2020屆高考英語 考前書面表達題型分類寫作指導

2020屆高考英語考前書面表達題型分類寫作指導 一 日 記日記是用來敘述一天生活中發(fā)生的有意義事件的文體，特別是那些具有教育意義或值得今后回憶、查閱或參考的事情。日記的素材應(yīng)是最有趣或最有感受的一些事情。通常用用記敘文或簡單的議論文體裁。字數(shù)不宜過多。格式：一般是在左上角記上當天的日期(年、月、日)，星期；右上角寫上當天的天氣情況。下面一行可以寫上日記小標題，也可以不寫標題。時態(tài)：日記記敘的時間，通常是在當天的下午或是晚上，特殊情況下也可以第二天補記。因此，所用的時態(tài)多為過去時態(tài)。但應(yīng)靈活掌握；如記敘天氣、描寫景色，或為了描寫生動，議論某事、對話引語等，也可使用現(xiàn)在時。類型：日記可分記事、議論、描寫及抒情等。記事型是用英語記述當天自己生活、學習中發(fā)生的事情。議論型是對生活中的某一事情或情況、現(xiàn)象談自己的看法，發(fā)表議論。描寫型、抒情型，則是對某人物、事物的特征做細致的描述，或針對某事物抒發(fā)自己的感情。日記一般按事情發(fā)生的先后順序記述，所以有時需要借助一些表示先后順序的詞語。如：at first, then, later on , afterwards, soon, finally, at last 等。范文April 9th, Sunday FineIt is Sunday today. I didnt get up as early as usual. In the morning after I finished my homework, I did some washing. Then I called Wu Gang and invited him to see the film “Lion King”. But unfortunately when we got to the cinema at two oclock in the afternoon, we found all the tickets had been sold out. Then we went back to school to play table tennis. After this when we were about to go home, we saw our English teacher Ms Liu at the school gate. She told us that we had made great progress in English this term. She suggested that we should do more reading and listening. We promised her that we would take her advice.二 書 信書信格式一般格式英文書信的構(gòu)成可分為7個部分：信頭(Heading)日期(Date)收信人姓名及地址(Inside Name and Address)稱呼(Salutation)信文(Body of the letter)結(jié)束語(Complimentary close )署名(Signature)(1)信頭(Heading)信頭是指發(fā)信人的單位名稱或地址。一般情況下發(fā)信人只需把自己的地址寫(打字，手寫均可)在信的右上角，離開信紙的頂頭約1英寸，占二三行或四行均可，格式如下：齊頭式256 West Nanjing StreetNanchang, Jiangxi ProvinceChina 縮進式Henan RoadShanghaiChina注意：寫地址的次序與中文不同，應(yīng)先寫門牌號碼街道，然后城市和國名。寫地址時間采用齊頭或縮進式，以及每行后要不要加標點符號，都沒有固定的規(guī)定，如寫給經(jīng)常往來的親友，這項地址也可以省略。(2) 日期(Date)寫日期注意下列各點： 年份應(yīng)寫全。例如不能用“99”來代替“1999”; 月份應(yīng)寫英文名稱，除May, July外，可用縮寫，如：Sep., Oct.。但不要用數(shù)字來代替，如7/4/99或7，4，99，因為在英國此日期代表7th April, 1999, 而美國則代表4th July, 1999。 日期可用1，2，3，411，1221，2231等，也可用1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th 11th, 21st22 nd, 31 st等。日期的幾種寫法：a: July 7, 1998b. 1st October, 1998c. 30 Nov., 1997d. Sep. 3 rd, 1999 特別注意英文書信日期應(yīng)緊著寫信人地址下一行，不能像寫中文書信那樣寫在書信簽名之后，這是很多學生的常見錯誤。精選范文POBox 2089Beijing, ChinaSep. 7th. 199986 Bright RoadManchesterEngland12 Mar, 1999(3) 收信人姓名及地址(inside Name and Address)寫信人的地址和日期寫好以后，接著就要寫收信人的姓名和地址，一般的事務(wù)信件或給較生疏的朋友的信件要寫，而在給較熟的朋友的信中則可省去。這一項寫在日期下一行的左上角。收信人姓名寫一行，收信人地址可分兩行或三行寫，和寫信人的地址一樣，上下可取齊，也可向右縮進。在姓名前一般要加上稱號，稱號因人而異。 對普通男子用Mr.;對未婚女子用Miss;對已婚女子用Mrs., 對婚姻狀況不明確的通常用Ms(后跟本人姓)；對教授或博士(醫(yī)生)用Prof. 或Dr.精選范文66 Smith StreetManchesterEnglandMr. Jee Green 27 May 1999West Tenth StreetHawaii U.S.A.(4) 稱呼(Salutation)稱呼指的是信文開頭的那種稱呼，如Dear, Mr., uncle, 各種稱呼因人而異。在稱呼后面一般是用逗號，但也有用冒號的?，F(xiàn)歸納如下：對父母、兄弟、姐妹等；a. Dear Father,b. My dear Mother,c. Dear Sister,d. Dear Tom, 對親戚：a. My dear Auntie.b. Dear Cousin,c. My dear Cousin, 對朋友、同學a. My dear friend,b. Dear Mr. Jackson,c. My dear Mr. Jackson, 對未婚女子：a. Dear Miss Luce,b. My dear Miss Luce, 對一般婦女，不論是否結(jié)婚：a. Ms.b. Dear Madame, 對已婚生子：a. Dear Mrs. Helen Jackson,b. My dear Mrs. Helen Jackson, 對公司、工廠、學校等：a. Dear Sirs,b. Sirs,c. Gentlemen,(5) 信文(Body of the letter)信文是信件的主體部分，也就是信的內(nèi)容。正文應(yīng)在稱呼下兩行開始。信的開頭第一個字母通常和稱呼開頭第一個詞平齊。也有往后退四個或八字個字的。下面介紹一些開頭語和結(jié)尾語。開頭語 相當于中文的“敬啟者”。a. I beg to inform you that b. I beg to take this opportunity to inform you that c. I have the honor to address you that d. I write in a hurry to inform you that e. I have the pleasure to tell you that f. Im very much delighted to inform you that 相當于中文的“接讀某月某日來信，一切知悉”。a. I thank you very much for your letter of May 20th b. Your letter of May 20th has been received with thanks.c. It gives me great pleasure to receive your kind letter of May 20th.d. In answer to your kind letter of May 20th, deeply regret that e. I have received your kind letter of May 20th.f. Words cant express my delight on finding your favor of yesterday on my desk thismorning.g. Your letter dated May 20th has been received結(jié)尾語采用三種方法： 采用分詞短語：句末用逗號，不用句號。例如：a. Waiting for your good news,b. Looking forward to your early reply,c. Hoping to hear from you soon,d. Hoping you are enjoying good health,e. Regretting that I cant give you a more favorite reply,f. Regretting the trouble Im causing you,g. Wishing you every success,h. Wishing you a pleasant journey,i. Wishing you a happy New Year,采用介詞短語，句末用逗號，不用句號。例如：a. With best regards,b. With kind regards to your family,c. With best wishes to you and yours,d. With best wishes for your success and happiness,e. With best wishes for your success in your new field of work,f. With best regards and wishing you all success,g. With warmest regards,h, With best regards to you and your family,i. With the seasons greetings, 采用完整句子：句末用句號。例如：a. We are waiting for your good news.b. I hope to receive your early reply.c. We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.d. I thank you very much for your services, and wish your continued success.(6)結(jié)束語(Complimentary Close)結(jié)束語的一般寫法如下：Yours faithfully,Yours truly,Truly yours,Sincerely yours,公函常用：Faithfully yours,Yours respectfully,Respectfully yours,Yours sincerely,私人書信常用：Sincerely yours,Yours very sincerely,Yours affectionately,Yours ever,給親戚朋友的信常用：Love,All my love,Your(ever) loving son/daughter/cousin, etc.Your affectionate nephew,Yours lovingly,Lovingly yours,(7)署名(Signature)下面是署名的例子：個人署名：Yours truly,W. J. Watson公司署名：Yours faithfully,Legend Computer CompanyWang LinSales Manager精選范文 生日賀信Dear Bob,Tomorrow is your birthday. I imagine your family is planning a celebration for you. I write this letter to offer you my heartiest congratulations and best wishes for many returns of the day.With my sincere wishes for your success, 圣誕節(jié)及新年賀信Dear Mary and Helen,A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to you! Allow me to offer you Season Greetings. May the New Year will bring you a bright and prosperous (繁榮) future.My families who are well and happy, join me in my good wishes.Yours very sincerely,Barbara感謝信Dear Sir,With feelings of deep gratitude I address you to give my thanks for your noble and generous efforts by which my son was saved from the lake. Surely, if it had not been for your help, my son would not be alive now. I shall be most happy to have a chance of serving you in return.I extend you again a thousand thanks for the great favor.Yours faithfully,Wang Bing 請求幫助信Dear Harry,I expect to leave Shanghai for Nanjing next Monday and intend to stay there for a month or so. You told me you had been there for a long time and knew a lot of people. I, therefore, shall thank you if you will kindly let me have one or two letters of introduction to them as I am an entire stranger in that place. 申請信(申請作為研究助理)Dear Sir,Im a graduate student in the Physics Department of Qinghua University.Recently I read that you are hiring an assistant to do research on solar physics. As you can see from my resume (簡歷)，I have had experience in this field. Im very interested in your project and hope to work with you. My telephone number is 83745102.Thank you for your consideration. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.道歉信范文256 Weeton roadHong Kong7 th June, 2000Dear David,I am very sorry that I could not meet you last night. I hope that you did not wait too long outside the New York Theatre. I had to look after my small brother until my mother returned home. She spent a long time at the doctors and she arrived home very late. I am all the way to the bus stop, but I had already missed the bus. And so I decided to get on a train and I arrived at the New York Theatre at eight oclock. I didnt think that you would still be there because It was three quarters of an hour late. I do hope that you will forgive me.Anyway, how about next Friday?Love,Sue這類信件一般包括三個部分：1)道歉(apology) 2) 敘述原因或問題(reason/problem) 3)后果及解決辦法(consequence + offer of solution)。范文是比較典型的致歉信。Sue首先在信的開頭向David 為昨晚未能按時到劇院見他表示道歉。然后敘述昨天未能準時到劇院的原因，結(jié)果晚8點才趕到劇院，遲到了45分鐘。Sue 以為David已經(jīng)走了，沒有見到他，最后一句“How about next Friday?”提出下周五再見面的解決辦法。三 啟事1遺失啟事以Lost作為標題放在啟事的上方正中。在Lost 的右下角處寫出遺失啟事的時間。啟事的正文包括遺失物品，遺失的時間、地點，若有人發(fā)現(xiàn)遺失物品送交的人、地點。啟事正文右下角寫上失主的姓名，Loser 可寫可不寫。2招領(lǐng)啟事以Found作為標題放在啟事上方正中。在found的右下角處寫上招領(lǐng)啟事的時間。啟事的正文包括招領(lǐng)的物品。拾到物品的時間及丟失者去認領(lǐng)失物的地點。啟事正文的右下角寫上登這一啟事的單位。遺失啟事LostSeptember 1, 2000I was careless and lost a green school bag in the dining-hall on the morning of 21 st of August. Inside were an English textbook, a workbook, a dictionary and a key to my bike. Will the finder please send it either to the monitor of Class 3, Senior Grade 3 or to myself? Many thanks to the finder. Our classroom is in Room 303, Building 2.Zhao Meng(Loser)失物招領(lǐng)啟事FoundJune 8th, 2000A wallet was found yesterday afternoon, inside of which there is some money and other things. The loser is expected to come to the Office of Senior Grade 2 to identify it.The Office of SeniorGrade 2四 通知通知是一種常用應(yīng)用文體，用來把有關(guān)事情告知特定的讀者或聽眾。通知的正文就是通告的內(nèi)容，這是主體部分，包括通告的對象、事由、時間、地點等。它分為書面通知和口頭通知兩種，這兩種通知在格式上有較大差別。書面通知的常見形式有一般通知、布告、海報等。它們一般張貼在布告欄或黑板上。通知的正文上方有Notice (或全部大寫NOTICE)或Announcement (或全部大寫ANNOUNCEMENT)為題目。以海報形式出現(xiàn)時，通知常以海報內(nèi)容為題，如Lecture, Football Match等。當然題目中還可以出現(xiàn)發(fā)通知的單位，如Student Union Notice, English Department Announcement，通知題目要求居中打印、書寫，有時為了強調(diào)，甚至可以以粗體形式出現(xiàn)。書面通知一定要有發(fā)通知時間及落款。出通知的時間一般寫在通知正文的下方左角，落款于右下角，當然時間及落款也可都寫右下角。書面通知的正文一般用第三人稱來寫。時間、地點、參加者、內(nèi)容、注意事項是通知的要點，應(yīng)直截了當?shù)匾灰挥枰哉f明。我們既可以用包容量較大的長句，也可以用簡明的短語，前者正式，后者易懂易記。在正文中切忌添枝加葉的評論。一般情況下通知以段落形式出現(xiàn)，海報則按信息分行居中書寫或打印?？陬^通知一般不用寫題目，也不必有出通知的時間。發(fā)布口頭通知首先說明被通知的對象，在正文前面有呼語且頂左格寫，如：Ladies and gentlemen, Boys and girls 等等。為了引正聽者的注意，需另起行不頂格寫一些引人注意的話，如：Be quiet, please! May I have your attention? Attention, please! 等。口頭通知要口頭發(fā)布，因而可以用較隨意口語體，如：Ill, Ive等?？陬^通知在結(jié)束時要有結(jié)束語，這是因為口頭通知需要用一些語言表明通知的起止，如用Thats all. 表示通知到此為止宣布完畢。另外結(jié)尾處還需要一些如Thank you. 一樣的客套語?？陬^通知的一些常用的開頭語和結(jié)束語。開頭語Be quiet, please! Attention, please!Listen, please.APlease be quiet, everyone.Please stop talking over there!May I have your attention, please!Please be quiet, everyone, There is something I have to tell you.BBe quiet, please. There is something you need to know.Listen, please. There is going to be結(jié)束語Any questions?Does everyone understand?Thats all. Thank you.不論是口頭通知還是書面通知都是宣布即將發(fā)生的事情及其具體內(nèi)容，因而多用將來時態(tài)，其中往往有一些注意事項，一般用祈使句來強調(diào)。通知的語言要簡潔明了，條理清晰，要求精確，特別是時間概念很重要，必須寫得十分明確，不容絲毫含糊。會議通知題 材你班決定在下周三(5月15日)下午3：30在你班教室召開會議，討論如何學習英語。目前在西北輕工業(yè)學院任教的史密斯教授將應(yīng)邀在會上講話。今天是5月11日。請你寫一個通知，要求大家準時參加。詞數(shù)：70左右。范 文A Meeting to Be HeldNoticeA meeting to discuss how to learn English is to be held in our classroom on next Wednesday May 15th, 1999, at 3:30 p.m.The discussion is very interesting. At the end of the meeting, Professor Smith working at the Northwest Institute of Light Industry will give us some useful advice.All the students of our class are expected to be present on time.May 11, 1996Class 1, Grade 3 廬山郊游通知題 材假如你是高三(2)班班長，你班要在5月4日即下星期六去廬山郊游。請你擬一份通知，準備向同學們宣讀。內(nèi)容包括：1、郊游日期：5月4日，下星期六；2、主要內(nèi)容：攀登比賽、攝影等；3、早餐后8點坐校車出發(fā)，午餐自帶，下午3點回校；4、歡迎全體同學參加。凡參加者先登記并交給班長5元錢。注意：通知詞數(shù)約70120。要求意思連貫。范 文An Outing to LushanAn AnnouncementClass, please be quiet. I am glad to tell you that we have decided to have an outing to Lushan next Saturday, May 4th. The expense is about five yuan. Those who wish to go should put down the names on this piece of paper and give the money to me. We will go by school bus which is to start after breakfast at 8:00 a. m. and come back to school at 3:00 p.m. Remember to bring your lunch with you.Well have a contest of climbing the hill and take photos there. All the students are welcome. Thats all. Thank you.MonitorClass 2 of Senior Grade 3某中學將有一位美國教授布菜克博士來訪，該教授將給師生們作一次報告，介紹美國的教育情況。學校要求同學們在星期三下午2：30準時到105大教室參加報告會，并帶上筆記本，以便會后討論。請你根據(jù)上面要點，用英語寫一通知。(字數(shù)：80左右)參考詞語美國教授American professor有關(guān)教育的報告a report on education作筆記to take notes討論to have a discussionNoticeAn American professor, Dr Black will visit our school this Wednesday afternoon. He will give us a report on the education in America. Everyone is supposed to be in Room 105, the big classroom exactly at 2:30 p.m. Wednesday. Please bring your notebooks with you and take notes while listening to the lecture, so that we can have a discussion about it after it is over.假如你是班長，通知你班同學本周星期六晚上7：30在本班教室舉行一次英語晚會，節(jié)目有唱歌、朗誦、講故事、話劇等，要求本班同學都參加，歡迎外班同學光臨，請同學們作好準備。(字數(shù)：80左右)參考詞語朗誦recitation節(jié)目programme (或program)歡迎to be welcomed表演 to performFellow students, attention, please.I have some good news to tell you. Were going to have an English evening, in our classroom at 7:30 on Saturday evening. The programme includes songs, recitations, storytelling and short plays. Everyone in our clas must take part in it and students form other classed are also welcome. Everone who takes part in the party should perform once.Thats all. Thank you.五 便條便條多用于較熟的親友、同事之間，以代替一般的私人書信及公務(wù)書信,因此便條除具有書信的一般特征外，還有某些特殊性：（1）臨時性和緊迫性。便條多是臨時性的通知、詢問，內(nèi)容大多有較緊迫的時間限制，比如通知當事人立即給某處回電話，通知醫(yī)生即刻出診等等。所以，便條大多是匆忙寫在紙條上托人轉(zhuǎn)交或留在某處。（2）非正式性。便條所寫的基本都是可以公開的普通事宜，而且內(nèi)容大都非常簡單，幾句話就可以說清楚，不必采用非常的書信形式，也不用緘口。由于便條的以上兩個特征，便條在形式上具有以下特點：（1）簡化書信格式。便條既不用信封，不寫收信人與發(fā)信人地址，也不寫結(jié)尾問候語。不詳細寫明年月日，而只寫星期，或日月。由于時間大多發(fā)生在一兩天內(nèi)，常常要寫明上、下午或鐘點。日期可寫于正文右上角或末尾署名之下，沒有很嚴格的限制。（2）簡化稱呼及簽署。便條多用于相熟的朋友、同事或家人之間，稱呼用語應(yīng)親切、隨便，不可過于正式。如可用Mary, Dear Johnson等等。署名也可以只寫姓或只寫名。因為即使公務(wù)便條，也多用于同一部門，大家相互熟悉，筆跡也容易認讀。（3）語言通俗而口語化。便條形式隨便，語言也應(yīng)通俗。要盡量避免用大詞和過分正式的句子。如盡量用：“Just a line to tell you that”而不用“This is to inform you that”，用“put off ”而不用“postpone”。句子的結(jié)構(gòu)盡量簡單。例如： 你到一個叫李英的同學家，通知他一件事，碰巧他不在家，你給他留了張便條，內(nèi)容如下：a. 明天的課將推遲到本星期六下午2點，因為明天你要參加勞動植樹，上午7點在校門口集合出發(fā)。b.前天你把雨傘落在他家房子的前門外，請他明天上課時替你帶來。8.10Aug.10Li Ying,Tomorrows class will be put off to Saturday. Instead, well take part in the labourplanting trees. Well gather at the school gate and start off at 7:00 a.m.I left my umbrella at the front door of your house the day before yesterday. Please bring it to me when you come to school tomorrow.Thank you very much.Yours,Wei Ping六 介紹地點介紹地點，有四項基本要求：一是抓住此處所的基本特征；二是要遵循一定的順序，使文章條理清楚，中心突出；三是要運用恰當?shù)姆椒ㄟM行說明；最后是語言要做到準確無誤。介紹地點，目的是讓人明白無誤地了解它，并且給人留下深刻印象。因此寫作時首先抓住事物的特征，即一事物區(qū)別于其他事物的標志。我們可描繪的地點多得不勝枚舉，諸如village(鄉(xiāng)村)，city(城市)，school(學校)，library(圖書館)，factory (工廠)等，它們各有其特點。所以在介紹地點時，要抓住其基本特征，加以客觀地說明、描述，使讀者在短時間內(nèi)獲得足夠的信息。要把一個地點介紹清楚，必須言之有序，富有條理。所謂“言之有序”，即要符合人們認識事物、欣賞事物的習慣。有的適宜按空間順序，一般為由上至下或由下至上，由遠及近或由近及遠，順時針方向或逆時針方向等來介紹；有的宜按邏輯順序，由概括到具體、由理想到本質(zhì)、由主要到次要、由整體到部分等來說明；還有的可按時間順序來介紹，但第三類較少動用。有的還可采用多種順序來說明，但初學者以一種順序為好。運用恰當?shù)姆椒梢园烟幩f明得更為具體、明確。常見的方法有列數(shù)字、做比較、打比方、舉例子、引資料等。不過，這類文章最容易寫得呆板單調(diào)，缺乏生氣，讓人讀起來感到乏味。所以除上述幾種方法外，適當?shù)剡\用描寫，可增加文章的文采，使所寫內(nèi)容打動讀者，達到最佳的表達效果。例如下面一段文字：The village where I was born is a beautiful place. There are green hills and clear water around it. Trees grow everywhere; a river flows in front of it . Duck swim in the pools; cows bellow (哞哞叫)in their sheds. Occasionally you can hear a dog bark or a cock crow (喔喔叫).這段文字通過生動的描寫，向我們展示了一幅鄉(xiāng)村的自然美景圖。同時，它又激發(fā)了我們心中對鄉(xiāng)村生活的想象和向往。最后，要注意語言的準確性，遣詞造句不可過分渲染或模棱兩可，要簡潔、明白。尤其要注意方位詞的準確運用。常用的方位詞或詞組有：to the right (在右邊)，to the left (在左邊)，north (北)，south (南)，east (東)，west(西)，front (前面的)，back (后面的)，above(在中間)，in (在里)等，要注意這些方位詞及它們的一些常用搭配的運用。南極洲題材請根據(jù)下面表格，以“南極洲”為題寫一篇短文(詞數(shù)80110)。名 稱南極洲位 置地球的最南端(extreme south)面 積大約14萬平方公里氣 候世界上最寒冷的地方，常年有冰雪覆蓋自然資源企鵝(penguin)、鯨(whale)、鐵、煤等人口只有科學工作者范 文AntarcticaAntarctica, which is the coldest continent in the world, lies in the extreme south of the earth. it has an area of about 140,000 square kilometers. It is covered with cold thick ice and deep snow all year long. But it is a very rich continent. It has many well-known animals such as penguins, whales and it is also rich in mineral resources including iron, coal and so on. Up to now only some visiting scientists live there. maybe one day lots of households will live there.七、介紹事物一、抓住事物的特征介紹事物，一定要抓住事物的特征，所謂特征，就是人或事物所具有的獨特的地方。只有把握住事物的獨特性，并以此來展開說明或描述，才能把要說明的對象說清楚。你想描述的任何事物都有其特征。比方說，我們拿起一支鉛筆，仔細地觀察它，就會注意到它的顏色、形狀、長度、銳利程度以及硬度等。也許你的作文以“This pencil is of normal size and shape.”開頭，接著你就描寫這支鉛筆所具有的與眾不同的特點。這種寫作方法尤其適用于描寫大家所熟悉的而又具有新的、與眾不同的特征的事物。再比如下面一段文字：“去年，媽媽從北京給帶回一套西服，質(zhì)地上乘，做工考究，可棒了?！薄百|(zhì)地上乘，做工考究”的服裝很多，這幾個字并未把這套西服的特征說清楚，因此不會給我們留下什么印象?？傊?，介紹一件事物，要考慮從哪方面著手才可抓住事物的具有代表性的特征。二、要遵循一定的順序?qū)懭魏挝恼露家龅綏l理分明。介紹一件事物，目的是上讓讀者清楚地了解事物本身的特點、性質(zhì)以及用途等，因此更需要條理清楚。我們可以按以下三類順序說明事物：1、時間順序，即按事物的發(fā)生、發(fā)展的先后順序進行說明。2、空間順序，即按事物空間位置的順序，由上至下，由近及遠或由里至外地進行說明。3、邏輯順序，即按人們認識事物的規(guī)律進行說明，如由概括到具體，由整體到部分，由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)，由表及里，由原因到結(jié)果，由主要到次要，由特點到用途等。三、選用恰當?shù)姆椒ㄕf明事物，我們常采用以下方法；1、定義法。定義法的目的是讓不知此事物的人對此物有一個起碼的了解，以利于下文的展開。如：A thermometer is an instrument used for measuring temperature. 就是對thermometer下了一個定義。有些事物也許不好下個明確定義，但我們可以交待這個事物的背景，來源，或列舉出它的一些典型特征，以便讓讀者明白。這類事物可以是術(shù)語，也可以是外國人所不了解的中國的傳統(tǒng)事物，如龍舟節(jié)等。2、舉例說明法。舉出具有代表性的例子，能夠真切地說明事物，化抽象為具體，使段落變得有血有肉，豐富起來。舉例時常用的表達有：for example(例如)，for instance(例如)，as an example of (作為的例子)，take for example (以為例)等。3、比較法。為了突出事物鮮明的特點，我們常把它與其他事物進行比較。比方說我們想向讀者介紹什么是“電腦”，我們可以說“Its a kind of electrical or artificial (人工的)brain.”這樣把電腦和人腦進行了比較，從而使人們對“電腦”有更清晰的認識。4、細節(jié)描述法。介紹一種事物，僅用概述性的詞語如beautiful, friendly, boring, good 或bad 是不夠的。作者要提供一些細節(jié)，使被描述的對象更加形象具體，從而加深讀者的印象。除上述幾種方法外，我們還可以通過引經(jīng)據(jù)典(即引用專家、名人等的話語)、列舉數(shù)字等其他方法說明一件事物，從而使文章更加嚴密，內(nèi)容更具有科學性，更有說服力。四、運用恰當?shù)恼Z言介紹事物，文字要力求簡潔、明白、準確。比如：The cover of the magazine is very nice. 在此句中“nice”一詞的意義不夠明確，如果改用“artistic”就清楚了許多。再如下句：We wish to state that this electric car was designed with the idea of safety in mind. 此句冗長，不夠簡潔，應(yīng)改為：The electric car was designed for safety. 除講究語言平實準確的前提下，我們還可以運用描寫的方法，來增添文章的可讀性。例如在寫題目為“My Pencil Box”這一文章時，若寫成“I have a pencil-box, which was given to me by classmates as a birthday present. On it are three little bears. Inside are my pencils, a rubber and a pen-knife.”這樣的表達是不是顯得干巴巴的，毫無情趣？若能對三只小熊憨態(tài)可掬的形象加以描述，則會給讀者留下深刻的印象。另外，在介紹事物時，語言易流于單調(diào)，若插入傳說、趣事，或引用詩文、成語，或運用比喻、擬人、反問等修辭手段則可使語言生動形象，引人入勝。(1)、家用電腦題 材家用電腦體積小，價格低，造型優(yōu)美，簡單易用，使用方便，靈活；