大學(xué)英語語法.ppt

大學(xué)英語語法講解,情態(tài)動詞的完成時(表示對過去的說法),must+have+過去分詞（用于肯定句）一定已經(jīng).Thelightisstillon.Theymusthaveforgottentoturnitoffwhentheylefttheroom.注:mustnthavedone,cant(couldnt)+have+過去分詞（用于否定或疑問句）不可能.HecannothavebeentothattownforIsawhimjustnow.,should/oughtto+have+過去分詞本應(yīng)該做(卻沒有做).Ashisbestfriend,youshould/oughttohavehelpedhim.(butinfact,youdidnt.),shouldnt/oughtnotto+have+過去分詞本不應(yīng)該做(卻做了).Youshouldnthaveparkedyourcarhere,foritsapublicplace.,neednt+have+過去分詞本不必做Youneednthavewaitedforme.ItoldyouyesterdayIwouldoverwork.,with,with+doneWiththehomeworkfinished,theboywentout.with+doingWiththeoldmanleadingtheway,wefinallyfindthehouse.,with+prepWiththelighton,allthestudentswentoutoftheclassroom.,虛擬語氣的用法,概念：表示說話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測、或建議，而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬語氣通過謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示,虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句,(1)與過去事實(shí)相反Ifhad+done,would(should,could,might)+have+doneIfyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldnthavefailedintheexam.,與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反If+did(bewere)，would(should,could,might)+doIfhehadtime,hewouldattendthemeeting.IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.,與將來事實(shí)相反If+did(bewere)/wereto/should+do,would(should,could,might)+doIfyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemeeting.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.,虛擬語氣用于賓語從句在表示建議、要求、命令類的動詞后面的賓語從句中用(should)+do。如:advise,suggest,propose,request,require,insist,demand,order,command,desireWesuggestedthatwe(should)haveameeting.Weinsistedthatthemeeting(should)becancelled.,注意：suggest作“暗示，表明”解時，insist作“堅(jiān)決認(rèn)為”解時不用虛擬語氣，而用一般的時態(tài)。Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything.Hersun-tannedfacesuggestedthatshewasinexcellenthealth.,虛擬語氣用于主語從句Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,essential,etc.)thatsb(should)+動詞原形Thisisaverydifficultoperation.Itisessentialthatyoubepreparedforemergency.,Itisbesuggested(desired,ordered,proposed,advised,etc.)thatsb(should)+do,虛擬語氣用于表語從句、同位語從句作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request，wish等名詞的表語從句、同位語從句。其謂語動詞用(should)+動詞原形Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoBeijingforsightseeing.,itis(high)timesb+didItis(high)timeweleft.,虛擬語氣用于ifonly引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中(要是就好了)IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.,accountfor:解釋某事物的原因Pleaseaccountforyourrudebehavior.bringup:撫養(yǎng)Shewasbroughtupbyheraunt.getthrough:(設(shè)法)完成;(使)通過Thereisalotofworktogetthrough.Shegotallherpupilsthroughthetest.,trytodo:設(shè)法做某事Wetrytofinishtheworkontime.endeavor(fml.)todo:設(shè)法做某事Weendeavortofinishtheworkontime.succeed(in)doing成功做某事Wesucceedinfinishingtheworkontime.,asaresult:結(jié)果Asaresult,twopeoplewerekilledintheaccident.bytheway:順便Bytheway,pleasegiveittoMary.onthecontrary:與此相反Itdoesntseemuglytome;onthecontrary,Ithinkitsratherbeautiful.,pickout:挑出Hepickedouttheripepeach.makeout:辨認(rèn)Canyoumakeoutwhatthatsignsays?giveoff:發(fā)出(蒸汽,光等)Thefoodgaveoffabadsmell.,separate:分開separatefromcompare:比較compareto/withcontrast:contrast(to/with)對比，相比,comeupwith:提出Hecameupanewideaforincreasingsales.catchupwith:趕上Afteraterm,shecaughtupwiththeotherstudentsinherclass.keepupwith:跟上Weshouldkeepupwiththepaceofthemodernsociety.,定語從句,在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which,that等和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why等。他們在定語從句中擔(dān)任句子成分。,who（代替人）:Iknowthemanwho/thatisstandingunderthetreeoverthere.whom:Thedoctor(whom)youarelookingforisintheroom.Whostandsneartheriverisourschool.,whose（可代替人和物）DoyouknowthemanwhosenameisWangYu?Iliveinaroomwhosewindowsfacesouth.which（代替物）Thebuildingwhichstandsneartheriverisourschool.,that(可代替人和物)Theletter(that)Ireceivedwasfrommyfather.注意:在下面幾種情況下必須用“that”1.先行詞是不定代詞：all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anythingAllthat(what)wehavetodoistopractiseeveryday.,2.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾。Thefirstlesson(that)Ilearnedwillneverbeforgotten.3.先行詞被all,anyevery,few,little,no,some等修飾。Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.,whenIwillneverforgetthedaywhenImetMr.Liu.whereThisistheplacewherewelivedfor5years.whyIknowthereasonwhyhecamelate.,限制性定語從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分，主句和從句之間不用逗號分開。,非限制性定語從句一般用逗號把主句和從句分開。通常關(guān)系代詞不能省略，不用that。Ihavetwosisters,whoarebothstudents.關(guān)系代詞which，as可指代前面整句話的內(nèi)容。Asweallknow,hestudiesveryhard.P184第49題,倒裝句,英語的正常語序是主語在前，謂語在后。但有時為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或?yàn)榱苏Z法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，可以將謂語的全部或部分提到主語之前。這種語法現(xiàn)象叫做倒裝。,全倒裝：把全部謂語放在主語之前。,以out,in,up,down,away,here,there,等副詞開頭的句子里。Herecomesthebus.,部分倒裝：把助動詞或情態(tài)動詞放在主語之前,否定副詞提前的句型中，否定副詞有hardly,not,nowhere,seldom,notonly,scarcely,never,little,atnotime,innocircumstance.Ishallneverdothisagain.NevershallIdothisagain.如：P184第52、53題、P206第48題、P230第47題,relieve:解除或減輕(痛苦、憂慮等)relate:relateto/with把和聯(lián)系起來retain:保持；保留,ignore:忽視；忽略neglect:忽視；忽略refuse:拒絕,asfor(sb./sth.):至于Asforyou,youshouldbeashamedofyourself.besides:除了Besidesme,theyallwenttotheSummerPalace.except:除了Exceptme,theyallwenttotheSummerPalace.,sufficient:充足的，充分的effective:有效的efficient:有能力的，有效率的respective:各自的，分別的,progress:進(jìn)步，進(jìn)展proceed:繼續(xù)前進(jìn)，繼續(xù)下去promote:推銷propose:建議，計(jì)劃,分詞做狀語,分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，可以表示時間，原因，行為方式，伴隨狀況等。1.現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式，一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生的行為，完成式表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作。,主動被動一般式doingbeing+done完成式having+donehaving+been+done,Beingastudent,Imuststudyhard.(原因)Havingbeenexaminedbythedoctor,thepatientwenthome.,注意：當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時，分詞必須有自己的主語。Timepermitting,Iwillfinishanotherlesson.P195第46、47題、P219第53題、P231第52題,過去分詞只有一般式，表示在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生的動作，本身有被動含義。Theteacherstoodthere,surroundedbythestudents.Helayhalfdead,withallhisfibsbroken.P172第49題,represent:代表；描繪，塑造；陳述present:將某物贈予或交給某人supply:供應(yīng)supplysb.withsth.Supplysth.tosb.,explode:爆炸expand:擴(kuò)大expose:暴露exposeto將暴露于explore:開發(fā),spread:展開display:展示，陳列l(wèi)ocate:位于，坐落于belocatedin,instance:事例character:性格；人物item:條款，項(xiàng)目detail:細(xì)節(jié),lookout:小心；向外看lookafter:照顧lookinto:調(diào)查lookon:旁觀,occasion:時刻，場合situation:狀況，處境inasituationcondition:條件under/inconditionenvironment:環(huán)境,Icoulddonothingbutacceptit.Icouldsaynothingbuttoacceptit.,exceptthat:除了Sherememberednothingaboutherexceptthatherhairisblack.exceptfor:除了Itisagoodarticleexceptforsomespellingmistakes.butfor:要不是Butfortherain,wewouldhavehadaniceholiday.,Itis.beforeItis.sinceItisfiveyearssinceweleftschool.,contain:包含，包括Thestorycontains3parts.secure:保護(hù)，使某物安全Thelawcansecurethecivilrightstheoldpeople.reserve:保留Theseseatsarereservedforthespecialguests.maintain:保持,sufficiently:充足地approximately:大概地considerably:很，相當(dāng)?shù)豴roperly:正確地,comeacross:碰巧遇到comeup:長出地面Teto:到達(dá)；等于某數(shù)Thebillcomesto$30.Whenwecametotheroom,noonewereinit.,comeover:從一地來到另一地WhydontyoucomeovertoEnglandforaholiday?,impression:印象Hisspeechmadeastrongimpressiononus.reaction:反應(yīng)comment:評論Doyouhaveanycommentonthismatter?,other:另外的Somepeoplearesinging,andotherpeoplearedancing.,benefit:使(某人)受好處Thepolicywillbenefitallthepeople.affect:影響Smokingwillaffectyouhealth.guide:指導(dǎo)，引導(dǎo)Heguidedmetomyseat.effect:使發(fā)生，引起effectachange,inrelationto:與有關(guān)Thismatterisinrelationtomanypeople.incontrastto:與對比Herwhitehairisinsharpcontrasttoherdarkskin.inexcessof:過度Hewasinexcessofalcohol.infavorof:支持,atheart:內(nèi)心里;基本上Imacountrygirlatheart.inperson:親身，親自Youmustcomehereinperson.onpurpose:故意的Hedidthatonpurpose.bynature:天生的,祈使句,and.If,.Ifwehadhadfiveminutesearlier,wecouldhavecaughtthelasttrain.,canthelpbutdo禁不住做某事canthelpdoing禁不住做某事Wecanthelplaughing.,Thereisnopoint(in)doingsth.做沒有什么意義/作用,turnover:(