Benjamin Franklin本杰明富蘭克林【谷風詳析】

1、1,特制分析,Benjamin Franklin,(1706-1790),2,特制分析,Portraits,Mezzotint of Franklin, Cochin/St. Aubin, 1777,Portrait of Franklin by David Martin, 1766,3,特制分析,His Reputations,The First American The Last Universal Man,4,特制分析,Writer,Statesman,Businessman,Scientist,Model of the American dream,Polymath,Printer,P

2、hilosopher,Inventor,Diplomat,5,特制分析,American Dream,The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social

3、 order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position. -The Epic of America by James T. Adams,6,特制分析,I would rather have

4、 it said, “he lived useful” than “he died rich” -Benjamin Franklin,7,特制分析,His Life,Born into a poor candle-makers family in 1706 Had little formal education Voracious reader and made up for the deficiency of formal education Apprentice of printer at 12 began to publish essays at 16 Went to Philadelp

5、hia to make his own fortune at 17 set up himself as an independent printer and publisher,8,特制分析,Franklins Contributions to Society,Humanitarian American first circulating library University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia hospital Pennsylvania militia,Serving god best is to contribute your talent to th

6、e people and community,9,特制分析,Franklins Contributions to Science,A scientist with lots of inventions and a famous experiment (kite, electricity, thunderstorm); first applied the terms “positive” and “negative” to electrical charges. effective street lighting, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and

7、efficient heating devices.,“the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.” and give it back to humans,10,特制分析,11,特制分析,Enlightenment,Origin: the European Continent Enlightenment is an intellectual revolution, and then its impact found expression in America. Emphasis: rationality rather than tra

8、dition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma representative government in place of monarchy Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as he natural rights of man.,12,特制分析,Enlightenment,For: Freedom, Democracy and Reason Aga

9、inst: Tyranny, Intolerance and Superstition Influence on literature Political purpose: shape the nations belief with reasons Forms: Journals, speeches, pamphlets, broadsides, declaration, Aphorisms格言, almanac, letters public and private,13,特制分析,Franklins Contributions to the U.S.,a statesman, diplom

10、at ,negotiator He conducted the difficult negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: The Declaration of Independence, The Treaty of Alliance with France, The Treaty of

11、 Peace with England, The Constitution,14,特制分析,自傳,格言歷書,(4) a writer 1. Works,The Autobiography Poor Richards Almanac,An embodiment of the “American Dream”,15,特制分析,Literary Works,Poor Richards Almanac 格言歷書 Proverbs Popular for a quarter of a century Expand its literary part to readers The Autobiograph

12、y 自傳,16,特制分析,Examples,Original: Many strokes fell great oaks. Franklin: Little strokes fell great oaks. Original: The greatest talkers are the least doers. Franklin: Great talkers, little doers.,17,特制分析,Style of Poor Richards Almanac,The change of one or more words to a more graphic word or phrase T

13、he use of a shorter, more concise construction,18,特制分析,The Autobiography 自傳,Its Content Its Style Its Significance Comments on it Thirteen Virtues,19,特制分析,Content,Four parts written at four different times 1st part: 1771; a letter to his son; about 80 pages; his life before the age of 25 2nd part: 1

14、784; his life between the age of 25 and 42; 3rd part: 1788; his social and scientific life; 4th part: 1790; his life between his retirement and death;,20,特制分析,Questions for understanding,What is the main idea of this selection? Why did he arrange the order of thirteen virtues like this? Can you summ

15、arize Franklins method for moral perfection? Which one do you think is the most difficult to keep?,21,特制分析,“Thirteen Virtues” （13條美德）,1.Temperance:Eatnottodullness;drinknotto elevation. 節(jié)制。食不過飽；飲酒不醉。 2.Silence:Speaknotbutwhatmaybenefitothersoryourself;avoidtriflingconversation. 緘默。言則于人于己有益，不作無益閑聊。 3

16、.Order:Letallyourthingshavetheirplaces;leteachpartofyourbusinesshaveitstime. 秩序。各樣東西放在一定地方；各項日常事務(wù)應(yīng)有一定的處理時間。,22,特制分析,4.Resolution:Resolvetoperformwhatyouought;performwithoutfailwhatyouresolve. 決斷。事情當做必做；既做則堅持到底。 5.Frugality:Makenoexpensebuttodogoodtoothersoryourself;i.e.,wastenothing. 節(jié)儉?；ㄥX須于人于己有益，即不

17、浪費。 6.Industry:Losenotime;bealwaysemployedinsomethinguseful;cutoffallunnecessaryactions. 勤勉。不浪費時間；每時每刻做有用之事，戒除一切不必要的行動。,23,特制分析,7.Sincerity:Usenohurtfuldeceit;thinkinnocentlyandjustly;and,ifyouspeak,speak accordingly. 誠懇。不欺騙人；思想純潔公正；說話也應(yīng)誠實。 8.Justice:Wrongnonebydoinginjuries,or omittingthebenefitsth

18、atareyourduty. 正直。不做不利他人之事，切勿忘記履行對人有益的義務(wù)而傷害他人。 9.Moderation:Avoidextremes;forbearresentinginjuries,somuchasyouthinktheydeserve. 中庸。勿走極端；受到應(yīng)有的處罰，應(yīng)當加以容忍。,24,特制分析,10.Cleanliness:Toleratenounclearnessinbody,clothes,orhabitation. 整潔。身體、衣服和住所應(yīng)力求清潔。 11.Tranquility:Benotdisturbedattrifles,orataccidentscommo

19、norunavoidable. 平靜。勿因瑣事或普通而不可避免的事件而煩惱。 12.Chastity:Rarelyusevenerybutforhealthoroffspring,nevertodullness,weakness,ortheinjuryofyourownoranotherspeaceorreputation. 節(jié)欲。除了為了健康或生育后代起見，不常舉行房事，切戒房事過度，傷害身體或損害你自己或他人的安寧或名譽 13.Humility:ImitateJesusandSocrates. 謙遜。效法耶穌和蘇格拉底。,25,特制分析,26,特制分析,27,特制分析,Style,simp

20、licity, directness, and concision plainness of its style the homeliness of imagery,28,特制分析,Style: fresh，simple, clear in order, direct, vivid, true to life, concise and humorous, utilitarian, witty, satirical, fair, not dull and amusing (“Nothing should be expressed in two words that can as well be

21、expressed in one.”) (Puritanisms influence); 文筆清新流暢，敘述生動真實，充滿時代氣息，保留清教純樸，簡潔和精準的特點,29,特制分析,In The Autobiography we will be able to notice: 1)Puritanisms influence, such as self-examination and self-improvement a how-to-do-it book (timetable, thirteen virtues, life style) Hard work was an ethic, a ste

22、p toward salvation; 2)Enlightenment spirits (mans nature is good, rights of liberty, virtues include “order”) a success story of self-reliance, the fulfillment of the American dream.,30,特制分析,The Autobiography is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. Benjamin Franklin was a spokesman for

23、 the new order of the 18th century enlightenment The Autobiography is a how-to-do-it book, a book on the art of self-improvement. (for example, Franklins 13 virtues),Evaluation,31,特制分析,why is his Autobiography important?,1) It is the first of its kind in American literature. 2) It is a puritan docum

24、ent. 3) It is the illustration of American dream. 4) It is the best example of plain style.,32,特制分析,Comments on Autobiography,1) Autobiography realistically described the life of Franklin whose rags-to-riches experiences became the prototype of many Americans dream of success. 2) The prototype characterized by self-culture, self-improvement, self-reliance, self-cultivation, faith in the progress of society and the ideals of the future, practical and optimistic attitude toward life, and final success h