機械外文翻譯--質(zhì)量與檢測.doc

1本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）外文資料及其翻譯學(xué)生姓名:所在院系:機電學(xué)院所學(xué)專業(yè):機電技術(shù)教育導(dǎo)師姓名:完成時間:QualityandInspection2AccordingtotheAmericanSocietyforQualityControl(ASQC),qualityisthetotalityoffeaturesandcharacteristicsofaproductorservicethatbearonitsabilitytosatisfygivenneeds.Thedefinitionimpliesthattheneedsofthecustomermustbeidentifiedfirstbecausesatisfactionofthoseneedsisthe“bottomline”ofachievingquality.Customerneedsshouldthenbetransformedintoproductfeaturesandcharacteristicssothatadesignandtheproductspecificationscanbeprepared.Inadditiontoaproperunderstandingofthetermquality,itisimportanttounderstandthemeaningofthetermsqualitymanagement,qualityassurance,andqualitycontrol.Qualitymanagementisthataspectoftheoverallmanagementfunctionthatdeterminesandimplementsthequalitypolicy.Theresponsibilityforqualitymanagementbelongstoseniormanagement.Thisactivityincludesstrategicplanning,allocationofresources,andrelatedqualityprogramactivities.Qualityassuranceincludesalltheplannedorsystematicactionsnecessarytoprovideadequateconfidencethataproductorservicewillsatisfygivenneeds.Theseactionsareaimedatprovidingconfidencethatthequalitysystemisworkingproperlyandincludeevaluatingtheadequacyofthedesignsandspecificationsorauditingtheproductionoperationsforcapability.Internalqualityassuranceaimsatprovidingconfidencetothemanagementofacompany,whileexternalqualityassuranceprovidesassuranceofproductqualitytothosewhobuyfromthatcompany.Qualitycontrolcompaniestheoperationaltechniquesandactivitiesthatsustainaqualityofproductorservicesothattheproductwillsatisfygivenneeds.Thequalitycontrolfunctionisclosesttotheproductinthatvarioustechniquesofunsatisfactorysourcesofqualityperformance.Manyofthequalitysystemsofthepastweredesignedwiththeobjectiveofsortinggoodproductsfrombadproductsduringthevariousprocessingsteps.Thoseproductsjudgedtobebadhadtobereworkedtomeetspecifications.Iftheycouldnotbereworked,theywerescrapped.Thistypeofsystemisknownasa“detectioncorrection”system.Withthissystem,problemswerenotfounduntiltheproductswereinspectedorwhentheywereusedbythecustomer.Becauseoftheinherentnatureofhumaninspectors,theeffectivenessofthesortingoperationswasoftenlessthan90%.Qualitysystemsthatarepreventiveinnaturearebeingwidelyimplemented.Thesesystemspreventproblemsfromoccurringinthefistplacebyplacingemphasisonproperplanningandproblempreventioninallphasesoftheproductcycle.3Thefinalwordonhowwellaproductfulfillsneedsandexpectationsisgivenbythecustomersandusersofthatproductandisinfluencedbytheofferingofcompetitorsthatmayalsobeavailabletothosecustomersandusers.Itisimportanttorecognizethatfinalwordisformedovertheentirelifeoftheproduct,notjustwhenitwaspurchased.Beingawareofcustomersneedsandexpectationsisveryimportant,aswaspreviouslydiscussed.Inaddition,focusingtheattentionofallemployeesinanenterpriseonthecustomersandusersandtheirneedswillresultinamoreeffectivequalitysystem.Forexample,groupdiscussionsonproductdesignsandspecificationsshouldincludespecificdiscussionoftheneedstobesatisfied.Abasiccommitmentmanagementshouldbethatqualityimprovementmustberelentlesslypursued.Actionsshouldbeingrainedintheday-to-dayworkingofthecompanythatrecognizethatqualityisamovingtargetintodaysmarketplacedrivenbyconstantlyrisingcustomerexpectations.Traditionaleffortsthatsetaqualitylevelperceivedtoberightforaproductanddirectalleffortstoonlymaintainthatlevelwillnotbesuccessfulinthelonghaul.Rather,managementmustorienttheorganizationsothatoncetheso-calledrightqualitylevelforaproducthasbeenattained；improvementeffortscontinuetoachieveprogressivelyhigherqualitylevels.Toachievethemosteffectiveimprovementefforts,managementshouldunderstandthatqualityandcostarecomplementaryandnotconflictingobjectives.Traditionally,recommendationsweremadetomanagementthatachoicehadtobemadebetweenqualityandcost-theso-calledtradeoffdecision-becausebetterqualityinevitablywouldsomehowcostmoreandmakeproductiondifficult.Experiencethroughouttheworldhasshownthatthisisnottrue.Goodqualityfundamentallyleadstogoodresourceutilizationandconsequentlymeansgoodproductivityandlowqualitycosts.Alsosignificantisthehighersalesandmarketpenetrationresultfromproductsthatareperceivedbycustomerstohavehighqualityandperformancereliabilityduringuse.Fourbasiccategoriesofqualitycostsaredescribedinthefollowing:（1）Prevention-costsincurredinplanning,implementing,andmaintainingaqualitysystemthatwillensureconformancetoqualityrequirementateconomicallevels.Anexampleofpreventioncostistrainingintheuseofstatisticalprocesscontrol.（2）Appraisalcostsincurredindeterminingthedegreeofconformancetoqualityrequirements.Anexampleofappraisalcostisinspection.4（3）Internalfailurecostsarisingwhenproducts,components,andmaterialsfailtomeetqualityrequirementspriortotransferofownershiptothecustomer.Anexampleofinternalfailurecostisscrap.（4）Externalfailurecostsincurredwhenproductsfailtomeetqualityrequirementsaftertransferofownershiptothecustomer.Anexampleofexternalfailurecostiswarrantyclaims.Aproblemsolvingapproachshouldbefollowedinseekingqualityimprovement.Theresultsofanyimprovementeffortwillnotbepermanentunlesstherootcausesoftheproblemshavebeenfoundsoappropriate(irreversible)correctiveactioncanbeimplemented.Therootcausecanbedefinedastherealcauseofaproblem.Thisisoftenquitedifferentfromtheapparentcause,whichappearsafterasuperficialinvestigation.Afrequentlyaskedquestionishowtoknownwhentherootcauseisfoundandwhentheinvestigatorisnotstillbeingdeceivedbytheapparentcause.Ameaningansweristhatiftherootcausehasbeenfound,theproblemisabletobeturnedonandoffbyaddingorremovingthecause.Oncetherootcausehasbeenfound,anirreversiblecorrectiveactionmustbeimplementedsothereisnoforeseeablesituationbywhichtherootcausecanreturnandsopermanentimprovementresults.Althoughthelevelofqualitycontrolisdeterminedinlargepartbyprobabilitytheoryandstatisticalcalculations,itisveryimportantthatthedatacollectionprocessesonwhichtheseproceduresdependbeappropriateandaccurate.Thebes