如何防范網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)外文翻譯

1、畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文譯文題目： 如何防范網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn) how to guard against financial risks networkprofessor kristian behrensthis article is an excerpt from the journal of economic geography, november 2009 2first, the definition of network financenetwork finance is a computer network for the technical suppor

2、t of the financial activities and related activities in general, is a network of information technology and product of the combination of modern finance, but it is not a simple combination of the two, but a financial industry and even all industries an operating mechanism, is the future of enterpris

3、e system development. narrowly understood, refers to the financial network of financial service providers based on the host to the internet or communications network for the media, through the financial data and business processes embedded software platform, user interface terminal mode of operation

4、 of the new financial ; from a broad understanding of the concept of network finance their mode of operation also includes matching network of financial institutions, networks and related financial markets, regulatory and other external environment. including: e-money, online banking, online payment

5、, network security and network insurance. second, the network of financial risknetwork mainly engaged in the financial settlement of electronic money and electronic virtual financial services, in addition to traditional financial activities which exist in the process of credit risk, liquidity risk,

6、interest rate risk, currency risk and market risk, from a technical, business and legal perspective, there are the following specific risks:1. technology risk(1) hacker attacks. the operation of the network must rely on financial transactions, computer and internet, all transactions are stored in th

7、e computer, the transmission of online information is easy to become a large network of hacker attack. in addition, web access is a form of internet service, is also a network of financial institutions trading and services platform, but it depends on tcp / ip protocol, there are many security vulner

8、abilities. this gives hackers broke into financial institutions through the network to create the conditions for the system. hackers only need to use loopholes in the system itself, only need to modify a few settings you can allow financial institutions to a standstill. (2) technology selection risk

9、. to carry out financial business networks, they must choose a proven technology solutions to support. once there is choice, there will be a result of selection for the same mistakes which led to the risk. one possibility is to choose the technology system and client terminal software compatibility

10、due to poor speed of information transmission interruption or reduction, another risk is that of technical alternatives have been eliminated, resulting in relatively backward technology, the network out of date, leading to enormous technical and loss of business opportunities. financial terms of the

11、 network, technology choice may lose all of the market failure, or even lose the basis for survival.2. business risks.(1) operational risk. operational risk from the system reliability, stability and security caused major defects in the possibility of potential loss may come from the negligence of o

12、nline financial customers, may also come from the financial security system network and its products, design flaws and operational errors . operational risk relates primarily to authorize the use of online financial accounts, the network of financial risk management systems, networks, financial inst

13、itutions and the exchange of information among customers, true and false recognition of electronic money. (2) the risk of market signals. market risk is due to signal asymmetric information network of financial institutions led to the face of adverse selection and moral hazard arising from business

14、risks. such as internet banking customers can not identify the risk level of the internet at a disadvantage, online customers may use their hidden information and action to make the network to their advantage at the expense of the interests of the decision-making banks and leaving because of adverse

15、 public comment on internet banking risk of losing customers and sources of funding risks. (3) credit risk. reputation risk is the network of financial institutions can not create good customer relations, can not establish their own good reputation, and thus can not engage in financial business. onc

16、e the virtual network of financial institutions to provide financial services can not achieve the expected level of the public, or adverse reactions in the community, or network security system of financial institutions have been destroyed to form a network of financial credit risk.3. legal risks. t

17、he legal risks of financial networks, mainly from two aspects: first, violation of relevant laws, regulations and system requirements, and online transactions failed to comply with the provisions of the relevant rights and obligations. these laws and regulations, including consumer protection laws,

18、financial disclosure system, privacy protection, intellectual property protection law and currency system. second, the lack of network financial law. china internet finance still in its infancy, is still quite a lack of appropriate laws and regulations. therefore, using the internet to provide or re

19、ceive financial services, signed an economic contract rights and obligations in the face considerable legal risk, vulnerable to undue disputes, not only increase the cost of online financial transactions, and even affect the development of the financial health of the network.third, improve the netwo

20、rk to prevent and control financial riskspoint of the network of financial risks, involving a wide range of interests, it is necessary to perfect legal environment, strengthening access management, a sound regulatory system, adjust the regulatory strategy and other aspects, a multi-pronged, comprehe

21、nsive treatment. 1. improve the legal system.(1) legislative efforts to increase the network of financial, clear the network of financial rights and obligations of relevant subjects. (2) to develop rules of fair trade network. in the identification and validation of digital signatures, transactions

22、preservation of evidence, the transaction and both parties share responsibility for the protection of personal information of consumers to make detailed provisions to ensure transaction security, digital evidence when disputes arise and transactions in a real and effective personal privacy. 2. enhan

23、ced market access management.(1) the status of the technology infrastructure as one of the conditions of market access. financial services applications for operating the network of financial institutions not only a considerable scale of network equipment, but also need to have confirmed the legality

24、 of trading partners, to prevent tampering with trading information and prevent information leakage and other aspects of key technologies.(2) to develop rigorous internal control system. publicity for the network of financial services, information disclosure, and system design have institutional arr

25、angements, the establishment of a network of financial institutions or a new business, the must have sound risk identification, identification, management, risk cover and disposal programs.(3) to develop and improve the types of transactions operating procedures. applications to open accounts for cu

26、stomers, customer authorization statement, the general development of trading procedures, rules to prevent illegal trading and online financial transaction system against criminal activities.(4) the implementation of the network type of financial business management. development of classification st

27、andards, banking and financial services capabilities and the ability to credit rating, thus a variety of services on the network to carry out the financial restrictions and permits.3. improve the regulatory system.(1) improve the network of financial risk monitoring systems. the establishment of nat

28、ional (network) financial risk management committee. (2) to strengthen collaborative supervision. committee of the member units and other relevant regulatory authorities to share information resources among each other and opening up their own information database, and regularly informed of their sup

29、ervision, promote joint supervision, supervision of financial risks to improve network accuracy and timeliness. (3) to strengthen international cooperation in financial supervision network. meanwhile, the network with international cooperation in financial supervision to strengthen the network of ba

30、nk borrowing way illegal tax evasion, money laundering and other acts, the way the use of internet banking transnational smuggling, illegal arms trafficking activities such as arms and drug trafficking, illegal attack on the use of internet banking other sites internet bank hackers, and other intern

31、ational criminal activities a full range of monitoring, the formation of the network can effectively protect the financial health of the global network operations and is responsible for the supervision of the financial system. 4. adjust the control strategy. (1) and improve the modernization level o

32、f financial supervision network. in the practice, we should have complete control of the network of financial institutions to improve the business operation of the network capacity and the forecast level of financial risk, and enhance macro-control of the systematic and forward-looking, but also to

33、strengthen financial supervision and standardization of network construction, improve the network of financial supervision modern and scientific level. (2) improve the network of financial and non-site inspection of the site content system. on-site inspection should focus on the technical elements t

34、o be checked. (3) the establishment of mandatory information disclosure system. follow the open, fair and just principle, development of financial services than the traditional more stringent information disclosure rules, norms, disclosure of the content, format, frequency and responsibilities and s

35、o on, through the financial statements, disclosure of the online publicity and other means of financial networks business information. (4) innovative forms of regulation. take full advantage of information superiority, the establishment of real-time tracking and monitoring systems, strengthen monito

36、ring, while also taking on the network rules, patrol checks, the way the operational status of the network and whether the financial irregularities carry out spot checks found that, in a timely manner to correct or take punitive measures.5. building security system.(1) accelerate research and develo

37、pment with chinas own intellectual property rights of advanced information technology. including computer equipment, communications equipment, system software, encryption algorithms, from the protection of national financial security and national economic security perspective to improve network secu

38、rity. (2) improving the network operating environment. computer networks and centers to strengthen the management of the engine room, increase physical security measures for computer input, and enhance computer systems of key technologies and key equipment against attacks, anti-virus capabilities, m

39、aintenance of computer hardware security, ensure network banks rely on network hardware the normal operation of the environment safe. (3) secure access. on the one hand through the network of physical and logical isolation means isolation, and physical resources to unauthorized users isolated from e

40、ach other, on the other hand through the application of the authentication and grading systems such as login authorization to restrict access to unauthorized users.references：1 kun-li wen. a matlab toolbox for grey clustering and fuzzycomprehensive evaluationj .advances in engineering soft-ware, 200

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44、f singapore, .如何防范網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)克里斯蒂安貝倫斯教授本文是摘自于經(jīng)濟(jì)地理雜志中的一篇文章2009年11月第2期一、網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的定義網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融是對以電腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)為技術(shù)支撐的金融活動和相關(guān)活動的總稱，是網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息技術(shù)與現(xiàn)代金融相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物，但它并不是二者的簡單結(jié)合，而是一種金融業(yè)乃至所有行業(yè)的一種運(yùn)行機(jī)制，是未來企業(yè)機(jī)制發(fā)展的方向。從狹義上理解，網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融是指以金融服務(wù)提供者的主機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)，以因特網(wǎng)或者通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)為媒介，通過內(nèi)嵌金融數(shù)據(jù)和業(yè)務(wù)流程的軟件平臺，以用戶終端為操作界面的新型金融運(yùn)作模式；從廣義上理解，網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的概念還包括與其運(yùn)作模式相配套的網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融市場以及相關(guān)的、監(jiān)管等外部

45、環(huán)境。包括：電子貨幣、網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行、網(wǎng)上支付、網(wǎng)絡(luò)證券及網(wǎng)絡(luò)保險(xiǎn)等。二、網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融主要經(jīng)營電子貨幣和電子結(jié)算等虛擬金融業(yè)務(wù)，因而除了具有傳統(tǒng)金融活動過程中存在的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、流動性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、匯率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)外，從技術(shù)、業(yè)務(wù)和法律角度分析，還存在以下特定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：1.技術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（1）黑客攻擊。網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融交易的運(yùn)行必須依靠計(jì)算機(jī)和因特網(wǎng)，所有交易資料都在計(jì)算機(jī)中存儲，網(wǎng)上信息的傳遞很容易成為眾多網(wǎng)絡(luò)“黑客”的攻擊目標(biāo)。另外， web訪問是internet服務(wù)形式的一種，也是網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)提供交易和服務(wù)的平臺，然而它所依賴的tcp/ip協(xié)議中存在很多安全漏洞。這就給黑客通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)闖入金融機(jī)構(gòu)的系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)

46、造了條件。黑客只需要利用系統(tǒng)中本身存在的漏洞，“只需要修改幾個設(shè)置”就可能讓金融機(jī)構(gòu)癱瘓。（2）技術(shù)選擇風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。要想開展網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融業(yè)務(wù)，就必須選擇一種成熟的技術(shù)解決方案來支撐。而一旦存在選擇，就同樣會存在因選擇失誤而導(dǎo)致的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一種可能是選擇的技術(shù)系統(tǒng)與客戶終端軟件的兼容性差導(dǎo)致的信息傳輸中斷或速度降低，另一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就是選擇的技術(shù)方案已經(jīng)被淘汰，造成技術(shù)相對落后、網(wǎng)絡(luò)過時(shí)，導(dǎo)致巨大的技術(shù)和商業(yè)機(jī)會的損失。對網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融而言，技術(shù)選擇失誤可能失去全部的市場，甚至失去生存的基礎(chǔ)。2業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。（1）操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來源于系統(tǒng)可靠性、穩(wěn)定性和安全性的重大缺陷而導(dǎo)致潛在損失的可能性，可能來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融客戶的疏忽，

47、也可能來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融安全系統(tǒng)和其產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)缺陷及操作失誤。操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)主要涉及網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融賬戶的授權(quán)使用、網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理系統(tǒng)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)和客戶間的信息交流、真假電子貨幣識別等。（2）市場信號風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。市場信號風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是指由于信息非對稱導(dǎo)致網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)面臨不利選擇和道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而引發(fā)的業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行無法在網(wǎng)上鑒別客戶的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平而處于不利地位，網(wǎng)上客戶可能利用他們的隱蔽信息和行動做出對自己有利但損害網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行利益的決策，以及由于不利的公眾評價(jià)而使網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行面臨喪失客戶和資金來源的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等。（3）信譽(yù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。信譽(yù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是指網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)無法建立良好的客戶關(guān)系，不能樹立自身的良好信譽(yù)，從而無法從事金融業(yè)務(wù)。一旦網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融

48、機(jī)構(gòu)提供的虛擬金融服務(wù)不能達(dá)到公眾所預(yù)期的水平，或者在社會上產(chǎn)生不良反應(yīng)，或者網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的安全系統(tǒng)曾經(jīng)遭到破壞，就形成了網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的信譽(yù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。3法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)主要來自兩個方面：一是違反相關(guān)法律、規(guī)章和制度規(guī)定，以及在網(wǎng)上交易中沒有遵守有關(guān)權(quán)利義務(wù)的規(guī)定。這些法律和規(guī)章制度包括消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)法、財(cái)務(wù)披露制度、隱私保護(hù)法、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)法和貨幣發(fā)行制度等。二是網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融法律的缺乏。中國網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融還處于起步階段，相應(yīng)的法規(guī)還相當(dāng)缺乏。因此，利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供或接受金融服務(wù)，簽定經(jīng)濟(jì)合同在有關(guān)權(quán)利與義務(wù)等方面面臨相當(dāng)大的法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，容易陷入不應(yīng)有的糾紛之中，不僅增加了網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的交易費(fèi)用，甚至還影響網(wǎng)絡(luò)

49、金融的健康發(fā)展。三、完善對網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的防范和監(jiān)管網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)多、涉及的利益面廣，有必要從完善法制環(huán)境、加強(qiáng)準(zhǔn)入管理、健全監(jiān)管體制、調(diào)整監(jiān)管策略等方面入手，多管齊下，綜合治理。1健全法律制度。（1）加大網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融的立法力度，明晰網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融各相關(guān)主體的權(quán)利義務(wù)。（2）制定網(wǎng)絡(luò)公平交易規(guī)則。在數(shù)字簽名的識別和確認(rèn)、交易證據(jù)的保存、交易雙方當(dāng)事人責(zé)任的分擔(dān)以及消費(fèi)者個人信息的保護(hù)方面做出詳細(xì)規(guī)定，以保證交易安全、出現(xiàn)糾紛時(shí)數(shù)字證據(jù)的真實(shí)有效和交易中的個人隱私。2加強(qiáng)市場準(zhǔn)入管理。（1）將技術(shù)設(shè)施狀況作為市場準(zhǔn)入的條件之一。申請開辦網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融業(yè)務(wù)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)不僅要有相當(dāng)規(guī)模的網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備，而且還需要有確認(rèn)

50、交易對象的合法性、防止篡改交易信息以及防止信息泄露等方面的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。（2）制定嚴(yán)密的內(nèi)控制度。對網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融業(yè)務(wù)的公示、信息披露和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)等要有制度性安排，對網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)立或新業(yè)務(wù)的開展，必須具備完善的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識別、鑒定、管理、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)彌補(bǔ)和處置方案。（3）制定、完善各類交易操作規(guī)程。對客戶申請開立賬戶、客戶授權(quán)的聲明、一般交易程序等擬定細(xì)則，防止違法交易和侵害網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融交易系統(tǒng)的違法犯罪活動。（4）對網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)行類別管理。制定分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對銀行金融業(yè)務(wù)能力和資信能力進(jìn)行分級，從而對網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融各種業(yè)務(wù)的開展加以限制和許可。3完善監(jiān)管體制。（1）健全網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)管體系。成立 “國家（網(wǎng)絡(luò)）金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理委

51、員會”。（2）加強(qiáng)協(xié)同監(jiān)管。“委員會”各成員單位和其他相關(guān)監(jiān)管部門之間實(shí)現(xiàn)信息資源共享，相互開放各自的信息資料庫，并定期通報(bào)各自的監(jiān)管情況，促進(jìn)聯(lián)動監(jiān)管，提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)管的準(zhǔn)確性和時(shí)效性。（3）加強(qiáng)國際間的網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融監(jiān)管合作。同時(shí)，借助國際間的網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融監(jiān)管合作，加強(qiáng)對借用網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行方式進(jìn)行非法避稅、洗錢等行為，對利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行方式進(jìn)行跨國走私、非法販賣軍火武器及販賣毒品等活動，對利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行非法攻擊其他國家網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行的電腦黑客網(wǎng)站，以及其他國際犯罪活動進(jìn)行全方位的監(jiān)管，形成能有力保障中國網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融健康運(yùn)行和對全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融負(fù)責(zé)的監(jiān)管體系。4調(diào)整監(jiān)管策略。（1）不斷提升網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融監(jiān)管的現(xiàn)代化水平。在監(jiān)管實(shí)踐中，應(yīng)提高全面掌握網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)營情況的能力和對網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測水平，增強(qiáng)宏觀控制的系統(tǒng)性和前瞻性，還要加強(qiáng)網(wǎng)