[語(yǔ)言學(xué)]胡壯麟版《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》名詞解釋

胡壯麟語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程術(shù)語(yǔ)表第一章phonology音系學(xué)grammar語(yǔ)法學(xué)morphology形態(tài)學(xué)syntax句法學(xué)lexicology詞匯學(xué)general linguistics普通語(yǔ)言學(xué)theoretical linguistics理論語(yǔ)言學(xué)historical linguistics歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué)descriptive linguistics描寫語(yǔ)言學(xué)empirical linguistics經(jīng)驗(yàn)語(yǔ)言學(xué)dialectology方言學(xué)anthropology人類學(xué)stylistics文體學(xué)signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics語(yǔ)素結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)/形態(tài)配列學(xué)syntactic categories句法范疇syntactic classes句法類別序列sub-structure低層結(jié)構(gòu)super-structure上層結(jié)構(gòu)open syllable開音節(jié)closed syllable閉音節(jié)checked syllable成阻音節(jié)rank 等級(jí)level層次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能論sing-song theory唱歌說yo-he-ho theory勞動(dòng)喊聲說pooh-pooh theory感嘆說ta-ta theory模仿說animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模聲說Prague school布拉格學(xué)派Bilateral opposition雙邊對(duì)立Mutilateral opposition多邊對(duì)立Proportional opposition部分對(duì)立Isolated opposition孤立對(duì)立Private opposition表缺對(duì)立Graded opposition漸次對(duì)立Equipollent opposition均等對(duì)立Neutralizable opposition可中立對(duì)立Constant opposition恒定對(duì)立Systemic-functional grammar系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法Meaning potential意義潛勢(shì)Conversational implicature會(huì)話含義Deictics指示詞Presupposition預(yù)設(shè)Speech acts言語(yǔ)行為Discourse analysis話語(yǔ)分析Contetualism語(yǔ)境論P(yáng)hatic communion寒暄交談Metalanguage原語(yǔ)言Applied linguistics應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)Nominalism唯名學(xué)派Psychosomatics身學(xué)第二章trachea/windpipe氣管tip舌尖blade舌葉/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌頂back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords聲帶vocal tract聲腔initiator啟動(dòng)部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺氣流機(jī)制glottalic airstream mechanism喉氣流機(jī)制velaric airstream mechanism腭氣流機(jī)制Adams apple喉結(jié)Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant請(qǐng)輔音Voiced sound濁音Voiced consonant濁輔音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸狀態(tài)Voice state帶音狀態(tài)Whisper state耳語(yǔ)狀態(tài)Closed state封閉狀態(tài)Alveolar ride齒齦隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼氣音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive內(nèi)爆破音Click/ingressive吸氣音Segmental phonology音段音系學(xué)Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental復(fù)音段Synthetic language綜合型語(yǔ)言Diacritic mark附加符號(hào)Broad transcription寬式標(biāo)音Narrow transcription窄式標(biāo)音Orthoepy正音法Orthography正字法Etymology詞源Active articulator積極發(fā)音器官M(fèi)ovable speech organ能動(dòng)發(fā)音器官Passive articulator消極發(fā)音器官Immovable speech organ不能動(dòng)發(fā)音器官Lateral邊音Approximant j,w無(wú)摩擦延續(xù)音Resonant共鳴音Central approximant中央無(wú)摩擦延續(xù)音Lateral approximant邊無(wú)摩擦延續(xù)音Unilateral consonant單邊輔音Bilateral consonant雙邊輔音Non-lateral非邊音Trill r顫音 trilled consonant顫輔音rolled consonant滾輔音Labal-velar唇化軟腭音Interdental齒間音Post-dental后齒音Apico-alveolar舌尖齒齦音Dorso-alveolar舌背齒齦音Palato-alveolar后齒齦音Palato-alveolar腭齒齦音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音Pre-palatal前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization軟腭音化Voicing濁音化Devoicing清音化Pure vowel純?cè)鬌iphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization單元音化Centring diphthong央二合元音Closing diphthong閉二合元音Narrow diphthong窄二合元音Wide diphthong寬二合元音Phonetic similarity語(yǔ)音相似性Free variant自由變體Free variation自由變異Contiguous assimilation臨近同化Juxtapostional assimilation鄰接同化Regressive assimilation逆同化Anticipatory assimilation先行同化Progressive assimilation順同化Reciprocal assimilation互相同化Coalescent assimilation融合同化Partial assimilation部分同化Epenthesis插音Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音Weak stress弱重音Stress group重音群Sentence stress句子重音Contrastive stress對(duì)比重音Lexical stress詞匯重音Word stress詞重音Lexical tone詞匯聲調(diào)Nuclear tone核心聲調(diào)Tonetics聲調(diào)學(xué)Intonation contour語(yǔ)調(diào)升降曲線Tone units聲調(diào)單位Intonology語(yǔ)調(diào)學(xué)Multilevel phonology多層次音系學(xué)Monosyllabic word多音節(jié)詞Polysyllabic word單音節(jié)次Maximal onset principle最大節(jié)首輔音原則 第三章 詞匯liaison連音contracted form縮寫形式frequency count詞頻統(tǒng)計(jì)a unit of vocabulary詞匯單位a lexical item詞條a lexeme詞位hierarchy層次性lexicogrammar詞匯語(yǔ)法morpheme語(yǔ)素nonomorphemic words單語(yǔ)素詞polymorphemic words多語(yǔ)素詞relative uninterruptibility相對(duì)連續(xù)性a minimum free form最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式variable words 可變?cè)~invariable words不變?cè)~paradigm聚合體grammatical words(function words)語(yǔ)法詞/功能詞lexical words(content words)詞匯詞/實(shí)義詞closed-class words封閉類詞opened-class words開放類詞word class詞類particles小品詞pro-form代詞形式pro-adjective(so)代形容詞pro-verb(do/did)代副詞pro-adverb(so)代動(dòng)詞pro-locative(there)代處所詞/代方位詞determiners限定詞predeterminers前置限定詞central determiners中置限定詞post determiners后置限定詞ordinal number序數(shù)詞cardinal number基數(shù)詞morpheme詞素morphology形態(tài)學(xué)free morpheme自由詞素bound morpheme黏著詞素root詞根affix詞綴stem詞干root morpheme詞根語(yǔ)素prefix前綴infix中綴suffix后綴bound root morpheme黏著詞根詞素inflectional affix屈折詞綴derivational affix派生詞綴inflectional morphemes屈折語(yǔ)素derivational morphemes派生語(yǔ)素word-formation構(gòu)詞compound復(fù)合詞endocentric compound向心復(fù)合詞exocentric compound離心復(fù)合詞nominal endocentric compound名詞性向心復(fù)合詞adjective endocentric compound形容詞性向心復(fù)合詞verbal compound動(dòng)詞性復(fù)合詞synthetic compound綜合性復(fù)合詞derivation派生詞morpheme語(yǔ)素phoneme音位morphonology形態(tài)語(yǔ)音學(xué)morphophomemics形態(tài)音位學(xué)morphemic structure語(yǔ)素結(jié)構(gòu)phonological structure音素結(jié)構(gòu)monosyllabic單音節(jié)polysyllabic多音節(jié)phonological conditioned音位的限制morphological conditioned形態(tài)的限制coinage/invention新創(chuàng)詞語(yǔ)blending混成法abbreviation縮寫法acronym首字母縮寫法back-formation逆序造次/逆構(gòu)詞法analogical creation類比構(gòu)詞法borrowing借詞法loanword借詞loanblend混合借詞loanshift轉(zhuǎn)移借詞loan translation翻譯借詞loss脫落addition添加metathesis換位assimilation同化contact assimilation接觸性同化contiguous assimilation臨近性同化theory of least effort省力理論non- contiguous assimilation非臨近性同化distant assimilation遠(yuǎn)距離同化morpho-syntactic change形態(tài)-句法變化morphological change形態(tài)變化syntactical change句法變化finite element有定成分semantic change語(yǔ)義變化multisemous多種意義broadening詞義擴(kuò)大narrowing詞義縮小meaning shift詞義轉(zhuǎn)移class shift詞性變換folk etymology俗詞源orthographic change拼寫的變化conversion變換/變碼domain范圍/領(lǐng)域meaning shift意義轉(zhuǎn)移split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造詞語(yǔ)clipping截?cái)喾╩etanalysis再分化finiteness定式proximate(this)近指代詞obviative(that)遠(yuǎn)指代詞non-productivity/unproductive非多產(chǎn)性semiotics符號(hào)學(xué)paradigmatic relations聚合關(guān)系associative relations聯(lián)想關(guān)系syntagmatic relations組合關(guān)系sequential relations序列關(guān)系logogram語(yǔ)標(biāo)register語(yǔ)域passive vocabulary消極詞匯lexis/vocabulary詞匯表 第四章 句法number數(shù)gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive屬格dative與格ablative離格tense 時(shí)aspect體perfective完成體imperfective未完成體concord/agreement一致關(guān)系/協(xié)同關(guān)系government支配關(guān)系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship組合關(guān)系paradigmatic relationship聚合關(guān)系associative relationship聯(lián)想關(guān)系animate noun有生名詞the two axes兩根坐標(biāo)坐標(biāo)軸immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure線性結(jié)構(gòu)hierarchical structure層級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)construction結(jié)構(gòu)體constituent成分substituability替換性labeled tree diagram標(biāo)簽樹形圖endocentric/headed construction向心結(jié)構(gòu)/中心結(jié)構(gòu)exocentric construction離心結(jié)構(gòu)subordinate construction主從結(jié)構(gòu)coordinate construction并列結(jié)構(gòu)recapitulation再現(xiàn)the declarative陳述句the interrogative疑問句dative movement與格移位morph-phonemic rule形態(tài)音位規(guī)則constituent morphemes成分規(guī)則affix hopping詞綴越位nominalization名物化object-deletion賓語(yǔ)刪除subject-deletion主語(yǔ)刪除categories語(yǔ)類lexicon詞庫(kù)temporal subject表時(shí)間的主語(yǔ)syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論trace theory語(yǔ)跡理論the same index帶同標(biāo)志government管轄binding約束a rule system規(guī)則系統(tǒng)a principle system原則系統(tǒng)constituent command(C-command for short)成分統(tǒng)制plain English普通英語(yǔ)anaphor照應(yīng)語(yǔ)pronominal指代語(yǔ)r-expression(referential-expression)指稱語(yǔ)INFL(inflection)形態(tài)變化reciprocals(each other)相互代詞accessible subject可及主語(yǔ)local domain局部語(yǔ)域binding domain約束語(yǔ)域logophoricity主人公視角CS(computational system)計(jì)算系統(tǒng)Merger合并move移動(dòng)theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主語(yǔ)objective order客觀順序subjective order主觀順序actual sentence division實(shí)義句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子觀communicative dynamism (CD)交際動(dòng)力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表達(dá)功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function稱呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function詩(shī)學(xué)功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人際功能textual function語(yǔ)篇功能transitivity及物性actor動(dòng)作者mood system語(yǔ)氣系統(tǒng)the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陳語(yǔ)氣imperative祈使語(yǔ)氣mental-process(a process of sensing)心理過程（感覺過程）relational process(a process of being)關(guān)系過程（屬性過程）verbal process(a process of saying)言語(yǔ)過程（講話過程）existential process生存過程 第四章 句法number數(shù)gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive屬格dative與格ablative離格tense 時(shí)aspect體perfective完成體imperfective未完成體concord/agreement一致關(guān)系/協(xié)同關(guān)系government支配關(guān)系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship組合關(guān)系paradigmatic relationship聚合關(guān)系associative relationship聯(lián)想關(guān)系animate noun有生名詞the two axes兩根坐標(biāo)坐標(biāo)軸immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure線性結(jié)構(gòu)hierarchical structure層級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)construction結(jié)構(gòu)體constituent成分substituability替換性labeled tree diagram標(biāo)簽樹形圖endocentric/headed construction向心結(jié)構(gòu)/中心結(jié)構(gòu)exocentric construction離心結(jié)構(gòu)subordinate construction主從結(jié)構(gòu)coordinate construction并列結(jié)構(gòu)recapitulation再現(xiàn)the declarative陳述句the interrogative疑問句dative movement與格移位morph-phonemic rule形態(tài)音位規(guī)則constituent morphemes成分規(guī)則affix hopping詞綴越位nominalization名物化object-deletion賓語(yǔ)刪除subject-deletion主語(yǔ)刪除categories語(yǔ)類lexicon詞庫(kù)temporal subject表時(shí)間的主語(yǔ)syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論trace theory語(yǔ)跡理論the same index帶同標(biāo)志government管轄binding約束a rule system規(guī)則系統(tǒng)a principle system原則系統(tǒng)constituent command(C-command for short)成分統(tǒng)制plain English普通英語(yǔ)anaphor照應(yīng)語(yǔ)pronominal指代語(yǔ)r-expression(referential-expression)指稱語(yǔ)INFL(inflection)形態(tài)變化reciprocals(each other)相互代詞accessible subject可及主語(yǔ)local domain局部語(yǔ)域binding domain約束語(yǔ)域logophoricity主人公視角CS(computational system)計(jì)算系統(tǒng)=derivational procedure推導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)Merger合并move移動(dòng)theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主語(yǔ)objective order客觀順序subjective order主觀順序actual sentence division實(shí)義句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子觀communicative dynamism (CD)交際動(dòng)力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表達(dá)功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function稱呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function詩(shī)學(xué)功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人際功能textual function語(yǔ)篇功能transitivity及物性actor動(dòng)作者mood system語(yǔ)氣系統(tǒng)the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陳語(yǔ)氣imperative祈使語(yǔ)氣mental-process(a process of sensing)心理過程（感覺過程）relational process(a process of being)關(guān)系過程（屬性過程）verbal process(a process of saying)言語(yǔ)過程（講話過程）existential process生存過程empiricism經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義（洛克，白板說）rationalism 理性主義（笛卡爾）mentalism心靈主義new empiricism新經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義(Bloomfield)priori先天綜合判斷（康德Kant）Cartesian linguistics笛卡爾語(yǔ)言學(xué)派Syntactic structure (SS)早期轉(zhuǎn)換句法時(shí)期Standard theory (ST)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論時(shí)期Extended Standard theory (EST)擴(kuò)展的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論Revised Standard theory(REST)擴(kuò)展的休正標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論The theory of government and binding (GB theory)管轄和約束理論時(shí)期（管約論）Minimalist program (MP)最簡(jiǎn)方案時(shí)期Structural description結(jié)構(gòu)描寫式Performance system應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)Modular theory模塊理論Spell-out拼寫Language faculty語(yǔ)言機(jī)制/官能Mental organ心智器官Knowledge of language 語(yǔ)言知識(shí)Meaning potential 意義潛勢(shì)Context culture 文化語(yǔ)境Field語(yǔ)場(chǎng)Tenor語(yǔ)旨Mode語(yǔ)式pivot words軸心詞mental construct心理構(gòu)念theoretical cognitive psychology理論認(rèn)知心理學(xué)psychological faculty心理官能autosyn/autogram/autoknow語(yǔ)法自主(arbitrariness任意性,systemacity系統(tǒng)性, self-containedness自足性)typological functionalism類型學(xué)功能主義extreme functionalism極端的功能主義external functionalism外部功能主義integrative functionalism一體化功能注主義exceptional case marking例外格標(biāo)記specifier標(biāo)定成分fall-category maximal projection全語(yǔ)類的最大投射two-segment category兩節(jié)語(yǔ)類complement domain補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)區(qū)域minimal domain最小區(qū)域internal domain內(nèi)部區(qū)域checking domain檢驗(yàn)區(qū)域sisterhood姐妹關(guān)系minimizing chain link最小語(yǔ)鏈聯(lián)結(jié)representational system表達(dá)系統(tǒng)strict cyclic principle嚴(yán)格