比較級(jí)和比較結(jié)構(gòu)

1、比較等級(jí)與比較結(jié)構(gòu) Comparison and Comparative Construction,講解提綱,形容詞與副詞的比較等級(jí) 比較結(jié)構(gòu)的三大類(lèi)型 asas morethan the most 比較結(jié)構(gòu)的其它形式,形容詞與副詞的比較等級(jí),三個(gè)等級(jí)： 原級(jí) Positive/Absolute Degree 比較級(jí) Comparative Degree 最高級(jí) Superlative Degree 比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的形式 規(guī)則 不規(guī)則,規(guī)則形式,綜合形式Synthetic Form 加后綴-er；-est 分析形式Analytic Form 在原級(jí)前加more；most,規(guī)則形式,不規(guī)則形式,

2、沒(méi)有比較等級(jí)的詞語(yǔ),right, wrong, excellent, perfect, final, whole, ultimate, entire, fatal, spontaneous, univeral, extreme, etc.,比較結(jié)構(gòu),類(lèi)型 asas morethan the most,asas,基本形式 as + adj/adv原級(jí)+ as 分句 否定形式 not so/as + adj/adv原級(jí)+ as分句 lessthan,Examples: John is as bright as Bob. John is not as/so bright as Bob. John i

3、s less bright than Bob.,asas變體形式,as much / many + 名詞 + as 分句 e.g. He took as much butter as he needed. She has written as many essays as her brother. as+ adj. 原級(jí)+名詞詞組 + as分句 e.g. George is as efficient a worker as Jack. = George is a worker (who is) as efficient as Jack.,基本用法 主語(yǔ)不同，比較項(xiàng)目相同(不同事物的同一方面)

4、e.g. The girl was as brilliant as her sister. John doesnt behave as / so politely as Bob. 主語(yǔ)相同，比較項(xiàng)目不同（同一事物的兩個(gè)方面） e.g. The girl was as brilliant as she was beautiful. He is not so wise as he is witty. 主語(yǔ)不同，比較項(xiàng)目也不同（不同事物的不同方面） e.g. This swimming pool isnt twice as wide as that one is long. His uncle wa

5、s as base and unworthy as his father had been upright and honorable.,asas與 bad, much連用時(shí)，常置于句首， 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。譯為“盡管”： As / So bad as he is, he has his good points. As much as she hated cruelty, she couldnt help watching the fight.,as good as（此處不涉及比較級(jí)）= in effect, practically, 譯為“實(shí)際上（等于）”。例如： What he said

6、has as good as shown his attitude. They have as good as promised to help us. The patient is as good as cured.,morethan,基本形式 adj/ adv比較級(jí) + than分句 否定形式 lessthan not so/as + adj/adv原級(jí)+ as分句,John is brighter than Bob. This car runs less fast than that one. (This car runs slower than that one.) This car

7、doesnt run so/as fast as that one.,比較級(jí)前可加數(shù)詞表示確切的度量 e.g. He is two inches taller than his father. He came twenty minutes earlier than the others.,不定冠詞/零冠詞+形容詞比較級(jí)+ n. + than分句 e.g. John is a more efficient worker than Jack. = John is a worker more efficient than Jack. = John is more efficient a worker

8、 than Jack. My brother has a larger house than mine. = My brothers house is larger than mine.,the+adj/adv比較級(jí)+ of詞組 e.g. John is the brighter of the two boys. The black one is the better of the two pens. 只適用于兩者比較,morethan變體形式,more/less of a +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+ than 分句 e.g. He is more/less of a sportsman than hi

9、s brother. = He is more/less sportsmanlike than his brother. He was more of a fool than I thought he was. He was as much of a fool as I thought he was. He was too much of a fool.,基本用法 比較兩個(gè)事物的同一方面 e.g. This task is much more difficult than last one. 比較同一事物的兩個(gè)方面(“與其不如”) (與其說(shuō)John腦子靈活，不如說(shuō)他膽子大) e.g. John

10、 is more daring than quick-witted. The present crisis is much more a political than an economic crisis. (當(dāng)前的危機(jī)與其說(shuō)是經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)，不如說(shuō)是政治危機(jī)) 用lessthan表示相反的含義,the most+比較范圍,適用于三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上事物進(jìn)行比較 John is the brightest of the three boys. 比較范圍（431）： 可以為介詞詞組 也可為關(guān)系分句或非限定分句 Its the worst thing I ve ever known. = It cant be

11、 worse. George did the most work this morning. = George did more work this morning than anyone else.,有些最高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)并不是與其它事物相比 e.g. Please accept my deepest gratitude. I shall do it with the greatest pleasure.,最高級(jí)the most 的反義,可用the least 或原句形容詞或副詞的反義詞的最高級(jí) e.g. This is the least difficult book Ive ever read.

12、 = This is the easiest book Ive ever read. He behaved the least politely of the three. = He behaved the most rudely of the three.,比較結(jié)構(gòu)的其它形式,（1） A is to B what C is to D A對(duì)于B就像C對(duì)于D一樣 e.g. You are to me what water is to life. Food is to men what oil is to machine.,（2） not soas not so muchas （lessthan）

13、 e.g. London isnt so large as Tokyo. = is smaller than It wasnt so much his appearance I liked as his personality. = I liked his appearance less than I liked his personality. = I liked his personality more than I liked his appearance.,Not so much .as 與其不如（否定前者，肯定后者） 與其說(shuō)成功在于運(yùn)氣，不如說(shuō)在于辛勤勞動(dòng) 與其說(shuō)他是個(gè)學(xué)者，不如說(shuō)他

14、是個(gè)書(shū)呆子。 Success lies not so much in luck as in hard work. He is not so much a scholar as a pedant,（3） e.g. John is not better than Tom. John is no better than Tom. Tom is better than John. John is as bad as Tom. not more than 不多于 no more than 只是，僅僅 no richer than = as poor as no bigger than = as smal

15、l as,no more than 與一樣(不)；既不也不 (= not any more than) more than 不只是 e.g. A whale is no more a fish than a horse is. I would no more call you than I would write to you. = I would not call you, just as I would not write to you.,more than 的幾種特殊用法： “more than + 名詞”= not only，可譯為“不僅僅”： But work is more tha

16、n accomplishment and pride in being able to command the job, 但是工作不僅僅是成就和能夠勝任工作的自豪， 我的北方之行并非觀(guān)光而已。 My trip to the north is more than sightseeing., “more than + 形容詞”（常用于口語(yǔ)）= very, 可譯為“非常”、“十分”。例如： They were more than glad to help. 他們非常樂(lè)意幫忙。 聽(tīng)說(shuō)你成功了，我們非常高興。 We are more than happy to hear of your success.

17、 他對(duì)結(jié)果十分滿(mǎn)意。 He is more than pleased with the result.,“more than + 副詞/代詞”= not limited to. 可譯 為“不止”。 例如： He was dressed more than simply. 他穿的豈止是樸素，簡(jiǎn)直是破爛了。 （他穿得過(guò)于寒酸。） 類(lèi)似情況不止一次發(fā)生。 It happened more than once., “more than + 數(shù)詞”= over, 可譯為“多于”,“大于”： It took more than 100,000 men twenty years to build the G

18、reat Pyramid. 十多萬(wàn)人花費(fèi)了二十年時(shí)間才建成了這座大金字塔。 這家公司有100多人是大 學(xué)生。 More than 100 workers in this company are college students.,II. Learning Points,注意：less than 也可表示“與其說(shuō)，不如 說(shuō)”的含義。但morethan 結(jié)構(gòu)否定 的是“后者”，而less than則否定的是 “前者”。試比較： She was more hurt than frightened. She was less hurt than frightened. 與其說(shuō)她嚇壞了，不如說(shuō)她受了傷。

19、 與其說(shuō)她受了傷，不如說(shuō)她嚇壞了。,II. Learning Points, “more + 名詞 + than” 一般翻譯為“與其 說(shuō)，不如說(shuō)”。例如： He is more a poet than a philosopher. 與其說(shuō)他是哲學(xué)家，不如說(shuō)他是詩(shī)人。 “more + 介詞短語(yǔ) + than”結(jié)構(gòu)常譯為“主要 是，而不是”。例如： He was a scholar more in name than in reality. 他這個(gè)學(xué)者當(dāng)?shù)糜忻麩o(wú)實(shí)。,His success lies more in diligence than in intelligence. 他的成功主要在于勤

20、奮，而不在于聰明。 他似乎更關(guān)心他的狗，而不是他的孩子。 He seems to care more for his dogs than for his children., “morethancan”結(jié)構(gòu)是英語(yǔ)中一種含蓄的表達(dá)方法。從表面看，該結(jié)構(gòu)是肯定形式，實(shí)際上表達(dá)的是否定意義，可譯為“不是所能的”或“簡(jiǎn)直無(wú)法”。例如： That is more than I can do. 我力所不能及。 布朗先生的錢(qián)多得用不完。 Mr. Brown has more money than he can spend. 他讀不了那么多書(shū)。 He has more books than he can re

21、ad. = He cannot read so many books.,II. Learning Points, “nothing is more than / nothing more than / nothing morethan”這三種形式是英語(yǔ)中最高 級(jí)的一種委婉表達(dá)法，一般譯為“最莫過(guò)于”： Nothing is more precious than time, yet nothing is less valued. 最寶貴的莫過(guò)于時(shí)間，而最不值錢(qián)的也是時(shí)間。,II. Learning Points, “no more than”結(jié)構(gòu) = only, just，可譯為“只 不過(guò)”或“

22、僅僅”。修飾數(shù)量詞時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)“少”： I have taken no more than six courses this semester. 這學(xué)期我只選了六門(mén)課程。 我只不過(guò)是一個(gè)普普通通的人。 I am no more than an ordinary man. 這僅僅是個(gè)開(kāi)端。 It is no more than a beginning.,II. Learning Points, “not more than”結(jié)構(gòu) = at most, 譯為“充其量”或“至多”，只說(shuō)明事實(shí)： He wrote not more than three novels. 他寫(xiě)得小說(shuō)至多不超過(guò)三部。 Ther

23、e are not more than ten tickets left. 剩下的票不超過(guò)10張。 “not morethan” 結(jié)構(gòu)用于比較時(shí), not只否 定前者，可譯為“并不比更”或“不如”： The new edition is not more expensive than the old edition. 新版本并不比舊版本貴。 He is not more foolish than you. 他并不比你傻。,no less than = as much as “竟有之多，多達(dá)”強(qiáng)調(diào)多 no less than 前后均為肯定， “不亞于， 和 一樣” 、“正如、正是” not less than 意為“不少于，至少”，客觀(guān)地描述 His son has read no less than 50 English books. 他的兒子竟然讀了50本英文書(shū)。（強(qiáng)調(diào)多） His son has read not less than 50 English books. 他的兒子讀了不少于50本英文書(shū)。（不強(qiáng)調(diào)多或少） The middle-aged man was no less a person than the new minister. 這位中年人正是新來(lái)的部長(zhǎng)。 Her voice is no less swe