句子成分和簡單句五個基本句型

1、 初高中銜接教學(xué)之三 句子成分和簡單句五個基本句型一、 句子成分 構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分有主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語。 句子成分常 用 詞 性主語名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句謂語動詞賓語名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和賓語從句表語名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句定語形容詞、名詞、代詞、分詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語和定語從句狀語副詞、副詞性詞組、介詞短語、不定式分詞、名詞和狀語從句賓補名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句同位語名詞 等（一）主語主語是一

2、個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞） 2.We often speak English in class.（代詞）3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）5.Smoking

3、 does harm to the health.（動名詞）6.The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句）8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）（二）謂語謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如： He practices running

4、 every morning.2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。 You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.（2）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如： We are students.（三）表語表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned col

5、d.（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby is playing football.（動名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語）Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）（四）賓語賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。They we

6、nt to see an exhibition yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代詞）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語）I enjoy listening to popular music.（動名詞短語）I think（that）h

7、e is fit for his office.（賓語從句）賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如： Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補），例如： They elected him their monitor.（五）賓語補足語（賓補）英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如 make等+賓語+賓補）。 His father named him Dongdong.（名詞） They painted their boat white.（形容詞）

8、Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）(六）定語修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。Hangzhou is a beautiful city.（形容詞）China is a developing co

9、untry; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名詞）His progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞）He is reading an article about how to lear

10、n English.（介詞短語）（七）狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語）He is in the room making a plane model.（分詞短語）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you begin, you m

11、ust continue.（狀語從句）狀語種類1. How about meeting again at six?（時間狀語）2. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語）3. I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語）4. Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點狀語）5. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語）6. She came in with

12、a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）7. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語）8. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語）9. She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語）10.I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）（八）同位語一個名詞(或其它形式)對另一個名詞或代詞進行修飾，限定或說明，這個名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語。同位語與被它限定的詞的格要

13、一致，并常常緊挨在一起。 Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James.He himself told me that his brother is a doctor. 二、句子種類 兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：（1）陳述句（肯定、否定）： He is six years old. She didnt hear of you before.（2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）： Do they like skating? How o

14、ld is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? （3）祈使句 Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class（4）感嘆句 How clever the boy is!按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the

15、wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句等。The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.并列句的分類1、表示連接兩個同等概念，常用and, not onlybu

16、t also, neithernor, then等連接。The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。 Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes li

17、vely and interesting.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.三、簡單句的五種基本句型（1）SV（主語謂語）We work.（2）SVP（主語謂語/系動詞表語）He is a student.（3）SVO（主語謂語賓語）Writing makes an exact man（4）SVOO（主語謂語間接賓語直接賓語）My father bought me a car.（5

18、）SVOOC（主語謂語賓語賓補）That news made her happy注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。 基本句型一：主謂 SVi (動詞為不及物動詞和不及物的動詞詞組。在有的句子中，不及物動詞可以有狀語修飾。)1.The sun is rising.2.Ill try.3.The engine broke down. 4.Did you sleep well？ (well做狀語，修飾不及物動詞sleep)基本句型二：主系表 SVP(動詞是系動詞，劃線部分為表語。)1.Mr.Brown is an engineer.(名詞做表語)2.Gradualy he

19、became silent.(形容詞)3.She remained standing for an hour.(現(xiàn)在分詞)4.The question remained unsolved.(過去分詞)5.The machine is out of order.(介詞短語)6.The television was on.(副詞)7.His plan is to keep the affair secret.(動詞不定式)8.My job is repairing cars.(動名詞)9.The question is what you want to do.(表語從句)常見系動詞：be, bec

20、ome, get, remain, turn, seem, stay, grow，look ,sound, feel, smell, taste, go, appear, run基本句型三：主謂賓 SVO (動詞為及物動詞vt，劃線部分為賓語。)1.Do you know these people ？(名詞或代詞做賓語)2.I cant express myself in English.(反身代詞做賓語)3.He smiled a strange smile.(同源賓語)4.We cant afford to pay such a price.(不定式做賓語)5.Would you mind

21、 waiting a few minutes？(動名詞做賓語)6.I hope that I have said nothing to pain you.(賓語從句)基本句型四：主謂賓賓 SVOO (間接賓語和直接賓語有三種情況。)1. 間接賓語可以改為to引導(dǎo)的短語。He handed me a letter.He handed a letter to me.2. 間接賓語可以改為for引導(dǎo)的短語。She sang us a folk song.She sang a folksong for us.3. 直接賓語可以由賓語從句充當(dāng)。Tell him Im out.Can you inform

22、 me where Miss Green lives？基本句型五：主謂賓賓補 SVOOC (賓語和賓補一起被稱做復(fù)合賓語。)1.He found his new job boring.(形容詞做賓補)2.They called their daughter Mary.(名詞)3.This placed her in a very difficult position.(介詞短語)4.We thought him to be an honest man. (to be)5.I saw her chatting with Nancy.(現(xiàn)在分詞)7.He watched the piano car

23、ried upstairs.(過去分詞)1.He felt it his duty to mention this to her.注意：在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中，可以用it做形式賓語，把真正的賓語放在后面。2.I think it best that you should stay with us.分析：it是形式賓語，best是賓語補足語，that you should stay with us是真正的賓語 Eg 1: “在湯姆獲釋之前，他給妻子寫了一封信，問她是否愿意讓他去?！钡谝徊? 把句子縮小到只剩主要成分.“湯姆寫了一封信”。He wrote a letter第二步: 增加修飾成分，擴大句子?！?/p>

24、湯姆給妻子寫了一封信”。He wrote a letter to his wife第三步: 再擴大句子?！熬驮跍帆@釋之前，他給妻子寫了封信”。Just before he was released from jail，he wrote a letter to his wife第四步: 再擴大句子，直至完整.就在湯姆獲釋之前，他給妻子寫了一封信，問她是否愿意讓他回去?！?Just before he was released from jail，he wrote a letter to his wife asking if she would have him backEg2 : 老人讀完信后

25、失望之極，竟用顫抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。1. 老人失望。2. 老人讀完信后失望。3. 老人讀完信后失望之極，竟用手指把它撕得粉碎。4. 老人讀完信后失望之極，竟用顫抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。5. The old man was disappointed6. After reading the letter the old man was disappointed7. After reading the letter the old man was so disappointed that he tore it into little bits8. After reading the letter t

26、he old man was so disappointed that he tore the letter into little bits with his trembling fingers補充結(jié)構(gòu)：There be 句型there + be + 主語 + 狀語be, live, lie, stand, remain, exist, come, go, There stands a hill in the middle of the park.Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. be 與其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)量上一致，

27、有時態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如：現(xiàn)在有 there is/are 過去有 there was/were 將來有 there will be；there is /are going to be.現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有 there has/ have been 可能有 there might be.肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 過去曾經(jīng)有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/ happens/ happened to be Translation:1.這個村子過去只有一口井。 2.客人當(dāng)中有兩名美國人和兩名法國人。 3.天氣預(yù)報說下午有大風(fēng)。 4.戰(zhàn)前這兒一直有家電影院的. 1.There was only a well in the village. 2.Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen. 3.The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. 4.There used