2013年考研考試英語英譯漢難點

1、2013年考研考試英語英譯漢難點一代詞的處理方法內(nèi)容比較簡單的文章它會使用很多的代詞，比較復(fù)雜的文章難懂的文章使用代詞比較少。代詞在句子當中充當主語、賓語、表語和定語四大句子成分。代詞在種類上分成六大類：人稱代詞、物稱代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞。（1）人稱代詞處理原則：人稱代詞出現(xiàn)在句首的時候，要求大家一定在文章里邊找出他具體的對象，名詞到底解釋誰而且要把代詞翻譯成名詞，如果人稱代詞在句子的中間或者末尾的地方，而且同時指代對象，我們一般可以把他譯成人稱。如果劃線部分有很多個名詞，而且指代并不十分明確的時候，我們代詞可以分為名詞。當我們把翻譯，翻譯成代詞表達非常清楚的時候把它譯

2、成代詞，表達不清楚的時候譯成名詞。例：But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.但更為重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測到的最遙遠的過去的景象，因為他們看到的是150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。（2）物稱代詞物稱代詞放在句首的時候有兩種情況：一種是可以或者要求我們找到名

3、詞來代替它，另一種是找不到名詞可以代替它或者是要說清楚這個代詞是什么，沒辦法代出代詞。如果這個物稱代詞放在句中或者句末的時候要根據(jù)句子情況的翻譯來表達，關(guān)鍵是要清除。例：This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.給某些與當前目標無關(guān)但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持，看來通常能有效地解決這一問題。2013年考研考試英語英譯漢難點二1、不認識的

4、名詞（1）從文章句形找它的解釋例：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.未來學(xué)家皮爾森匯集世界各地數(shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個獨特的新技術(shù)千年歷，它列出了人

5、們有望看到數(shù)百項重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遲日期。（2）看看前邊有沒有同義詞例：But that，Pearson points out，is only the start of man-machine integration:It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.但皮爾森指出，這個突破僅僅是人機一體化的開始：“它是人機一體化漫長之路的第一步，人機

6、一體化最終會使人們在下世紀末之前研制出完全電子化的仿真人。”（3）從構(gòu)詞法找答案例：Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures，and may report their findings soon.天體物理學(xué)家使用南極陸基探測器及球載儀器，正越來越近地觀測這些云系，也許不久后會報告他們的觀測結(jié)果。2、產(chǎn)生新意的名詞（1）用邏輯推理法例：In general，the test

7、s work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.2013年考研考試英語英譯漢難點三一是常用動詞，二是高難動詞，三是容易混消的動詞，四是動詞短語。（1）常用動詞例：For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and th

8、us do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.例如，測試并不能彌補明顯的社會不公；因此，它們不能說明一個物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話，會有多大才干。（2）高難動詞例：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropr

9、iateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.這些預(yù)測在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。（3）容易混消的動詞例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more fr

10、om internal quarrels among historians themselves.人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因為史學(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學(xué)問。（4）動詞短語例：Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scien

11、tists and technologists of all kinds.再者，顯而易見的是一個國家的經(jīng)濟實力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高則又有賴于各種科技人員的努力2013年考研考試英語英譯漢難點四（1）把非謂語動詞直接譯成動詞例：However， the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects.然而，世界就是如此，完美的體系一般而言是無法解決世上某些更加

12、引人入勝的課題的。（2）把非謂語動詞直接譯成形容詞例：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang， first put forward in the 1920s， to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.巨大的宇宙云的存在，實際上是使二十世紀二十年代首創(chuàng)的大爆炸論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導(dǎo)地位所不可缺少的。（3）把非謂語動詞直接譯成名詞例：When that happens， it is not a mi

13、stake： it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action， an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.當人們產(chǎn)生同情心的時候并不是一個錯誤，這是人類用道德觀念進行推理的本能在起作用，這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵，而不應(yīng)遭到嘲弄（4）把非謂語動詞直接譯成謂詞動詞例：Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequ

14、ences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來自社會需求；另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。2013年考研考試英語英譯漢難點五（1）主語從句（2）賓語從句（3）表語從句例：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often de

15、pends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府究竟是以減少對技術(shù)的經(jīng)費投入來增加對純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動力量。（4）定語從句例：They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory， and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and g

16、iven credit for his achievements.自由和尊嚴（它們）是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自制者所擁有的，是要求一個人對自己的行為負責并因其業(yè)績而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。（5）狀語從句例：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians， modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant eve

17、nts of the past.幾乎每個歷史學(xué)家對史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實踐最趨向于認為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重大史實并對其做出解釋。（6）同謂語從句例：This trend began during the Second World War， when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in d

18、etail.這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當時一些國家的政府得出結(jié)論：政府要向科研機構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。2013年考研英語考試英譯漢難點六（1）結(jié)構(gòu)上對稱，例用并列聯(lián)詞，and， or but（2）誤意上對稱，使用同一類型的詞。例：New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past， giving rise to new standards of elegance.同過去一樣，將來必然會出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對

19、象，給完美以新的標準。The target is wrong， for in attacking the tests， critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.例：例如，測試并不能彌補明顯的社會不公；因此，它們不能說明一個物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話，會有多大才干。例：During this transfer， traditional historical methods were augmented by additional metho

20、dologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。2013年考研英語考試英譯漢難點七一個是結(jié)構(gòu)上的變化，另一個是英語詞上的變化（1）結(jié)構(gòu)上的變化例：This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible cons

21、equence in the future.給某些與當前目標無關(guān)但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持，看來通常能有效地解決這個問題。（2）用詞上的變化例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因為史學(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因

22、為外界并不認為歷史是一門學(xué)問。例：The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展一直緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。2013年考研英語考試英譯漢難點八英譯漢中的倒裝（1）在疑問句倒裝

23、（2）在感嘆句倒裝（3）在否定詞之后倒裝（4）在only的復(fù)詞短語，或復(fù)詞從句放在句首加強語氣（5）so或so+形容詞或者復(fù)詞放在句首加強語氣（6）if從句省略if的時候（7）表示地點的句詞，短語放在句首的時候（8）表語放在句首加強語氣（9）復(fù)詞或者介詞短語放在句首加強語氣例：For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under m

24、ore favorable circumstances.例如，測試并不能彌補明顯的社會不公；因此，它們不能說明一個物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話，會有多大才干。例：Odd though it sounds，cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics，and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decad

25、e that it is true.宇宙膨脹說雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理學(xué)中一些公認的理論在科學(xué)上看來可信的推論。許多天體物理學(xué)家七、八年來一直認為這一論說是正確的。例：Thus，the anthropological concept of culture， like the concept ofsetin mathematics，is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.因此，人類學(xué)中“文化”概念就像數(shù)學(xué)中“集”的概念一樣，是一個抽

26、象概念，它使大量的具體研究和認識成為可能。2013年考研英語考試英譯漢難點九英譯漢中的慣用法參考例年考題People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are，of course，e

27、xtremely interested in these types of questions. （61） They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different

28、from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture.”（62） Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. （63） That our environment has little，if anything，to d

29、o with our abilities， characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the “nurture” theory，that is，they advocate educa

30、tion，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B. F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.（64） The behaviorists maintai

31、n that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence，offered by the two theories.（65） Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for lea

32、rning that is biologically determined. Needless to say： They dont believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.（66） Behaviorists suggest that the child wh