51、bout two months later.E It can be useful because many people understand it.F They talked with signs by the time they were eight months old.答案與題解：1. C第二段主要是討論Ryan學(xué)習(xí)手語的過程，當(dāng)他學(xué)會(huì)一種新的手勢(shì)時(shí)，父母非常高興。2. F這一段講的是嬰兒在學(xué)習(xí)手語過程中的共同規(guī)律。題目前一句講Garcia注意到學(xué)習(xí)手語的嬰兒比普通嬰兒更早開始交流，后一句講嬰兒1歲時(shí)能使用的手勢(shì)多達(dá)50種，因此，此處應(yīng)填“這些嬰兒從8個(gè)月起就開始用手語交流”。3. D

52、這一段講有些家庭在嬰兒六七個(gè)月的時(shí)候開始教他們手語。D選項(xiàng)中的these babies指代這些嬰兒，符合題意。4. A前文講有些人擔(dān)心嬰兒學(xué)習(xí)手語會(huì)導(dǎo)致其會(huì)話能力發(fā)展緩慢，后文講的是研究表明并不是這樣，因此空格處應(yīng)填表示轉(zhuǎn)折的句子。5. EE選項(xiàng)是對(duì)前文中ASL的解釋，ASL是通用手語，因此能被更多的人理解。選項(xiàng)中的it即指代ASL。參考譯文：嬰兒語嬰兒通常在1 15個(gè)月的時(shí)候開始說話。Ryan Jones剛剛8個(gè)月，但他已經(jīng)開始和父母“說話”了。他餓的時(shí)候，就會(huì)把手一張一合，這個(gè)動(dòng)作表示牛奶。他還懂得表示他最喜歡的玩具以及“更多”這個(gè)詞。Ryan不是聾啞人，他的父母也不是，但他們正在教他手語

53、。他們?cè)谡f話的同時(shí)做出相應(yīng)的手語姿勢(shì)，并不斷重復(fù)。當(dāng)Ryan學(xué)會(huì)一個(gè)新的手勢(shì)時(shí)，家人都非常高興。Ryan的父母認(rèn)為，因?yàn)槟芎透改附涣?，Ryan會(huì)成為一個(gè)更快樂的嬰兒。Ryan的父母之所以教Ryan手語，是因?yàn)橐幻蠮oseph Garcia的人。Garcia也不是聾啞人，但他決定學(xué)習(xí)美國手語（ASL）。最開始的時(shí)候，他參加了一門相關(guān)課程的學(xué)習(xí)。之后，他得到了一份幫助聾啞人和正常人交流的工作，在工作中，他看到很多聾啞人父母用手語與他們的幼子交流。他注意到，這些孩子能比正常孩子更早地與他人交流。他們8個(gè)月大的時(shí)候就能通過手語進(jìn)行交流，而到了1歲的時(shí)候，他們能使用多達(dá)50種手勢(shì)。Garcia決定進(jìn)行

54、一些新的嘗試，他向非聾啞人父母教授美國手語。這些家庭在孩子六七個(gè)月的時(shí)候就教孩子手語，而孩子們?cè)诖蠹s兩個(gè)月之后就開始使用這些手語了。越來越多的父母前去參加的美國手語課程。和Ryan的家人一樣，他們對(duì)于能和孩子通過手語交流感到非常興奮。他們想讓孩子在會(huì)說話之前學(xué)會(huì)一種交流的方式。有些人對(duì)此很擔(dān)憂，他們擔(dān)心這些小孩會(huì)覺得開口說話沒有必要，這樣他們的語言能力發(fā)展可能比其他孩子慢。然而，研究表明，事實(shí)并非如此。實(shí)際上，有一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，事實(shí)正好相反，掌握手語的孩子實(shí)際上比其他孩子更早開口說話。隨著年齡的增長，他們對(duì)閱讀的興趣更強(qiáng)，在智力測(cè)試中獲得的分?jǐn)?shù)更高。對(duì)于父母來說，還有一個(gè)大問題：哪種手語對(duì)孩子來

55、說是最好的？有的父母使用自己創(chuàng)造的手勢(shì)，還有些父母使用美國手語，這種手語懂的人多，因此更有用。目前對(duì)于這個(gè)問題還沒有明確的答案，但是我們確切地知道：會(huì)用手語的嬰兒和他們的家人會(huì)“說”很多話！5. Common Questions about DreamsDoes everyone dream?Yes. Research shows that we all dream. We have our most vivid dreams during a type of sleep called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. During REM sleep, the

56、brain is very active. The eyes move quickly back and forth under the lids, and the large muscles of the body are relaxed. REM sleep occurs every 90-100 minutes, three to four times a night, and it lasts longer as the night goes on. _1_ We dream at other times during the night, too, but those dreams

57、are less vivid.Do people remember their dreams?A few people remember their dreams. However, most people forget nearly everything that happened during the night dreams, thoughts, and the short periods of time when they were awake. _2_ It seems that the memory of the dream is not totally lost, but for some reason it is very hard to bring it back. If you want to remember your dream，the best thing to do is to write it down as soon as you wake