畢業(yè)論文-太陽(yáng)能led交通警示板設(shè)計(jì)

太陽(yáng)能LED交通警示板設(shè)計(jì)摘要本設(shè)計(jì)采用軟硬件結(jié)合的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)，硬件電路主要包括充電電路（帶充電保護(hù)功能）、放電保護(hù)電路、傳感電路、計(jì)數(shù)與顯示電路、穩(wěn)壓電路、A/D轉(zhuǎn)換電路、太陽(yáng)能光伏板自動(dòng)跟蹤控制系統(tǒng)七個(gè)模塊。AT89S52單片機(jī)是整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的核心部件，通過軟件控制多個(gè)硬件電路的執(zhí)行。在編程時(shí)根據(jù)模塊化的設(shè)計(jì)思路，采用C51語(yǔ)言來編寫程序，主要包括晝夜的判斷、白天時(shí)通過車輛的計(jì)數(shù)并用LED動(dòng)態(tài)顯示、夜間警示LED閃爍、防瞬時(shí)光照、控制電機(jī)跟蹤、恢復(fù)電機(jī)到初始位置等模塊。設(shè)計(jì)中實(shí)現(xiàn)了白天計(jì)數(shù)，晚上閃爍，在光控開關(guān)控制下，白天開啟、晚上關(guān)閉的功能，以及防閃電、車燈干擾的功能，并加有過充、過放保護(hù)裝置。除上述發(fā)揮部分外，又新增兩個(gè)功能將太陽(yáng)能光伏板安裝在電機(jī)上，白天時(shí)通過控制電機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)來跟蹤太陽(yáng)，充分利用太陽(yáng)能，對(duì)電池進(jìn)行充電；黑夜到來時(shí)，將電機(jī)復(fù)位到初始狀態(tài)，第二天重新對(duì)太陽(yáng)進(jìn)行跟蹤。關(guān)鍵字充電，保護(hù)，單片機(jī)，計(jì)數(shù)顯示THELEDSOLARTRAFFICWARNINGBOARDDESIGNABSTRACTTHISDESIGNUSESTHEWAYREALIZATIONWHICHTHESOFTWAREANDHARDWAREUNIFIES,THEHARDWAREELECTRICCIRCUITMAINLYINCLUDESTHECHARGINGCIRCUITBELTCHARGEPROTECTIONFUNCTION,THEELECTRICDISCHARGEPROTECTIONCIRCUIT,THESENSINGCIRCUIT,THECOUNTINGANDTHEDISPLAYCIRCUIT,THEVOLTAGESTABILIZERCIRCUIT,THEA/DSWITCHINGCIRCUIT,THESOLARENERGYLIGHTBENDDOWNTHEBOARDAUTOMATICFOLLOWINGCONTROLSYSTEMSEVENMODULESTHEAT89S52MONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITISTHEOVERALLSYSTEMCOREPART,CONTROLSMANYHARDWAREELECTRICCIRCUITTHROUGHTHESOFTWARETHEEXECUTIONWHENPROGRAMMINGACTSACCORDINGTOMODULARTHEDESIGNMENTALITY,USESTHEC51LANGUAGETOCOMPILETHEPROCEDURE,MAINLYINCLUDESWHENDIURNALJUDGMENT,DAYTIMETHROUGHTHEVEHICLESCOUNTINGANDWITHTHELEDDYNAMICDEMONSTRATION,ATNIGHTPOLICESHOWSTHELEDTWINKLE,GUARDSAGAINSTTHEINSTANTANEOUSILLUMINATION,THECONTROLELECTRICALMACHINERYTRACK,RESTORESTHEELECTRICALMACHINERYTOMODULESANDSOONINITIALPOINTINTHEDESIGNREALIZEDTHEDAYTIMETOCOUNT,EVENINGGLITTERED,CONTROLLEDUNDERTHESWITCHCONTROLINTHELIGHT,DAYTIMEOPENEDTHEFUNCTIONWHICH,THEEVENINGCLOSED,ASWELLASGUARDEDAGAINSTTHEFUNCTIONWHICHTHELIGHTNING,THEHEADLIGHTDISTURBED,ANDCANADAHADHASIMITATEDHASPUTTHEPROTECTIVEDEVICEBESIDESABOVEDISPLAYPART,ALSOINCREASESTWOFUNCTIONSBENDSDOWNTHEBOARDTHESOLARENERGYLIGHTTOINSTALLONTHEELECTRICALMACHINERY,WHENDAYTIMETRACKSTHESUNTHROUGHCONTROLELECTRICALMACHINERYREVOLVING,USESTHESOLARENERGYFULLY,CARRIESONTHECHARGETOTHEBATTERY；WHENDARKNIGHTARRIVALS,REPOSITIONSTHEELECTRICALMACHINERYTOTHEORIGINALSTATE,SECONDDAYSCARRYONTHETRACKAGAINTOTHESUNKEYWORDSCHARGE，PROTECTION，MONOLITHICINTEGRATEDCIRCUIT目錄第1章緒論111設(shè)計(jì)的目的和意義112設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)與要求1第2章方案設(shè)計(jì)選擇2第3章系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)431系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計(jì)4311充電電路（帶充電保護(hù)功能）4312放電保護(hù)電路5313傳感電路6314計(jì)數(shù)、顯示電路7315穩(wěn)壓電路8316A/D轉(zhuǎn)換電路9317太陽(yáng)能光伏板自動(dòng)跟蹤控制系統(tǒng)1032系統(tǒng)軟件設(shè)計(jì)12321晝夜判別12322白天時(shí)段流程圖13323黑夜時(shí)段流程圖15第4章系統(tǒng)調(diào)試1741充電電路部分1742放電保護(hù)電路部分1743計(jì)數(shù)、顯示電路1744穩(wěn)壓電路1745太陽(yáng)能光伏板自動(dòng)跟蹤控制系統(tǒng)1746總系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行調(diào)試18結(jié)論19致謝20參考文獻(xiàn)21附錄A具體程序22附錄B總原理圖29第1章緒論11設(shè)計(jì)的目的和意義太陽(yáng)能LED交通警示板具有不用電、節(jié)能、快閃等特點(diǎn)，適合不便于安裝交流電源的路段，主要設(shè)置在路口、橋頭等，夜間自身能夠頻閃紅色光亮，提示過往車輛注意行駛安全，特別是在能源短缺的我國(guó)更加具有實(shí)用價(jià)值。1我所設(shè)計(jì)的太陽(yáng)能LED交通警示板，能夠全自動(dòng)跟蹤太陽(yáng)，最大限度的將太陽(yáng)能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能，通過蓄電池的貯能保證了警示板夜間的正常工作，甚至可以為其他電器設(shè)備供電；同時(shí)還設(shè)計(jì)了充放電保護(hù)電路，延長(zhǎng)了蓄電池的使用壽命，減小了故障發(fā)生的概率，為電路的實(shí)際應(yīng)用做好了準(zhǔn)備；通過對(duì)來往車輛的計(jì)數(shù)可以準(zhǔn)確的把握路段的交通狀況，為疏導(dǎo)交通配合整頓交通秩序提供了依據(jù)。12設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)與要求1設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)并制作一個(gè)交通警示板。該裝置以太陽(yáng)能為能源，鉛酸蓄電池為儲(chǔ)能部件和電路工作電源。該警示板設(shè)置在夜間有事故隱患的路段，LED不間斷地閃爍。白天可關(guān)閉。2設(shè)計(jì)要求基本要求（1）設(shè)計(jì)并制作太陽(yáng)能光伏板對(duì)電池的充電裝置。（2）設(shè)計(jì)并制作以電池為電源的LED閃爍工作的裝置。（3）設(shè)計(jì)并制作以太陽(yáng)能光伏板為傳感器的光控電路，控制LED在白天關(guān)閉、夜間開啟。發(fā)揮部分（1）在基本要求的基礎(chǔ)上，利用LED作顯示單元，設(shè)計(jì)制作該路段的白天通過車輛數(shù)量的傳感、計(jì)數(shù)、顯示裝置。最大顯示數(shù)為99。該裝置在光控開關(guān)控制下，白天開啟、晚上關(guān)閉。（2）給蓄電池加上充、放電保護(hù)裝置。防止過充電和過放電。（3）給光控電路增加避免瞬時(shí)光照（如夜間閃電、過往車輛燈光等）引起誤動(dòng)作的功能電路。第2章方案設(shè)計(jì)選擇方案一模數(shù)結(jié)合本設(shè)計(jì)可以單純地通過模擬電路和數(shù)字電路相結(jié)合實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)數(shù)值的顯示、直流電機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)和控制等功能。在太陽(yáng)能光伏板經(jīng)充電電路對(duì)鉛酸蓄電池進(jìn)行充電后，由該電池經(jīng)放電保護(hù)電路對(duì)各模擬電路與數(shù)字電路供電，計(jì)數(shù)與顯示電路主要是用集成計(jì)數(shù)器CC40161、74LS48BCD譯碼器和顯示器組成，所計(jì)數(shù)值由光電傳感器組成的傳感電路的脈沖提供。直流電機(jī)由三極管設(shè)計(jì)的H橋電路進(jìn)行驅(qū)動(dòng)，兩端加光敏電阻，通過IV轉(zhuǎn)換電路經(jīng)OP07比較兩者的大小來控制電機(jī)的左右旋轉(zhuǎn)。經(jīng)過以上的方案大體可以實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)要求。2方案二軟硬結(jié)合本設(shè)計(jì)還可以用軟硬件結(jié)合的方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)，即通過單片機(jī)來設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)總的控制系統(tǒng)。在由太陽(yáng)能光伏板經(jīng)充電電路對(duì)蓄電池進(jìn)行充電后，蓄電池經(jīng)放電保護(hù)電路和穩(wěn)壓電路對(duì)單片機(jī)供電，單片機(jī)通過軟硬件控制計(jì)數(shù)與顯示電路、太陽(yáng)能光伏板自動(dòng)跟蹤控制系統(tǒng)等模塊，其中的計(jì)數(shù)脈沖由傳感電路（反射式光電傳感器）從警示板所放路段中感應(yīng)到車輛通過后提供給單片機(jī)，計(jì)數(shù)值又經(jīng)三極管驅(qū)動(dòng)后送到顯示器中顯示，通過對(duì)單片機(jī)程序的編寫可實(shí)現(xiàn)LED在晚上以“日”字形閃爍，同時(shí)還能防止瞬時(shí)光照（如閃電、車燈）的干擾。為了降低蓄電池的工作電流，延長(zhǎng)電池工作時(shí)間，可通過夜間只顯示一個(gè)數(shù)碼管、將數(shù)碼管的亮度調(diào)得較暗、將單片機(jī)特殊功能寄存器PCON的第五位PCON4置1等途徑來實(shí)現(xiàn)。在太陽(yáng)能光伏板自動(dòng)跟蹤太陽(yáng)的控制系統(tǒng)中，我們可以通過脈沖來產(chǎn)生PWM信號(hào)、再通過程序控制電機(jī)左右旋轉(zhuǎn)，驅(qū)動(dòng)電路采用H橋電路，當(dāng)由白天進(jìn)入黑夜后，電動(dòng)機(jī)經(jīng)軟硬件控制回到初始位置，等待新一天的開始。通過兩個(gè)方案的比較，雖然都可以實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)，但是前者使用器件比較多，電路比較復(fù)雜。而后者相對(duì)來說比較簡(jiǎn)潔，控制比較方便，軟件編程是主要設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)，經(jīng)過綜合比較我們應(yīng)該選擇后者，總的系統(tǒng)框圖如圖21所示太陽(yáng)能光伏板充電電路鉛酸蓄電池放電保護(hù)電路傳感電路單片機(jī)計(jì)數(shù)、顯示電路太陽(yáng)能光伏板自動(dòng)跟蹤控制系統(tǒng)A/D轉(zhuǎn)換電路穩(wěn)壓電路圖21總的系統(tǒng)框圖第3章系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)31系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計(jì)311充電電路（帶充電保護(hù)功能）充電電路是本次設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)，也是各部分電路工作的前提。方案一恒流充電恒流充電是充電過程中充電電流保持恒定的充電方法。階段恒流充電是改進(jìn)的恒流充電，開始階段用較大的恒定電流充電，當(dāng)被充電電池的端電壓達(dá)到預(yù)定值后便轉(zhuǎn)入較小的恒定電流充電階段，直至充電結(jié)束。方案二全自動(dòng)充電利用555時(shí)基集成電路，設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單、可靠、實(shí)用的全自動(dòng)充電電路。將555集成時(shí)基電路2腳的電壓調(diào)為55V，這樣當(dāng)蓄電池電壓低于55V時(shí)，充電器開始對(duì)蓄電池電充電，此時(shí)3腳輸出電壓高于6V；將555時(shí)基集成電路6腳的電壓調(diào)為66V，這樣當(dāng)蓄電池電壓高于66V時(shí)，此時(shí)3腳電壓輸出為零伏，充電器停止對(duì)蓄電池電充電。其中的D1為二極管，型號(hào)是IN4007，相當(dāng)于開關(guān)的功能，在電路中起到充電保護(hù)的作用。當(dāng)蓄電池電壓低于55V時(shí)，D1導(dǎo)通，充電器開始對(duì)蓄電池電充電；反之，1KR450PDCW8NEVIGO圖31充電電路當(dāng)蓄電池電壓高于66V時(shí)，D1截止，該器件還實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)蓄電池防過充電的保護(hù)功能。其具體的充電電路如圖31所示根據(jù)基本要求中的第1條，我們要通過太陽(yáng)能光伏板對(duì)鉛酸蓄電池進(jìn)行充電，所采集到的電壓不一定恒定，因此電流也不恒定，且從這些實(shí)際出發(fā)，選擇方案二較佳。312放電保護(hù)電路為了防止蓄電池在給其他電路供電的過程中造成過放電的現(xiàn)象，應(yīng)在電池引出來的線后緊跟一個(gè)放電保護(hù)電路3，如圖32所示50KR46D2CW37QNP8LEGJVI圖中的VI從蓄電池兩端直接引入，通過選定穩(wěn)壓管D1、電阻R1、電阻R2和電阻R4的值可以設(shè)定蓄電池電壓降到某一值X以后進(jìn)行放電保護(hù)，在電壓低于X時(shí)由繼電器實(shí)現(xiàn)防過放電的功能。圖中的運(yùn)算放大器3140為比較器，將2腳的輸入電壓與3腳的基準(zhǔn)電壓進(jìn)行比較，當(dāng)V2V3，表明此時(shí)的VIX，6腳輸出低電平，圖32放電保護(hù)電路繼電器的常開開關(guān)與常閉開關(guān)仍保持原狀，發(fā)光二極管LED3（紅色）不亮；反之，當(dāng)V2INCLUDEINCLUDE/絕對(duì)地址訪問庫(kù)INCLUDEDEFINEUCHARUNSIGNEDCHARDEFINEUINTUNSIGNEDINTDEFINEULONGUNSIGNEDLONGDEFINECH0XBYTE0X7FF8DEFINECH1XBYTE0X7FF9DEFINECH2XBYTE0X7FFASBITLEDLP13/定義字位低SBITLEDHP14/定義字位高SBITEOCP12/定義字位高SBITMOTOR1P10/電機(jī)啟動(dòng)SBITMOTOR2P11/正反轉(zhuǎn)SBITEASTP32SBITWESTP33UCHARADBUFFER/UCHARCH1BUFUCHARCH2BUFUCHARABSOLUTEINTNUM/計(jì)數(shù)UCHARBUFFER2/定義顯示緩沖區(qū)UCHARREGUCHARCODETABLE10XC0,0XF9,0XA4,0XB0,0X99,0X92,0X82,0XF8,0X80,0X90/字形/延時(shí)函數(shù),延時(shí)單位1MS/VOIDDELAYINTMSINTUS,USNWHILEMS0USN2WHILEUSN0US0XF0WHILEUS0USUSNMS/16進(jìn)制轉(zhuǎn)換成BCD碼，參數(shù)16進(jìn)制數(shù)返回值重量信號(hào)數(shù)組WEIGHT/UCHARHEX_TO_BCDUCHARTEMP1UINTDIVUCHARIDIV10FORI0I0XCC/白天REGTL0IFREG0X63TL00X00/計(jì)數(shù)歸零HEX_TO_BCDREGLEDL0P2TABLE1BUFFER0DELAY1LEDL1LEDH0P2TABLE1BUFFER1DELAY1LEDH1CH10X00/CH1啟動(dòng)DELAY1IFEOC0CH1BUFCH1CH20X00/CH1啟動(dòng)DELAY1IFEOC0CH2BUFCH2ABSOLUTEABSCH1BUFCH2BUFIFABSOLUTE0X06IFCH1BUFCH2BUFMOTOR21/向右轉(zhuǎn)/MOTOR11/啟動(dòng)ELSEMOTOR20/向左轉(zhuǎn)/MOTOR11/啟動(dòng)IFMOTOR20ELSEMOTOR11ELSEMOTOR10ELSE/黑夜MOTOR20IFEAST0MOTOR10ELSE/MOTOR20MOTOR11TL00X00/黑夜中，計(jì)數(shù)清零SWITCHNUM/消除干擾CASE0BREAKDEFAULTCH00X00/啟動(dòng)DELAY1IFEOC0ADBUFFERCH0IFREG0X63NUMNUM1ELSENUM1000P20X00/閃爍LEDL0LEDH1DELAY250LEDL1P20XFFLEDH0DELAY250LEDH1附錄B總原理圖1234DCBATITLENUMBRRVSONSZA06HFFE保HOWYP/X5789XIWLVUKGQMYZPCGDAGANEMPLOYMENTTRIBUNALCLAIEMLOYMENTTRIBUNALSSORTOUTDISAGREEMENTSBETWEENEMPLOYERSANDEMPLOYEESYOUMAYNEEDTOMAKEACLAIMTOANEMPLOYMENTTRIBUNALIFYOUDONTAGREEWITHTHEDISCIPLINARYACTIONYOUREMPLOYERHASTAKENAGAINSTYOUYOUREMPLOYERDISMISSESYOUANDYOUTHINKTHATYOUHAVEBEENDISMISSEDUNFAIRLYFORMOREINFORMU,TAKEADVICEFROMONEOFTHEORGANISATIONSLISTEDUNDERFURTHERHELPEMPLOYMENTTRIBUNALSARELESSFORMALTHANSOMEOTHERCOURTS,BUTITISSTILLALEGALPROCESSANDYOUWILLNEEDTOGIVEEVIDENCEUNDERANOATHORAFFIRMATIONMOSTPEOPLEFINDMAKINGACLAIMTOANEMPLOYMENTTRIBUNALCHALLENGINGIFYOUARETHINKINGABOUTMAKINGACLAIMTOANEMPLOYMENTTRIBUNAL,YOUSHOULDGETHELPSTRAIGHTAWAYFROMONEOFTHEORGANISATIONSLISTEDUNDERFURTHERHELPATIONABOUTDISMISSALANDUNFAIRDISMISSAL,SEEDISMISSALYOUCANMAKEACLAIMTOANEMPLOYMENTTRIBUNAL,EVENIFYOUHAVENTAPPEALEDAGAINSTTHEDISCIPLINARYACTIONYOUREMPLOYERHASTAKENAGAINSTYOUHOWEVER,IFYOUWINYOURCASE,THETRIBUNALMAYREDUCEANYCOMPENSATIONAWARDEDTOYOUASARESULTOFYOURFAILURETOAPPEALREMEMBERTHATINMOSTCASESYOUMUSTMAKEANAPPLICATIONTOANEMPLOYMENTTRIBUNALWITHINTHREEMONTHSOFTHEDATEWHENTHEEVENTYOUARECOMPLAININGABOUTHAPPENEDIFYOURAPPLICATIONISRECEIVEDAFTERTHISTIMELIMIT,THETRIBUNALWILLNOTUSUALLYACCEPTIIFYOUAREWORRIEDABOUTHOWTHETIMELIMITSAPPLYTOYOUIFYOUAREBEINGREPRESENTEDBYASOLICITORATTHETRIBUNAL,THEYMAYASKYOUTOSIGNANAGREEMENTWHEREYOUPAYTHEIRFEEOUTOFYOURCOMPENSATIONIFYOUWINTHECASETHISISKNOWNASADAMAGESBASEDAGREEMENTINENGLANDANDWALES,YOURSOLICITORCANTCHARGEYOUMORETHAN35OFYOURCOMPENSATIONIFYOUWINTHECASEYOURECLEARABOUTTHETERMSOFTHEAGREEMENTITMIGHTBEBESTTOGETADVICEFROMANEXPERIENCEDADVISER,FOREXAMPLE,ATACITIZENSADVICEBUREAUTOFINDYOURNEARESTCAB,INCLUDINGTHOSETHATGIVEADVICEBYEMAIL,CLICKONNEARESTCABFORMOREINFORMATIONABOUTMAKINGACLAIMTOANEMPLOYMENTTRIBUNAL,SEEEMPLOYMENTTRIBUNALSTHELACKOFAIRUPTHEREWATCHMCAYMANISLANDSBASEDWEBB,THEHEADOFFIFASANTIRACISMTASKFORCE,ISINLONDONFORTHEFOOTBALLASSOCIATIONS150THANNIVERSARYCELEBRATIONSANDWILLATTENDCITYSPREMIERLEAGUEMATCHATCHELSEAONSUNDAY“IAMGOINGTOBEATTHEMATCHTOMORROWANDIHAVEASKEDTOMEETYAYATOURE,“HETOLDBBCSPORT“FORMEITSABOUTHOWHEFELTANDIWOULDLIKETOSPEAKTOHIMFIRSTTOFINDOUTWHATHISEXPERIENCEWAS“UEFAHASOPENEDDISCIPLINARYPROCE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開序幕。2EMBRACETHEUNCOMFORTABLEWEALLKNOWWHATTHATTWINGEOFANXIETYFEELSLIKEWEKNOWHOWFEARFEELSINOURBODIESTHETENSIONINOURNECKS,THETIGHTNESSINOURSTOMACHS,ETCWECANPRACTICELEANINGINTOTHESEFEELINGSOFDISCOMFORTANDLETTHEMSHOWUSWHEREWENEEDTOGO我們都經(jīng)歷過焦灼的煎熬感，也都感受過恐懼造成的生理反應(yīng)脖子僵硬、胃酸翻騰。其實(shí)，我們有能力面對(duì)這些痛苦的感受，從中領(lǐng)悟到出路。THEINITIALIMPULSEISTORUNAWAYTOTRYANDSUPPRESSTHESEFEELINGSBYNOTACKNOWLEDGINGTHEMWHENWEDOTHIS,WECLOSEOURSELVESOFFTOTHEPARTSOFOURLIVESTHATWENEEDTOEXPERIENCEMOSTTHENEXTTIMEYOUHAVETHISFEELINGOFBEINGTRULYUNCOMFORTABLE,DOYOURSELFAFAVORANDLEANINTOTHEFEELINGACTINSPITEOFTHEFEAR我們的第一反應(yīng)總是逃避以為否認(rèn)不安情緒的存在就能萬事大吉，可這也恰好妨礙了我們經(jīng)歷最需要的生活體驗(yàn)。下次感到不安時(shí)，不管有多害怕，也請(qǐng)?jiān)囍赂颐鎸?duì)吧。3ASKYOURHEARTWHATITWANTS傾聽內(nèi)心WEREOFTENCONFUSEDATTHENEXTSTEPTOTAKE,MAKINGPROSAND