河北省邯鄲市中考英語閱讀理解“主旨大意”題解題指導素材-課件9頁

1、主旨大意題解題指導主旨大意題是中考閱讀理解的主要題型之一，旨在考查考生對段落大意或者文章中心思想的把握和歸納能力。該題也是中考閱讀中的重點和難點，這類題往往針對段落或短文的subject(主題)、main idea(中心思想)、title(題目)或purpose(目的)來命題。因為詞匯、句式、文化背景等原因，有相當一部分同學對文章的理解會出現(xiàn)一定偏差，從而不能很好地解答這類題目。這類題的解題關(guān)鍵是采用快速閱讀法瀏覽全文，尋找文章的關(guān)鍵詞或中心句。關(guān)鍵詞即在文中頻繁出現(xiàn)的詞；中心句通常出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭、結(jié)尾部分和各個段落的首尾。因為考生需要讀完全文才能把握文章主旨，解答此類題時，不妨把它作為最后

2、一道來做。主旨大意題常見的提問方式有下列幾種：1. Whats the topic of the article?2. What is the passage mainly about?3. Whats the main idea of the passage?4. What can we learn from the passage?5. What is the best title/headline for this passage?6. The writers purpose in writing this story is _.7. In the passage the author

3、wants to tell _.那么如何解這類題呢？下面，結(jié)合今年中考試題以及多年的教學經(jīng)驗，提供一些基本的方法來幫助大家。一、設(shè)問方式有哪些？大意類：1. What is the passage mainly about?2. The main idea of the passage is _.3. The first/second/last . paragraph is mainly about _.標題類：1. What is the best title for the passage?2. The best title for this passage might be _.3. T

4、he best headline for this passage could be _.目的型：1. The authors main purpose is to _.2. The passage is meant to _.3. The purpose of this article is to _.二、高分攻略看過來！每篇文章都有它的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)，如果我們能抓住文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，找到文章的主題句，就能輕而易舉地把握文章的中心大意，所以找準主題句，對于獲取文章大意尤其重要。1. 尋找主題句一般來說，文章的主題句有以下幾種位置：(1) at the beginning(2) at the end(3)

5、 at the beginning and at the end(4) in the middle of the passage(5) no clear topic sentence2. 排除干擾項一般來說，干擾項有以下特點：(1) 主觀臆測，并非作者的觀點(2) 范圍過大，過于籠統(tǒng)(3)范圍過小，以偏概全(4) 文中未提及，找不到出處三、考查類型及解題技巧有哪些？1. 段落大意類【例1：內(nèi)蒙古呼和浩特】For just $38, you can help one person see; for $380, 10 people can see; $1,300 helps train a doc

6、tor new skills; and for $13,000 you can provide a training program for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again. Your love can help them open their eyes to the world.The last paragraph is mainly about _.A. how much a training program for a group of doctors costsB. why ORBI

7、S needs your help to continue their workC. who can make thousands of blind people see againD. what you can do to help blind people open their eyes【解析】D。段落舉出幾個例子，說明不同的金錢額度可以為盲人做到的事情。A和C選項分別是其中某一例子，不能概括全段。B選項的意思是ORBIS需要你的幫助，借此呼吁讀者，故B選項不正確?！窘忸}方法】提取關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞是在文章或段落中反復出現(xiàn)，甚至其它說明內(nèi)容都為之服務(wù)的詞語。段落中重復出現(xiàn)的詞語有you, ca

8、n, help (以及provide，在此表達意義相近)。找到關(guān)鍵詞，我們就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，該段落的每一句話都站在讀者“你”的角度，以“你能做某事來幫助盲人”為句子中心，呼吁讀者做出自己的貢獻。然后再綜合四個選項，只有D選項包含了全部三個關(guān)鍵詞?！纠?：山東煙臺卷】Thomas Edison lit up the world with his invention of the electric light. Without him, the world might still be in the dark. However, the electric light was not his only in

9、vention. He also invented the motion picture camera and over 1,200 other things. About every two weeks he created something new.Thomas Edison was born in 1847. He attended school for only three months. His mother taught him at home, but Thomas was mostly self-educated. He started experimenting at a

10、young age.When he was 12 years old, he got his first job. He became a newsboy on a train. He did experiments on the train in his spare time. Unluckily, his first work experience did not end well. They fired him when he accidentally set fire to the floor of the train. Then Edison worked for five year

11、s as a telegraph operator, but he continued to spend much of his time in experimenting his first patent in 1868 for a vote recorder run by electricity.Thomas Edison was totally deaf in one ear and hard of hearing in the other, but he thought of his deafness as a blessing in many ways. It kept conver

12、sations short, so that he could have more time for work. He always worked 16 out of every 24 hours. Sometimes his wife had to remind him to sleep and eat.Thomas Edison died at the age of 84. He left a great many inventions that greatly improved the quality of life all over the world.What does the pa

13、ssage mainly talk about?A. The function of the electric light.B. Edison and his experiments.C. The importance of inventions.D. The whole life of Edison.【解析】D。此題考查文章的大意。綜觀文章結(jié)構(gòu)，它不屬于上面所說的任何一種。但細讀文章能發(fā)現(xiàn)，每一段都有明確的時間：第2段Thomas Edison was born in 1847；第3段When he was 12 years old, he got his first job；第5段Thom

14、as Edison died at the age of 84。 由此可以看出本文講的是愛迪生的人生經(jīng)歷，所以答案選D。其他三個選項都是片面的，犯了以偏概全的錯誤。A和C只在第一段中提到，而且沒有指明是愛迪生的發(fā)明；B選項，只提出愛迪生和他的實驗，沒有包括文章的主要內(nèi)容愛迪生的人生經(jīng)歷。2. 文章標題類【例3：山東德州】Green is an important color in nature. It is . It is .Sometimes, the word “green” means young, fresh and growing. For example . In the 15th

15、 century . A century later . By the 18 th century .Someone who is good at growing plants is said to have a green thumb (大拇指). The expression . A person with a green thumb . The Green Revolution (綠色革命) is Green is also the color used to describe the powerful feeling. Jealousy (嫉妒). The green eyed mon

16、ster . It is . It In most places in the world, a green light is a signal (信號) to move ahead. In everyday speech, a green light means approval (贊成) to continue with a project.Which would be the best title of the passage?A. Green, the color of grass and treesB. The stories about the color “green”C. Gr

17、een, a sign of approvalD. Different meanings of “green”【解析】D。這篇文章講述了綠色的許多意義。第一段開頭引出綠色的重要性，第二段到第四段分別說明綠色在不同語境不同環(huán)境的使用。A選項只說了綠色在自然界的意義；文章沒有講述綠色的故事，只提到了不同地方綠色代表的不同含義，B選項錯誤；C選項是最后一段的概括，以偏概全?！窘忸}方法】跳讀。跳讀方法之一：看句子主語。在第一段中有三個主語，兩個主語都是代詞It，很容易判斷兩個代詞It指的是前文提到的Green，是進一步解釋說明Green，屬于細節(jié)內(nèi)容。第三段第二句的主語The expression，用

18、了定冠詞，實際上也是指前文提到的內(nèi)容。跳讀方法之二：忽略舉例詞。第二段中for example是舉例說明的標志詞，也就是說，后面的內(nèi)容舉例，用來解釋補充前面的觀點。在把握主旨大意時，可以適當忽略。以此類推，我們通過跳讀，分析出每個段落的主題句。例如這篇文章中，段落的主題句是首句。綜合段落大意，每段講了綠色的不同意義，從而總結(jié)出文章的最佳題目?！纠?：北京卷】Teens want structure in their lives, which means they want their lives well-planned. To begin building structure, teens

19、need love and trust. They need to know their parents are there to give them needed love and support (支持). Teens want to be sure that nothing can prevent parents from shouldering their responsibility for them not their growing maturity (成熟), misbehavior, nor anger at something they have done. Teens w

20、ant parents to keep control while allowing them to make some decisions.There are some ways you can help your teens create reasonable structure and remain close .The most important things to remember are: talk with your teens, listen to their worries and offer suggestions when needed. This will help

21、your teens to live a well-organized life.What is the best title of the passage?A. Training Teens to Become Responsible Adults.B. Helping Teens to Build Reasonable Structure.C. Improving the Relationship with Your Teens.D. Stepping into Your Teens Secret World.【解析】B。觀察文章結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)第一段中的Teens want structure

22、 in their lives, which means they want their lives well-planned可知，文章話題是關(guān)于well-planned life。 根據(jù)第2段中的There are some ways you can help your teens create reasonable structure and remain close可知，下面講的是一些方法；根據(jù)最后一段中的This will help your teens to live a well-organized life可知，這句話是對以上內(nèi)容的總結(jié)，所以，不難看出，這兩句話是文章的主題句，所

23、以答案選B。選項A的錯誤在于主觀臆測，并非作者所表達的觀點；C選項，范圍過大，過于籠統(tǒng)；D選項，走進青少年的秘密世界，文中未提及。3. 中心思想類【例5：四川宜賓卷】 or some people, music is no fun at all. About 4% of the population is what scientists call “amusic”. People who are amusic are born without the ability to enjoy musical notes. Amusic people often cannot tell the diff

24、erences between two songs.As a result, songs sound like noise to an amusic. Many amusics compare the sound of music to pieces of metal hitting each other. Life can be hard for amusics . By studying people like Margaret, scientists are finally learning how to identify (辨別) this unusual condition.Scie

25、ntists say that the brains of amusics are different for those of people who can enjoy music. The difference is complex (復雜的), and it is not connected with poor hearing . Scientists compare amusics to people who just cant see certain colors.Many amusics are happy when their condition is finally diagn

26、osed (診斷) . That makes it easier for them to explain .What is the main idea of the passage?A. Amusics strange behaviors.B. Musical ability.C. Some peoples inability to enjoy music.D. Identification and treatment of amusic.【解析】C。整篇文章的關(guān)鍵詞是amusic (無法欣賞音樂的人)。文章主要介紹了amusic病癥及其原因的簡單探究?！窘忸}方法】抓住中心句。中心句是對文章內(nèi)

27、容的概括或總結(jié)，通常是段落首句或尾句。另外，首尾句通常也有承上啟下的作用。所以，重視首尾句更有助于我們把握文章內(nèi)容。在上面的這個例子中，每段的首句就是段落的中心句。第一段首句引出話題：amusic；第二段講了amusic的表現(xiàn)；第三段講了amusic現(xiàn)象背后的科學依據(jù)；第四段說明了amusic的現(xiàn)狀?！纠?：廣西桂林卷】Multitasking is even changing the relationship between family members. As young people give so much attention to their own worlds，they seem

28、 to have no time to spend with the other people around them. They can no longer greet family members when they enter the house， nor can they eat at the family table.In Paragraph 3, the author points out that _.A. family members do not greet each otherB. family members do not eat at the family tableC

29、. young people get on well with their familiesD. young people hardly communicate with their family members【解析】D。選項A、B只是局部信息，不夠全面。C選項是無關(guān)信息，文章并沒有提到。仔細閱讀第三段，選擇D。4. 寫作意圖類【例7：天津卷】Vanuatu is an island nation in the South Pacific. It is one of the smallest countries in the world. But for those who are inte

30、rested in adventure and sport, there is a lot to do. Vanuatus islands offer visitors two of the most exciting and dangerous activities in the world: volcano (火山) surfing and land diving.Volcano SurfingOn Tanna Island, Mount Yasur rises 300 meters into the sky. Yasur is Recently, people have also sta

31、rted climbing Yasur to surf the volcano. In some ways, volcano surfing is like surfing in the sea, but in other ways its very different. Volcano surfers try to Its fast, fun and dangerous the perfect extreme sport (極限運動).Land Diving A man ties tree vines (樹藤) to his legs. He then jumps head-first fr

32、om a high tower to touch the earth with the top of his head without breaking the vine. Every spring, island natives (men only) still take part in this amazing activity.What is the purpose of the passage?A. To tell people not to do dangerous sports.B. To explain what volcano surfing and land diving a

33、re.C. To talk about the worlds best volcano surfer and land diver.D. To compare activities in Vanuatu with sports in New Zealand.【解析】B。本篇文章介紹了南太平洋島國瓦努阿圖上的兩項極限運動：火山滑板和陸地蹦極。第一段引入兩項極限運動的話題；第二、三段分類介紹?！窘忸}方法】把握標題。有些文章有文章標題或段落標題。通過標題，我們就能了解文章或段落的主要內(nèi)容或中心思想。段落標題常出現(xiàn)在說明文或議論文中，并且有提綱挈領(lǐng)的作用。這類文章通常采取總分總的形式，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。第一段

34、通常引出話題；中間段落逐條介紹；最后有時也有總結(jié)性的段落?！纠?：浙江杭州卷】When the Audet family turns on the lights at Blue Farm, they are using electricity that comes from cows cow waste, to be specific.When farmers clean their barns, they put the wastes in a big heap, and spread some of them on their fields for fertilizer (肥料). But

35、 now places like Blue Farm have a new way of using cow wastes. They use them to make electricity.Methane gas (甲烷、沼氣) in the atmosphere is known as a “greenhouse” gas Its gas is kept and used to power electric generators (發(fā)電機).At Blue Farm, the generators make enough electricity to power 400 homes. T

36、he Audet family sells the extra electricity they cant use themselves.What is the main purpose for writing the passage?A. to introduce a new way of making electricityB. to explain how a new energy works betterC. to show a new rebuilding plan for a big farmD. to explain the reasons for greenhouse effe

37、ct【解析】A。快速瀏覽全文，不難找出文章的核心詞electricity, 通讀全文可以推斷作者的寫作目的是介紹使用牛的糞便發(fā)電。再看選項B，文章講的是a new way of using cow wastes而不是a new energy; C、D與文章無關(guān)。四、小結(jié)一下吧！上面我們介紹了解答主旨大意題的幾種方法：提取關(guān)鍵詞、跳讀、抓住中心句以及把握標題。在解題時，為了獲取有效信息，往往需要融合多種方法進行概括、判斷和歸納。例如通過跳讀找出關(guān)鍵詞或中心句，從中心句概括出全文主旨。同時，我們也可以從選項入手，運用排除法排除干擾項，比如主觀臆測、過于籠統(tǒng)或以偏概全的選項。在遇到標題類的題目時，我

38、們可以假設(shè)自己是作者，檢驗寫作思路是否與原文相符。如果不符，可能就需要重新考慮答案。五、挑戰(zhàn)相關(guān)練習AI grew up in New Hampshire, a small town in South Canada, where in my fathers words for the seasons were “Spring, Summer, Fairtime and Winter!” At that time, a week-long fair was held in the town every autumn. Thousands of people from other towns ca

39、me to sell and buy things. It was the busiest time of the year.When “Fairtime” came, my grandma became the most “useful” and busiest person of the family. Grandma was a kind, well-educated old lady. She was good at cooking. All her relatives liked the food she cooked. During “Fairtime”, they would c

40、ome to live in her house and have meals there. Grandma was always happy to look after them.Year after year, many people moved to big cities. There was no loner “Fairtime”. Grandma became very old and was gradually going blind. My parents and I moved to live with Grandma in her house. We did our best

41、 to make her day-to-day life as comfortable as possible. I was at high school then.What I often did at home was to help Grandma with the daily newspapers crossword puzzle. However, she didnt look happy. She often sat in her room for hours, without saying a word.To attract people to move back, the To

42、wn Hall decided to reopen the Fair. One day, when I came back from school, I saw Grandma wearing her glasses, washing the dishes in the kitchen. With a big smile on her face, she looked a lot much younger. She told me that her two nieces would come. “They said the food I cooked was very delicious an

43、d they want to stay in my house again,” Grandma said happily. “They will stay here for one week and we can have a big party. That must be the busiest week Ive had in years!”I suddenly realized that Grandma didnt want to be looked after. She wanted to be “useful”, appreciated and helpful.Whats the be

44、st title for the passage?A. FairtimeB. My “Old” GrandmaC. A Small TownD. Grandmas FamilyBIts reported that a company called MicroCHIPS has developed a wirelessly controlled device (裝置). The device is put under the skin and can supply a drug directly into the patients body. People give the name “micr

45、ochips” to it.Microchips bring good news to patients with long-term (長期的) illnesses, for example, Osteoporosis (骨質(zhì)疏松癥). People with Osteoporosis have to get daily injections (注射) of medicine. One type of treatment requires injections for two years. Many patients stop taking the medicine because of t

46、he pain and stress of the infections. However, microchips can deal with it. Doctors will program the device before putting it under the skin, and the device has the ability to release (釋放) a dose (劑量) at a given time, every single day. One microchip can hold a full years worth of medicine.Microchips

47、 may one day free (使擺脫) people from having to remember to take their medicine, or get injections. The device may also be useful in treating other long-term diseases, including heart disease, cancer and even AIDS.What is the passage mainly about?A. It introduces the company MicroCHIPS.B. It introduce

48、s a new wirelessly controlled device called “microchips”.C. It introduces some common long-tern diseases.D. Its about how the device called “microchips” works.CAsk any student which subject he or she hates most. Nine out of ten students will answer “math”. No matter which country you visit, no matte

49、r which grade you are in, you may not learn art, geography, chemistry or Chinese, but you always learn math. Why is this so? How come so many students hate math, and yet cannot avoid learning it in school?Jenny Sanders, a high school student in California, asks, “What good do we get from learning math? We can use computers to compute numbers, and we can use computers to store information. I think learning math at school is a waste of time.”However, there is much more to math than just learning to add and subtract (減) numbers. In fact, math is