2013年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類a真題來自教材的原文

第四十五篇DNAFINGERPRINTING【DNA指紋】DNAISTHEGENETICMATERIALFOUNDWITHINTHECELLNUCLEIOFALLLIVINGTHINGSINMAMMALSTHESTRANDSOFDNAAREGROUPEDINTOSTRUCTURESCALLEDCHROMOSOMESWITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFIDENTICALSIBLINGSASINIDENTICALTWINS,THECOMPLETEDNAOFEACHINDIVIDUALISUNIQUEDNAFINGERPRINTINGISSOMETIMESCALLEDDNATYPINGITISAMETHODOFIDENTIFICATIONTHATCOMPARESBITSOFDNAADANFINGERPRINTISCONSTRUCTEDBYFIRSTDRAWINGOUTADNASAMPLEFROMBODYTISSUEORFLUIDSUCHASHAIR,BLOOD,ORSALIVATHESAMPLEISTHENSEGMENTEDUSINGENZYMES,ANDTHESEGMENTSAREARRANGEDBYSIZETHESEGMENTSAREMARKEDWITHPROBESANDEXPOSEDONXRAYFILM,WHERETHEYFORMAPATTERNOFBLACKBARSTHEDNAFINGERPRINTIFTHEDNAFINGERPRINTSPRODUCEDFROMTWODIFFERENTSAMPLESMATCH,THETWOSAMPLESPROBABLYCAMEFROMTHESAMEPERSONDNAFINGERPRINTINGWASFIRSTDEVELOPEDASANIDENTIFICATIONTECHNIQUEIN1985ORIGINALLYUSEDTODETECTTHEPRESENCEOFGENETICDISEASES,ITSOONCAMETOBEUSEDINCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONSANDLEGALAFFAIRSTHEFIRSTCRIMINALCONVICTIONBASEDONDNAEVIDENCEINTHEUNITEDSTATESOCCURREDIN1988INCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONS,DNAFINGERPRINTSDERIVEDFROMEVIDENCECOLLECTEDATTHECRIMESCENEARECOMPAREDTOTHEDNAFINGERPRINTSOFSUSPECTSGENERALLY,COURTSHAVEACCEPTEDTHERELIABILITYOFDNATESTINGANDADMITTEDDNATESTRESULTSINTOEVIDENCEHOWEVER,DNAFINGERPRINTINGISCONTROVERSIALINANUMBEROFAREASTHEACCURACYOFTHERESULTS,THECOSTOFTESTING,ANDTHEPOSSIBLEMISUSEOFTHETECHNIQUETHEACCURACYOFDNAFINGERPRINTINGHASBEENCHALLENGEDFORSEVERALREASONSFIRST,BECAUSEDNASEGMENTSRATHERTHANCOMPLETEDNASTRANDSARE“FINGERPRINTED”ADNAFINGERPRINTMAYNOTBEUNIQUELARGESCALERESEARCHTOCONFIRMTHEUNIQUENESSOFDNAFINGERPRINTINGTESTRESULTSHASNOTBEENCONDUCTEDINADDITION,DNAFINGERPRINTINGISOFTENDONEINPRIVATELABORATORIESTHATMAYNOTFOLLOWUNIFORMTESTINGSTANDARDSANDQUALITYCONTROLSALSO,SINCEHUMANBEINGSMUSTINTERPRETTHETEST,HUMANERRORCOULDLEADTOFALSERESULTSDNAFINGERPRINTINGISEXPENSIVESUSPECTSWHOAREUNABLETOPROVIDETHEIROWNDNATOEXPERTSMAYNOTBEABLETOSUCCESSFULLYDEFENDTHEMSELVESAGAINSTCHARGESBASEDONDNAEVIDENCEWIDESPREADUSEOFDNATESTINGFORIDENTIFICATIONPURPOSESMAYLEADTOTHEESTABLISHMENTOFADNAFINGERPRINTDATABASE1ACCORDINGTOTHEESSAY,WECANFINDCHROMOSOMESAINAFISHBINATREECINASHEEPDINAROCK關(guān)注在線試聽師資介紹在線考試2013職稱英語招生簡章編輯推薦2013年職稱英語成績查詢時(shí)間2013年職稱英語考試準(zhǔn)考證打印時(shí)間及入口2013年職稱英語新增文章匯總2013年職稱英語考試須知及復(fù)習(xí)指南2013年職稱英語考試各題型必備技巧2013職稱英語報(bào)名時(shí)間各省職稱英語考試成績有效期職稱英語免考規(guī)定20072012職稱英語真題匯總PAGER2DNAFINGERPRINTINGISMOREOFTENUSEDFORAOBTAININGSAMPLESOFCHROMOSOMESBPROVIDINGEVIDENCEINCOURTINVESTIGATIONSCPROVINGTHEHORSETOBEAMAMMALDPRINTINGBOOKSABOUTBIOLOGY3WHENYOURBROTHERLOOKSEXACTLYLIKEYOU,YOURCOMPLETEDNAMAYBEAEXACTLYLIKEHISBTOTALLYDIFFERENTFROMHISCUNIQUEDLOST4SOMEPEOPLEBELIEVETHATUSINGADNAFINGERPRINTMAYNOTBESORELIABLEBECAUSEATHEACCURACYOFDNAFINGERPRINTINGHASBEENCHALLENGEDBNOPRIVATELABORATORYFOLLOWSUNIFORMTESTINGSTANDARDSORQUALITYCONTROLSCMISTAKESAREPOSSIBLEWHENRESEARCHERSEXPLAINWHATHAVECOMEOFTHEIRTESTSDSUSPECTSMAYNOTHAVEENOUGHMONEYTOPROVIDETHEIROWNDNATOLAWCOURTS5THISESSAYTALKSABOUTDNAFINGERPRINTINGCONCERNINGTHEFOLLOWINGASPECTSEXCEPTALEGALAPPLICATIONOFTHEMETHODBTHEWAYTOOBTAINADNASAMPLECWORKYETTOBEDONEABOUTDNAFINGERPRINTINGDPOSSIBLEDANGERINDRAWINGADNASAMPLEFROMTHEHUMANBODYDNA指紋DNA是所有生物細(xì)胞核子發(fā)現(xiàn)的基因材料。哺乳動(dòng)物的DNA線被組合為稱作染色體的各種結(jié)構(gòu)。除生物姊妹體外如完全相同的雙胞胎，每一個(gè)體的整條DNA是獨(dú)一無二的。DNA指紋有時(shí)也稱作DNA印記法。這是一種通過比較少量DNA的鑒別方法。DNA指紋的構(gòu)成先要從身體組織或液體中抽取DNA標(biāo)本，如頭發(fā)、血液或唾液。采取的標(biāo)本用酶分割成若干部分，各切片根據(jù)大小排列。切片先用探針做標(biāo)記，然后曝光于X光片上。膠片上形成由黑色條紋組成的圖案，這就是DNA指紋。若兩個(gè)不同標(biāo)本的DNA指紋完全相像，則這兩個(gè)標(biāo)本可能來自同一人。DNA指紋首次作為鑒別技術(shù)進(jìn)行開發(fā)是在1985年。開始是用來探測遺傳疾病的，很快便被應(yīng)用于刑事調(diào)查與法律事務(wù)?；贒NA所提供證據(jù)的首例定罪是1988年，在美國。在刑事調(diào)查中，把從犯罪現(xiàn)場采集的證據(jù)中提取的DNA村本與犯罪嫌疑人的相比。一般說來，法庭已承認(rèn)DNA測試的可靠性并允許DNA測試結(jié)果納為證據(jù)然而，在一些方面DNA指紋頗具爭議性結(jié)果的精確性，測試成本及技術(shù)的錯(cuò)誤使用的可能性。由于一些原因，DNA指紋的精確性受到了挑戰(zhàn)。首先，由于是DNA切片而并非完整的DNA被作為指紋進(jìn)行研究DNA指紋可能并非獨(dú)一無二的尚未進(jìn)行過大規(guī)模研究以證實(shí)DNA指紋測試結(jié)果是獨(dú)一無二的。此外，DNA指紋常是在私人實(shí)驗(yàn)室作的，可能并不遵循統(tǒng)一的測試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與質(zhì)量控制。再有，既然必須由人來解釋測試，人為的錯(cuò)誤可能導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤結(jié)果。DNA指紋頗為昂貴。如果犯罪嫌疑人不能將自己的DNA提供給專家，他/她就很可能沒有確鑿的證據(jù)證明自己無罪。為鑒定目的而作的DNA測試的廣泛使用可能會導(dǎo)致DNA指紋數(shù)據(jù)庫的建立。第十三篇SCIENTISTSDEVELOPWAYSOFDETECTINGHEARTATTACK【科學(xué)家探索發(fā)現(xiàn)心臟病的方法】GERMANRESEARCHERSHAVE_1_ANEWGENERATIONOFDEFIBRILLATORSANDEARLYWARNINGSOFTWAREAIMEDATOFFERINGHEARTPATIENTSGREATERPROTECTION_2_SUDDENDEATHFROMCARDIACARRESTINGERMANYALONEAROUND100,000PEOPLEDIEANNUALLYASARESULTOFCARDIACARRESTANDMANYOFTHESECASES_3_BYDISRUPTIONTOTHEHEARTSRHYTHMTHOSEMOSTATRISKAREPATIENTSWHOHAVE_4_SUFFEREDAHEARTATTACK,ANDFORYEARSTHEUSEOFDEFIBRILLATORSHASPROVEDUSEFULINDIAGNOSING_5_DISRUPTIONTOHEARTRHYTHMSANDCORRECTINGTHEMAUTOMATICALLYBYINTERVENINGWITHINSECONDSTHESEDEVICES_6_ARANGEOFFUNCTIONS,SUCHASTHATOFPACEMAKERHEARTSPECIALISTSATFREIBURGSUNIVERSITYCLINICHAVENOWACHIEVEDABREAKTHROUGHWITHANIMPLANTEDDEFIBRILLATOR_7_OFGENERATINGASIXCHANNELELECTROCARDIOGRAMECGWITHINTHEBODYTHISINTEGRATEDSYSTEMALLOWSEARLYDIAGNOSISOF_8_BLOODFLOWPROBLEMSANDAPENDINGHEARTATTACKITWILLBEIMPLANTEDINPATIENTSFORTHEFIRSTTIMETHISYEARMEANWHILE,RESEARCHERSATTHEFRAUNHOFERINSTITUTEFORAPPLIEDMATHEMATICSINKAISERSLAUTERNHAVEDEVELOPEDNEWCOMPUTERSOFTWARETHATRENDERSOFECGDATA_9_THEOVERWHELMING_10_OFPATIENTSATRISKWILLNOTHAVEANIMPLANTEDDEFIBRILLATORANDMUSTFORTHISREASONUNDERGOREGULARECGS“MANYOFTHECURRENTPROGRAMSONLY_11_INTOACCOUNTALINEARCORRELATIONOFTHEDATAWEARE,HOWEVER,MAKINGUSE_12_ANONLINEARPROCESSTHATREVEALSTHECHAOTICPATTERNSOFHEARTBEATSASANOPENANDCOMPLEXSYSTEM,”HAGENKNAFSAYS,“_13_CHANGESINTHEHEARTBEATSOVERTIMECANBEMONITOREDANDINDIVIDUALVARIATIONSINPATIENTSTAKENINTOACCOUNT”ANOLDSTUDYOFECGDATA,BASED_14_600PATIENTSWHOHADSUFFEREDASUBSEQUENTHEARTATTACK,ENABLEDTHERESEARCHERSTOCOMPARERISKSANDTOSHOW_15_THENEWSOFTWAREEVALUATESTHEDATACONSIDERABLYBETTER練習(xí)1ACOMEUPBCOMEUPWITHCCOMEUPTODCOMEUPAGAINST2ATOBFORCWITHDFROM3AARECAUSEDBCAUSEDCARETOCAUSEDHAVEBEENCAUSING4AEASILYBREADILYCFREQUENTLYDALREADY5ADISEASEPRODUCINGBHEALTHIMPROVINGCLIFETHREATENINGDERRORCORRECTING6ATAKEINBTAKEAFTERCTAKEONDTAKEFROM7ACAPABLEBABLECSKILLFULDSKILLED8ACHRONICBACUTECRECURRENTDPERSISTENT9APRECISELYBMOREPRECISELYCPRECISIONDMOREPRECISE10AMAXIMUMBMINIMUMCMAJORITYDMINORITY11AGETBTAKECBRINGDFETCH12AO