2020屆高考英語(yǔ) 考前書(shū)面表達(dá)題型分類(lèi)寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)VIP

2020屆高考英語(yǔ)考前書(shū)面表達(dá)題型分類(lèi)寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo) 一 日 記日記是用來(lái)敘述一天生活中發(fā)生的有意義事件的文體，特別是那些具有教育意義或值得今后回憶、查閱或參考的事情。日記的素材應(yīng)是最有趣或最有感受的一些事情。通常用用記敘文或簡(jiǎn)單的議論文體裁。字?jǐn)?shù)不宜過(guò)多。格式：一般是在左上角記上當(dāng)天的日期(年、月、日)，星期；右上角寫(xiě)上當(dāng)天的天氣情況。下面一行可以寫(xiě)上日記小標(biāo)題，也可以不寫(xiě)標(biāo)題。時(shí)態(tài)：日記記敘的時(shí)間，通常是在當(dāng)天的下午或是晚上，特殊情況下也可以第二天補(bǔ)記。因此，所用的時(shí)態(tài)多為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。但應(yīng)靈活掌握；如記敘天氣、描寫(xiě)景色，或?yàn)榱嗣鑼?xiě)生動(dòng)，議論某事、對(duì)話(huà)引語(yǔ)等，也可使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。類(lèi)型：日記可分記事、議論、描寫(xiě)及抒情等。記事型是用英語(yǔ)記述當(dāng)天自己生活、學(xué)習(xí)中發(fā)生的事情。議論型是對(duì)生活中的某一事情或情況、現(xiàn)象談自己的看法，發(fā)表議論。描寫(xiě)型、抒情型，則是對(duì)某人物、事物的特征做細(xì)致的描述，或針對(duì)某事物抒發(fā)自己的感情。日記一般按事情發(fā)生的先后順序記述，所以有時(shí)需要借助一些表示先后順序的詞語(yǔ)。如：at first, then, later on , afterwards, soon, finally, at last 等。范文April 9th, Sunday FineIt is Sunday today. I didnt get up as early as usual. In the morning after I finished my homework, I did some washing. Then I called Wu Gang and invited him to see the film “Lion King”. But unfortunately when we got to the cinema at two oclock in the afternoon, we found all the tickets had been sold out. Then we went back to school to play table tennis. After this when we were about to go home, we saw our English teacher Ms Liu at the school gate. She told us that we had made great progress in English this term. She suggested that we should do more reading and listening. We promised her that we would take her advice.二 書(shū) 信書(shū)信格式一般格式英文書(shū)信的構(gòu)成可分為7個(gè)部分：信頭(Heading)日期(Date)收信人姓名及地址(Inside Name and Address)稱(chēng)呼(Salutation)信文(Body of the letter)結(jié)束語(yǔ)(Complimentary close )署名(Signature)(1)信頭(Heading)信頭是指發(fā)信人的單位名稱(chēng)或地址。一般情況下發(fā)信人只需把自己的地址寫(xiě)(打字，手寫(xiě)均可)在信的右上角，離開(kāi)信紙的頂頭約1英寸，占二三行或四行均可，格式如下：齊頭式256 West Nanjing StreetNanchang, Jiangxi ProvinceChina 縮進(jìn)式Henan RoadShanghaiChina注意：寫(xiě)地址的次序與中文不同，應(yīng)先寫(xiě)門(mén)牌號(hào)碼街道，然后城市和國(guó)名。寫(xiě)地址時(shí)間采用齊頭或縮進(jìn)式，以及每行后要不要加標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，都沒(méi)有固定的規(guī)定，如寫(xiě)給經(jīng)常往來(lái)的親友，這項(xiàng)地址也可以省略。(2) 日期(Date)寫(xiě)日期注意下列各點(diǎn)： 年份應(yīng)寫(xiě)全。例如不能用“99”來(lái)代替“1999”; 月份應(yīng)寫(xiě)英文名稱(chēng)，除May, July外，可用縮寫(xiě)，如：Sep., Oct.。但不要用數(shù)字來(lái)代替，如7/4/99或7，4，99，因?yàn)樵谟?guó)此日期代表7th April, 1999, 而美國(guó)則代表4th July, 1999。 日期可用1，2，3，411，1221，2231等，也可用1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th 11th, 21st22 nd, 31 st等。日期的幾種寫(xiě)法：a: July 7, 1998b. 1st October, 1998c. 30 Nov., 1997d. Sep. 3 rd, 1999 特別注意英文書(shū)信日期應(yīng)緊著寫(xiě)信人地址下一行，不能像寫(xiě)中文書(shū)信那樣寫(xiě)在書(shū)信簽名之后，這是很多學(xué)生的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤。精選范文POBox 2089Beijing, ChinaSep. 7th. 199986 Bright RoadManchesterEngland12 Mar, 1999(3) 收信人姓名及地址(inside Name and Address)寫(xiě)信人的地址和日期寫(xiě)好以后，接著就要寫(xiě)收信人的姓名和地址，一般的事務(wù)信件或給較生疏的朋友的信件要寫(xiě)，而在給較熟的朋友的信中則可省去。這一項(xiàng)寫(xiě)在日期下一行的左上角。收信人姓名寫(xiě)一行，收信人地址可分兩行或三行寫(xiě)，和寫(xiě)信人的地址一樣，上下可取齊，也可向右縮進(jìn)。在姓名前一般要加上稱(chēng)號(hào)，稱(chēng)號(hào)因人而異。 對(duì)普通男子用Mr.;對(duì)未婚女子用Miss;對(duì)已婚女子用Mrs., 對(duì)婚姻狀況不明確的通常用Ms(后跟本人姓)；對(duì)教授或博士(醫(yī)生)用Prof. 或Dr.精選范文66 Smith StreetManchesterEnglandMr. Jee Green 27 May 1999West Tenth StreetHawaii U.S.A.(4) 稱(chēng)呼(Salutation)稱(chēng)呼指的是信文開(kāi)頭的那種稱(chēng)呼，如Dear, Mr., uncle, 各種稱(chēng)呼因人而異。在稱(chēng)呼后面一般是用逗號(hào)，但也有用冒號(hào)的?，F(xiàn)歸納如下：對(duì)父母、兄弟、姐妹等；a. Dear Father,b. My dear Mother,c. Dear Sister,d. Dear Tom, 對(duì)親戚：a. My dear Auntie.b. Dear Cousin,c. My dear Cousin, 對(duì)朋友、同學(xué)a. My dear friend,b. Dear Mr. Jackson,c. My dear Mr. Jackson, 對(duì)未婚女子：a. Dear Miss Luce,b. My dear Miss Luce, 對(duì)一般婦女，不論是否結(jié)婚：a. Ms.b. Dear Madame, 對(duì)已婚生子：a. Dear Mrs. Helen Jackson,b. My dear Mrs. Helen Jackson, 對(duì)公司、工廠、學(xué)校等：a. Dear Sirs,b. Sirs,c. Gentlemen,(5) 信文(Body of the letter)信文是信件的主體部分，也就是信的內(nèi)容。正文應(yīng)在稱(chēng)呼下兩行開(kāi)始。信的開(kāi)頭第一個(gè)字母通常和稱(chēng)呼開(kāi)頭第一個(gè)詞平齊。也有往后退四個(gè)或八字個(gè)字的。下面介紹一些開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)和結(jié)尾語(yǔ)。開(kāi)頭語(yǔ) 相當(dāng)于中文的“敬啟者”。a. I beg to inform you that b. I beg to take this opportunity to inform you that c. I have the honor to address you that d. I write in a hurry to inform you that e. I have the pleasure to tell you that f. Im very much delighted to inform you that 相當(dāng)于中文的“接讀某月某日來(lái)信，一切知悉”。a. I thank you very much for your letter of May 20th b. Your letter of May 20th has been received with thanks.c. It gives me great pleasure to receive your kind letter of May 20th.d. In answer to your kind letter of May 20th, deeply regret that e. I have received your kind letter of May 20th.f. Words cant express my delight on finding your favor of yesterday on my desk thismorning.g. Your letter dated May 20th has been received結(jié)尾語(yǔ)采用三種方法： 采用分詞短語(yǔ)：句末用逗號(hào)，不用句號(hào)。例如：a. Waiting for your good news,b. Looking forward to your early reply,c. Hoping to hear from you soon,d. Hoping you are enjoying good health,e. Regretting that I cant give you a more favorite reply,f. Regretting the trouble Im causing you,g. Wishing you every success,h. Wishing you a pleasant journey,i. Wishing you a happy New Year,采用介詞短語(yǔ)，句末用逗號(hào)，不用句號(hào)。例如：a. With best regards,b. With kind regards to your family,c. With best wishes to you and yours,d. With best wishes for your success and happiness,e. With best wishes for your success in your new field of work,f. With best regards and wishing you all success,g. With warmest regards,h, With best regards to you and your family,i. With the seasons greetings, 采用完整句子：句末用句號(hào)。例如：a. We are waiting for your good news.b. I hope to receive your early reply.c. We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.d. I thank you very much for your services, and wish your continued success.(6)結(jié)束語(yǔ)(Complimentary Close)結(jié)束語(yǔ)的一般寫(xiě)法如下：Yours faithfully,Yours truly,Truly yours,Sincerely yours,公函常用：Faithfully yours,Yours respectfully,Respectfully yours,Yours sincerely,私人書(shū)信常用：Sincerely yours,Yours very sincerely,Yours affectionately,Yours ever,給親戚朋友的信常用：Love,All my love,Your(ever) loving son/daughter/cousin, etc.Your affectionate nephew,Yours lovingly,Lovingly yours,(7)署名(Signature)下面是署名的例子：個(gè)人署名：Yours truly,W. J. Watson公司署名：Yours faithfully,Legend Computer CompanyWang LinSales Manager精選范文 生日賀信Dear Bob,Tomorrow is your birthday. I imagine your family is planning a celebration for you. I write this letter to offer you my heartiest congratulations and best wishes for many returns of the day.With my sincere wishes for your success, 圣誕節(jié)及新年賀信Dear Mary and Helen,A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to you! Allow me to offer you Season Greetings. May the New Year will bring you a bright and prosperous (繁榮) future.My families who are well and happy, join me in my good wishes.Yours very sincerely,Barbara感謝信Dear Sir,With feelings of deep gratitude I address you to give my thanks for your noble and generous efforts by which my son was saved from the lake. Surely, if it had not been for your help, my son would not be alive now. I shall be most happy to have a chance of serving you in return.I extend you again a thousand thanks for the great favor.Yours faithfully,Wang Bing 請(qǐng)求幫助信Dear Harry,I expect to leave Shanghai for Nanjing next Monday and intend to stay there for a month or so. You told me you had been there for a long time and knew a lot of people. I, therefore, shall thank you if you will kindly let me have one or two letters of introduction to them as I am an entire stranger in that place. 申請(qǐng)信(申請(qǐng)作為研究助理)Dear Sir,Im a graduate student in the Physics Department of Qinghua University.Recently I read that you are hiring an assistant to do research on solar physics. As you can see from my resume (簡(jiǎn)歷)，I have had experience in this field. Im very interested in your project and hope to work with you. My telephone number is 83745102.Thank you for your consideration. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.道歉信范文256 Weeton roadHong Kong7 th June, 2000Dear David,I am very sorry that I could not meet you last night. I hope that you did not wait too long outside the New York Theatre. I had to look after my small brother until my mother returned home. She spent a long time at the doctors and she arrived home very late. I am all the way to the bus stop, but I had already missed the bus. And so I decided to get on a train and I arrived at the New York Theatre at eight oclock. I didnt think that you would still be there because It was three quarters of an hour late. I do hope that you will forgive me.Anyway, how about next Friday?Love,Sue這類(lèi)信件一般包括三個(gè)部分：1)道歉(apology) 2) 敘述原因或問(wèn)題(reason/problem) 3)后果及解決辦法(consequence + offer of solution)。范文是比較典型的致歉信。Sue首先在信的開(kāi)頭向David 為昨晚未能按時(shí)到劇院見(jiàn)他表示道歉。然后敘述昨天未能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到劇院的原因，結(jié)果晚8點(diǎn)才趕到劇院，遲到了45分鐘。Sue 以為David已經(jīng)走了，沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到他，最后一句“How about next Friday?”提出下周五再見(jiàn)面的解決辦法。三 啟事1遺失啟事以Lost作為標(biāo)題放在啟事的上方正中。在Lost 的右下角處寫(xiě)出遺失啟事的時(shí)間。啟事的正文包括遺失物品，遺失的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)，若有人發(fā)現(xiàn)遺失物品送交的人、地點(diǎn)。啟事正文右下角寫(xiě)上失主的姓名，Loser 可寫(xiě)可不寫(xiě)。2招領(lǐng)啟事以Found作為標(biāo)題放在啟事上方正中。在found的右下角處寫(xiě)上招領(lǐng)啟事的時(shí)間。啟事的正文包括招領(lǐng)的物品。拾到物品的時(shí)間及丟失者去認(rèn)領(lǐng)失物的地點(diǎn)。啟事正文的右下角寫(xiě)上登這一啟事的單位。遺失啟事LostSeptember 1, 2000I was careless and lost a green school bag in the dining-hall on the morning of 21 st of August. Inside were an English textbook, a workbook, a dictionary and a key to my bike. Will the finder please send it either to the monitor of Class 3, Senior Grade 3 or to myself? Many thanks to the finder. Our classroom is in Room 303, Building 2.Zhao Meng(Loser)失物招領(lǐng)啟事FoundJune 8th, 2000A wallet was found yesterday afternoon, inside of which there is some money and other things. The loser is expected to come to the Office of Senior Grade 2 to identify it.The Office of SeniorGrade 2四 通知通知是一種常用應(yīng)用文體，用來(lái)把有關(guān)事情告知特定的讀者或聽(tīng)眾。通知的正文就是通告的內(nèi)容，這是主體部分，包括通告的對(duì)象、事由、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等。它分為書(shū)面通知和口頭通知兩種，這兩種通知在格式上有較大差別。書(shū)面通知的常見(jiàn)形式有一般通知、布告、海報(bào)等。它們一般張貼在布告欄或黑板上。通知的正文上方有Notice (或全部大寫(xiě)NOTICE)或Announcement (或全部大寫(xiě)ANNOUNCEMENT)為題目。以海報(bào)形式出現(xiàn)時(shí)，通知常以海報(bào)內(nèi)容為題，如Lecture, Football Match等。當(dāng)然題目中還可以出現(xiàn)發(fā)通知的單位，如Student Union Notice, English Department Announcement，通知題目要求居中打印、書(shū)寫(xiě)，有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，甚至可以以粗體形式出現(xiàn)。書(shū)面通知一定要有發(fā)通知時(shí)間及落款。出通知的時(shí)間一般寫(xiě)在通知正文的下方左角，落款于右下角，當(dāng)然時(shí)間及落款也可都寫(xiě)右下角。書(shū)面通知的正文一般用第三人稱(chēng)來(lái)寫(xiě)。時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、參加者、內(nèi)容、注意事項(xiàng)是通知的要點(diǎn)，應(yīng)直截了當(dāng)?shù)匾灰挥枰哉f(shuō)明。我們既可以用包容量較大的長(zhǎng)句，也可以用簡(jiǎn)明的短語(yǔ)，前者正式，后者易懂易記。在正文中切忌添枝加葉的評(píng)論。一般情況下通知以段落形式出現(xiàn)，海報(bào)則按信息分行居中書(shū)寫(xiě)或打印?？陬^通知一般不用寫(xiě)題目，也不必有出通知的時(shí)間。發(fā)布口頭通知首先說(shuō)明被通知的對(duì)象，在正文前面有呼語(yǔ)且頂左格寫(xiě)，如：Ladies and gentlemen, Boys and girls 等等。為了引正聽(tīng)者的注意，需另起行不頂格寫(xiě)一些引人注意的話(huà)，如：Be quiet, please! May I have your attention? Attention, please! 等。口頭通知要口頭發(fā)布，因而可以用較隨意口語(yǔ)體，如：Ill, Ive等。口頭通知在結(jié)束時(shí)要有結(jié)束語(yǔ)，這是因?yàn)榭陬^通知需要用一些語(yǔ)言表明通知的起止，如用Thats all. 表示通知到此為止宣布完畢。另外結(jié)尾處還需要一些如Thank you. 一樣的客套語(yǔ)?？陬^通知的一些常用的開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)和結(jié)束語(yǔ)。開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)Be quiet, please! Attention, please!Listen, please.APlease be quiet, everyone.Please stop talking over there!May I have your attention, please!Please be quiet, everyone, There is something I have to tell you.BBe quiet, please. There is something you need to know.Listen, please. There is going to be結(jié)束語(yǔ)Any questions?Does everyone understand?Thats all. Thank you.不論是口頭通知還是書(shū)面通知都是宣布即將發(fā)生的事情及其具體內(nèi)容，因而多用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，其中往往有一些注意事項(xiàng)，一般用祈使句來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)。通知的語(yǔ)言要簡(jiǎn)潔明了，條理清晰，要求精確，特別是時(shí)間概念很重要，必須寫(xiě)得十分明確，不容絲毫含糊。會(huì)議通知題 材你班決定在下周三(5月15日)下午3：30在你班教室召開(kāi)會(huì)議，討論如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。目前在西北輕工業(yè)學(xué)院任教的史密斯教授將應(yīng)邀在會(huì)上講話(huà)。今天是5月11日。請(qǐng)你寫(xiě)一個(gè)通知，要求大家準(zhǔn)時(shí)參加。詞數(shù)：70左右。范 文A Meeting to Be HeldNoticeA meeting to discuss how to learn English is to be held in our classroom on next Wednesday May 15th, 1999, at 3:30 p.m.The discussion is very interesting. At the end of the meeting, Professor Smith working at the Northwest Institute of Light Industry will give us some useful advice.All the students of our class are expected to be present on time.May 11, 1996Class 1, Grade 3 廬山郊游通知題 材假如你是高三(2)班班長(zhǎng)，你班要在5月4日即下星期六去廬山郊游。請(qǐng)你擬一份通知，準(zhǔn)備向同學(xué)們宣讀。內(nèi)容包括：1、郊游日期：5月4日，下星期六；2、主要內(nèi)容：攀登比賽、攝影等；3、早餐后8點(diǎn)坐校車(chē)出發(fā)，午餐自帶，下午3點(diǎn)回校；4、歡迎全體同學(xué)參加。凡參加者先登記并交給班長(zhǎng)5元錢(qián)。注意：通知詞數(shù)約70120。要求意思連貫。范 文An Outing to LushanAn AnnouncementClass, please be quiet. I am glad to tell you that we have decided to have an outing to Lushan next Saturday, May 4th. The expense is about five yuan. Those who wish to go should put down the names on this piece of paper and give the money to me. We will go by school bus which is to start after breakfast at 8:00 a. m. and come back to school at 3:00 p.m. Remember to bring your lunch with you.Well have a contest of climbing the hill and take photos there. All the students are welcome. Thats all. Thank you.MonitorClass 2 of Senior Grade 3某中學(xué)將有一位美國(guó)教授布菜克博士來(lái)訪，該教授將給師生們作一次報(bào)告，介紹美國(guó)的教育情況。學(xué)校要求同學(xué)們?cè)谛瞧谌挛?：30準(zhǔn)時(shí)到105大教室參加報(bào)告會(huì)，并帶上筆記本，以便會(huì)后討論。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)上面要點(diǎn)，用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一通知。(字?jǐn)?shù)：80左右)參考詞語(yǔ)美國(guó)教授American professor有關(guān)教育的報(bào)告a report on education作筆記to take notes討論to have a discussionNoticeAn American professor, Dr Black will visit our school this Wednesday afternoon. He will give us a report on the education in America. Everyone is supposed to be in Room 105, the big classroom exactly at 2:30 p.m. Wednesday. Please bring your notebooks with you and take notes while listening to the lecture, so that we can have a discussion about it after it is over.假如你是班長(zhǎng)，通知你班同學(xué)本周星期六晚上7：30在本班教室舉行一次英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)，節(jié)目有唱歌、朗誦、講故事、話(huà)劇等，要求本班同學(xué)都參加，歡迎外班同學(xué)光臨，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們作好準(zhǔn)備。(字?jǐn)?shù)：80左右)參考詞語(yǔ)朗誦recitation節(jié)目programme (或program)歡迎to be welcomed表演 to performFellow students, attention, please.I have some good news to tell you. Were going to have an English evening, in our classroom at 7:30 on Saturday evening. The programme includes songs, recitations, storytelling and short plays. Everyone in our clas must take part in it and students form other classed are also welcome. Everone who takes part in the party should perform once.Thats all. Thank you.五 便條便條多用于較熟的親友、同事之間，以代替一般的私人書(shū)信及公務(wù)書(shū)信,因此便條除具有書(shū)信的一般特征外，還有某些特殊性：（1）臨時(shí)性和緊迫性。便條多是臨時(shí)性的通知、詢(xún)問(wèn)，內(nèi)容大多有較緊迫的時(shí)間限制，比如通知當(dāng)事人立即給某處回電話(huà)，通知醫(yī)生即刻出診等等。所以，便條大多是匆忙寫(xiě)在紙條上托人轉(zhuǎn)交或留在某處。（2）非正式性。便條所寫(xiě)的基本都是可以公開(kāi)的普通事宜，而且內(nèi)容大都非常簡(jiǎn)單，幾句話(huà)就可以說(shuō)清楚，不必采用非常的書(shū)信形式，也不用緘口。由于便條的以上兩個(gè)特征，便條在形式上具有以下特點(diǎn)：（1）簡(jiǎn)化書(shū)信格式。便條既不用信封，不寫(xiě)收信人與發(fā)信人地址，也不寫(xiě)結(jié)尾問(wèn)候語(yǔ)。不詳細(xì)寫(xiě)明年月日，而只寫(xiě)星期，或日月。由于時(shí)間大多發(fā)生在一兩天內(nèi)，常常要寫(xiě)明上、下午或鐘點(diǎn)。日期可寫(xiě)于正文右上角或末尾署名之下，沒(méi)有很?chē)?yán)格的限制。（2）簡(jiǎn)化稱(chēng)呼及簽署。便條多用于相熟的朋友、同事或家人之間，稱(chēng)呼用語(yǔ)應(yīng)親切、隨便，不可過(guò)于正式。如可用Mary, Dear Johnson等等。署名也可以只寫(xiě)姓或只寫(xiě)名。因?yàn)榧词构珓?wù)便條，也多用于同一部門(mén)，大家相互熟悉，筆跡也容易認(rèn)讀。（3）語(yǔ)言通俗而口語(yǔ)化。便條形式隨便，語(yǔ)言也應(yīng)通俗。要盡量避免用大詞和過(guò)分正式的句子。如盡量用：“Just a line to tell you that”而不用“This is to inform you that”，用“put off ”而不用“postpone”。句子的結(jié)構(gòu)盡量簡(jiǎn)單。例如： 你到一個(gè)叫李英的同學(xué)家，通知他一件事，碰巧他不在家，你給他留了張便條，內(nèi)容如下：a. 明天的課將推遲到本星期六下午2點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槊魈炷阋獏⒓觿趧?dòng)植樹(shù)，上午7點(diǎn)在校門(mén)口集合出發(fā)。b.前天你把雨傘落在他家房子的前門(mén)外，請(qǐng)他明天上課時(shí)替你帶來(lái)。8.10Aug.10Li Ying,Tomorrows class will be put off to Saturday. Instead, well take part in the labourplanting trees. Well gather at the school gate and start off at 7:00 a.m.I left my umbrella at the front door of your house the day before yesterday. Please bring it to me when you come to school tomorrow.Thank you very much.Yours,Wei Ping六 介紹地點(diǎn)介紹地點(diǎn)，有四項(xiàng)基本要求：一是抓住此處所的基本特征；二是要遵循一定的順序，使文章條理清楚，中心突出；三是要運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)姆椒ㄟM(jìn)行說(shuō)明；最后是語(yǔ)言要做到準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤。介紹地點(diǎn)，目的是讓人明白無(wú)誤地了解它，并且給人留下深刻印象。因此寫(xiě)作時(shí)首先抓住事物的特征，即一事物區(qū)別于其他事物的標(biāo)志。我們可描繪的地點(diǎn)多得不勝枚舉，諸如village(鄉(xiāng)村)，city(城市)，school(學(xué)校)，library(圖書(shū)館)，factory (工廠)等，它們各有其特點(diǎn)。所以在介紹地點(diǎn)時(shí)，要抓住其基本特征，加以客觀地說(shuō)明、描述，使讀者在短時(shí)間內(nèi)獲得足夠的信息。要把一個(gè)地點(diǎn)介紹清楚，必須言之有序，富有條理。所謂“言之有序”，即要符合人們認(rèn)識(shí)事物、欣賞事物的習(xí)慣。有的適宜按空間順序，一般為由上至下或由下至上，由遠(yuǎn)及近或由近及遠(yuǎn)，順時(shí)針?lè)较蚧蚰鏁r(shí)針?lè)较虻葋?lái)介紹；有的宜按邏輯順序，由概括到具體、由理想到本質(zhì)、由主要到次要、由整體到部分等來(lái)說(shuō)明；還有的可按時(shí)間順序來(lái)介紹，但第三類(lèi)較少動(dòng)用。有的還可采用多種順序來(lái)說(shuō)明，但初學(xué)者以一種順序?yàn)楹?。運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)姆椒梢园烟幩f(shuō)明得更為具體、明確。常見(jiàn)的方法有列數(shù)字、做比較、打比方、舉例子、引資料等。不過(guò)，這類(lèi)文章最容易寫(xiě)得呆板單調(diào)，缺乏生氣，讓人讀起來(lái)感到乏味。所以除上述幾種方法外，適當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用描寫(xiě)，可增加文章的文采，使所寫(xiě)內(nèi)容打動(dòng)讀者，達(dá)到最佳的表達(dá)效果。例如下面一段文字：The village where I was born is a beautiful place. There are green hills and clear water around it. Trees grow everywhere; a river flows in front of it . Duck swim in the pools; cows bellow (哞哞叫)in their sheds. Occasionally you can hear a dog bark or a cock crow (喔喔叫).這段文字通過(guò)生動(dòng)的描寫(xiě)，向我們展示了一幅鄉(xiāng)村的自然美景圖。同時(shí)，它又激發(fā)了我們心中對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村生活的想象和向往。最后，要注意語(yǔ)言的準(zhǔn)確性，遣詞造句不可過(guò)分渲染或模棱兩可，要簡(jiǎn)潔、明白。尤其要注意方位詞的準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用。常用的方位詞或詞組有：to the right (在右邊)，to the left (在左邊)，north (北)，south (南)，east (東)，west(西)，front (前面的)，back (后面的)，above(在中間)，in (在里)等，要注意這些方位詞及它們的一些常用搭配的運(yùn)用。南極洲題材請(qǐng)根據(jù)下面表格，以“南極洲”為題寫(xiě)一篇短文(詞數(shù)80110)。名 稱(chēng)南極洲位 置地球的最南端(extreme south)面 積大約14萬(wàn)平方公里氣 候世界上最寒冷的地方，常年有冰雪覆蓋自然資源企鵝(penguin)、鯨(whale)、鐵、煤等人口只有科學(xué)工作者范 文AntarcticaAntarctica, which is the coldest continent in the world, lies in the extreme south of the earth. it has an area of about 140,000 square kilometers. It is covered with cold thick ice and deep snow all year long. But it is a very rich continent. It has many well-known animals such as penguins, whales and it is also rich in mineral resources including iron, coal and so on. Up to now only some visiting scientists live there. maybe one day lots of households will live there.七、介紹事物一、抓住事物的特征介紹事物，一定要抓住事物的特征，所謂特征，就是人或事物所具有的獨(dú)特的地方。只有把握住事物的獨(dú)特性，并以此來(lái)展開(kāi)說(shuō)明或描述，才能把要說(shuō)明的對(duì)象說(shuō)清楚。你想描述的任何事物都有其特征。比方說(shuō)，我們拿起一支鉛筆，仔細(xì)地觀察它，就會(huì)注意到它的顏色、形狀、長(zhǎng)度、銳利程度以及硬度等。也許你的作文以“This pencil is of normal size and shape.”開(kāi)頭，接著你就描寫(xiě)這支鉛筆所具有的與眾不同的特點(diǎn)。這種寫(xiě)作方法尤其適用于描寫(xiě)大家所熟悉的而又具有新的、與眾不同的特征的事物。再比如下面一段文字：“去年，媽媽從北京給帶回一套西服，質(zhì)地上乘，做工考究，可棒了?！薄百|(zhì)地上乘，做工考究”的服裝很多，這幾個(gè)字并未把這套西服的特征說(shuō)清楚，因此不會(huì)給我們留下什么印象?？傊?，介紹一件事物，要考慮從哪方面著手才可抓住事物的具有代表性的特征。二、要遵循一定的順序?qū)懭魏挝恼露家龅綏l理分明。介紹一件事物，目的是上讓讀者清楚地了解事物本身的特點(diǎn)、性質(zhì)以及用途等，因此更需要條理清楚。我們可以按以下三類(lèi)順序說(shuō)明事物：1、時(shí)間順序，即按事物的發(fā)生、發(fā)展的先后順序進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。2、空間順序，即按事物空間位置的順序，由上至下，由近及遠(yuǎn)或由里至外地進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。3、邏輯順序，即按人們認(rèn)識(shí)事物的規(guī)律進(jìn)行說(shuō)明，如由概括到具體，由整體到部分，由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)，由表及里，由原因到結(jié)果，由主要到次要，由特點(diǎn)到用途等。三、選用恰當(dāng)?shù)姆椒ㄕf(shuō)明事物，我們常采用以下方法；1、定義法。定義法的目的是讓不知此事物的人對(duì)此物有一個(gè)起碼的了解，以利于下文的展開(kāi)。如：A thermometer is an instrument used for measuring temperature. 就是對(duì)thermometer下了一個(gè)定義。有些事物也許不好下個(gè)明確定義，但我們可以交待這個(gè)事物的背景，來(lái)源，或列舉出它的一些典型特征，以便讓讀者明白。這類(lèi)事物可以是術(shù)語(yǔ)，也可以是外國(guó)人所不了解的中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)事物，如龍舟節(jié)等。2、舉例說(shuō)明法。舉出具有代表性的例子，能夠真切地說(shuō)明事物，化抽象為具體，使段落變得有血有肉，豐富起來(lái)。舉例時(shí)常用的表達(dá)有：for example(例如)，for instance(例如)，as an example of (作為的例子)，take for example (以為例)等。3、比較法。為了突出事物鮮明的特點(diǎn)，我們常把它與其他事物進(jìn)行比較。比方說(shuō)我們想向讀者介紹什么是“電腦”，我們可以說(shuō)“Its a kind of electrical or artificial (人工的)brain.”這樣把電腦和人腦進(jìn)行了比較，從而使人們對(duì)“電腦”有更清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。4、細(xì)節(jié)描述法。介紹一種事物，僅用概述性的詞語(yǔ)如beautiful, friendly, boring, good 或bad 是不夠的。作者要提供一些細(xì)節(jié)，使被描述的對(duì)象更加形象具體，從而加深讀者的印象。除上述幾種方法外，我們還可以通過(guò)引經(jīng)據(jù)典(即引用專(zhuān)家、名人等的話(huà)語(yǔ))、列舉數(shù)字等其他方法說(shuō)明一件事物，從而使文章更加嚴(yán)密，內(nèi)容更具有科學(xué)性，更有說(shuō)服力。四、運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)言介紹事物，文字要力求簡(jiǎn)潔、明白、準(zhǔn)確。比如：The cover of the magazine is very nice. 在此句中“nice”一詞的意義不夠明確，如果改用“artistic”就清楚了許多。再如下句：We wish to state that this electric car was designed with the idea of safety in mind. 此句冗長(zhǎng)，不夠簡(jiǎn)潔，應(yīng)改為：The electric car was designed for safety. 除講究語(yǔ)言平實(shí)準(zhǔn)確的前提下，我們還可以運(yùn)用描寫(xiě)的方法，來(lái)增添文章的可讀性。例如在寫(xiě)題目為“My Pencil Box”這一文章時(shí)，若寫(xiě)成“I have a pencil-box, which was given to me by classmates as a birthday present. On it are three little bears. Inside are my pencils, a rubber and a pen-knife.”這樣的表達(dá)是不是顯得干巴巴的，毫無(wú)情趣？若能對(duì)三只小熊憨態(tài)可掬的形象加以描述，則會(huì)給讀者留下深刻的印象。另外，在介紹事物時(shí)，語(yǔ)言易流于單調(diào)，若插入傳說(shuō)、趣事，或引用詩(shī)文、成語(yǔ)，或運(yùn)用比喻、擬人、反問(wèn)等修辭手段則可使語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)形象，引人入勝。(1)、家用電腦題 材家用電腦體積小，價(jià)格低，造型優(yōu)美，簡(jiǎn)單易用，使用方便，靈活；