定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法講解含習(xí)題含答案.doc

定語(yǔ)從句一、 知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后，由一定的連接詞引導(dǎo)，連接詞稱為關(guān)系代詞（which,that,as,whom,who,whose）或關(guān)系副詞（when,where,why）1、 限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句限定性定語(yǔ)從句起對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行限定、區(qū)分的作用。若去掉易產(chǎn)生歧義或使主句意義不明確。（此類定語(yǔ)從句前后沒(méi)有逗號(hào)）【eg】The dress that my mother bought for me is very beautiful. 我媽媽給我買(mǎi)的裙子很漂亮。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間的關(guān)系比較松散，只對(duì)先行詞起說(shuō)明和描述的作用。若省去，剩余部分意義仍然完整，表達(dá)清楚。（此類定語(yǔ)從句前后用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)）【eg】Your writings , which everyone admires , are very marvelous.你的作品人人欣賞，實(shí)在是太了不起了。 Shakespeare , whose plays are popular , was a great writer. 莎士比亞是個(gè)偉大的作家，他的劇作很受歡迎。某些情況下，一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句既可以作限定性定語(yǔ)從句，又可以作為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，但二者含義有差別?！緀g】There are ten cars here which are made in China.這里有十輛中國(guó)制造的車(chē)。 （這里可能還有其他的車(chē)）There are ten cars here , which are made in China. 這里有十輛車(chē)，它們都是中國(guó)制造的。 （這里只有十輛車(chē)）that和why一般不引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，其他引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞都可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。【eg】My elder brother , who is an engineer , is working abroad. 我的哥哥在國(guó)外工作，他是一個(gè)工程師。 Last year , I visited Quanzhou , which is a beautiful city in Fujian Province. 去年我游覽了泉州，它是福建省一個(gè)漂亮的城市。2、 關(guān)系代詞的使用指代對(duì)象人事物人+事物主格who/that which/thatthat賓格whom/thatwhich/thatthat所有格whosewhose/of whichwhich和that指物 which和that引導(dǎo)的限定性定語(yǔ)從句表事物，可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。當(dāng)他們?cè)谫e語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that和which?？梢允÷??！緀g】We must respect the custom here that has existed for hundreds of years.我們必須尊重這里存在了數(shù)百年的習(xí)俗。 （做主語(yǔ)）This is the book (that / which) I want to buy. 這就是我想買(mǎi)的那本書(shū)。 （做buy的賓語(yǔ)）多數(shù)情況下，that和which 可以通用。 在下列幾種情況下，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞多用that，不用或少用which。a 先行詞前有形容詞的最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或the only , the very , the last等表絕對(duì)意義的詞作修飾語(yǔ)?！緀g】This is the oldest tree that exists in the world.這是世界上現(xiàn)存最老的一棵樹(shù)。The only thing ( that ) he is interested in is collecting stamps.他唯一感興趣的事就是集郵。b 先行詞為不定代詞（anything , nothing , everything）或被little , few , much, any , no等修飾【eg】All the songs ( that ) he sang are very popular here.他唱的所有的歌在這兒都很流行。Everything that should be done has been done.一切應(yīng)該做的事情都已經(jīng)做了。若先行詞是something，定語(yǔ)從句用 that 和 which 都可以。c 先行詞既包括人又包括物【eg】They talked of people and things ( that ) they remembered in England.他們談起了記憶中在英國(guó)的人和事。d 當(dāng)句中已有wh疑問(wèn)句，有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)，用 that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句而不用which。 在下列幾種情況下，一般使用which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句而不用that.a 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句【eg】China , which is the third largest country in the world , is playing an important part in the world affairs.中國(guó)是世界上第三大國(guó)家，它在國(guó)際事務(wù)中起著重要的作用。b that和which 在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。介詞可以放在句末也可以提到關(guān)系代詞前面。介詞放在句末時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可用that 和which ，也可省略。介詞提前到關(guān)系代詞前時(shí)，只能用which 不能用that ，且which 不可省?！緀g】A bottle opener is a tool ( which / that ) bottles are opened with.=A bottle opener is a tool with which bottles are opened.開(kāi)瓶器是一種用來(lái)開(kāi)啟瓶子的工具。c 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面有插入語(yǔ)?！緀g】I have received the invitation to your wedding which , as I have told you , made me very glad.我已經(jīng)收到你的婚禮請(qǐng)柬。這個(gè)邀請(qǐng)，正如我所告訴你的，使我感到萬(wàn)分榮幸。d 若先行詞是that，則用 which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。(that which的結(jié)構(gòu)通常出現(xiàn)在諺語(yǔ)中)【eg】That which is evil is soon learned. 壞事易學(xué)。 先行詞是way時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有三種形式:in which / that或不用引導(dǎo)詞?！緀g】The way he speaks is unique. =The way that he speaks is unique. =The way in which he speaks is unique.他說(shuō)話的方式很奇特。who,whom 和that指人 who和that在從句中既可做主語(yǔ)又可做賓語(yǔ)whom 在從句中只可用做賓語(yǔ)。當(dāng)who , whom和that在從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以省略?！緀g】Do you know the girl who / that is talking with John over there?你認(rèn)識(shí)在那邊和John說(shuō)話的那個(gè)女孩嗎？The man (who / whom / that ) you have just talked with is our teacher. 剛才和你說(shuō)話的那個(gè)是我們的老師。 who , whom , that在從句中都可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。介詞可位于句末也可提到關(guān)系代詞前。介詞位于句末時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可用who , whom或that，也可省略。介詞提到關(guān)系代詞前時(shí)，只能用whom不能用that和who，并且whom不可省。（注意與2/b類比）【eg】The man ( who / whom / that ) you have just talked with is our teacher. =The man with whom you have just talked is our teacher. 剛才和你說(shuō)話的那個(gè)人是我們的老師。 whose指人或指物，充當(dāng)名詞的修飾語(yǔ)，表示所屬關(guān)系。“whose+名詞”=“名詞+ of which”二者意思相同，可互換?！緀g】Look at the house whose windows are round. =Look at the house the windows of which are round. 看那座窗戶是圓形的房子。 as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 先行詞有such 或the same 修飾，或者在as/so as 的結(jié)構(gòu)中，都可用as做關(guān)系代詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句。【eg】I want to buy the same pen as you are using. 我想買(mǎi)一支和你用的那支一樣的筆。 He used such expressions as he could find in the texts. 他使用在課文中可以找到的那些詞語(yǔ)。當(dāng)the same修飾先行詞時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞既可以用as也可用that。區(qū)別：that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句表示它所表述的事物與先行詞是同一個(gè)。 as既可以表示“同一個(gè)”又可以表示“同類”?！緀g】This is the same book that I have lost. 這就是我丟失的那本書(shū)。 This is the same book as I have lost.這本書(shū)和我丟失的那本一模一樣。 as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾的是前面的整個(gè)句子。which 也有這種用法,兩者在大部分情況下可互換。【eg】She has just cried , as / which I could see from her swollen eyes.她剛剛哭過(guò)，我從她紅腫的眼睛就可以看出。As is known to all , China is the third largest country in the world. 眾所周知，中國(guó)是世界上第三大繁榮國(guó)家。which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句和引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：a which從句只能放在句末，而as從句可位于句首、句中、句末。【eg】Mark Twain , as we all know , is a great writer. 眾所周知，馬克吐溫是一位偉大的作家。b 當(dāng)主句是否定句時(shí)，as不能用 which 來(lái)替換。as從句所修飾的范圍并不包括主句的否定意義?！緀g】Spiders are not insects , as many people think. 蜘蛛并非像許多人所想的那樣是昆蟲(chóng)。3、 關(guān)系副詞when , where , why的使用關(guān)系副詞where , when , why在從句中分別做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和原因狀語(yǔ)。他們經(jīng)?？梢杂谩敖樵~+ which ”來(lái)替代when可替換為 on / at / in / during + which , 在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。【eg】I still remember the day when / on which we first met. 我還記得我們初次見(jiàn)面的那一天。 Do you still remember the summer vacation when / during which we visited a lot of places in Beijing? 你還記得我們?cè)诒本┯斡[了很多地方的那個(gè)暑假嗎？ where可替換為 at / in / to + which ，在定語(yǔ)從句中跟在表地點(diǎn)的名詞后面做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)?！緀g】That is the school where / at which I used to study. 那就是我過(guò)去學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)的學(xué)校。Think of a place where / to which we can go for a swim.想一個(gè)我們可以去游泳的地方。 why 可替換為for which ，引導(dǎo)先行詞為reason的定語(yǔ)從句，表示原因?！緀g】This is the reason why / for which he was late. 這就是他遲到的原因。 關(guān)系副詞when , where , why 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)一般可用that替換，也可省略。【eg】She is always busy working from the time ( when / that ) she gets up in the morning till the time ( when / that ) she goes to bed.她總是很忙，從早上起床一直到上床睡覺(jué)，她都在工作。That is the place ( where / that ) I went before.那就是我們從前去過(guò)的地方。Do you know the reason ( why / that ) he left the company? 你知道他離開(kāi)公司的原因嗎？二、 例題1、（ ）The flood overflowed the riverbanks , _ frequently happened in that area.A as it B which C it D such2、（ ）This is the best novel _ we have read in recent years.A which B that C as D so3、（ ）All _ is a large sum of money.A what is needed B that is neededC the thing needed D for their needs4、（ ）Read the text a second time and you will probably know what the principle _ a hovercraft works.A is on that B has on whichC is on which D on which5、（ ）The way _ he gives his performances is appreciated by his fans. Which of the followings is wrong?A / B which C in which D that6、（ ）My assistant , _ carefully read through the instructions before doing the experiment , did not get satisfactory results.A who thought B even who C who had D who having7、（ ）In the dark streets , there was not a single person _ she could turn for help.A that B who C from whom D to whom 8、（ ）The neighbourhood factory , _ workers are all women , turns out toys of fine quality.A there B which C whose D when 9、（ ）He is such an outstanding leader _ is loved by the people throughout the country.A as B that C which D who10、（ ）The can opener is easy to handle , _ is shown in the picture.A as it B as C that D since11、（ ）Everything was quite all right _ one day _ she got into trouble.A not until ; when B until ; beforeC not until ; before D until ; when12、（ ）A fast food restaurant is the place _ ,just as the name suggests , eating is performed quickly.A which B where C there D what13、（ ）The plane was delayed , _ was that the weather was terrible.A the reason why B the reason for itC the reason of it D the reason for which14、（ ）Do not let the child who is _ swim in rivers.A not old enough B too young to C not old enough to D young enough to15、（ ）I think you have got to the point _ ,a change is needed , otherwise you will fail.A when B that C where D which三、 鞏固練習(xí)1、（ ）Is this university _ they paid a visit to last month?A which B where C the one D which you2、（ ）I will never forget the days _ we spent together in the village.A / B when C what D how3、（ ） _ is mentioned above , the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.A Which B As C That D It4、（ ）I was late for school this morning because of the traffic jam _ I was caught.A which B where C in which D when5、（ ）Has everything _ can be done _ done?A / ; / B / ; been C that ; been D that ; be6、（ ）Can you find me something _ ?A to open the tin B that I can open the tinC I can open the tin with D by which to open the tin 7、（ ）Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _ it comes in contact.A where B with which C that D as soon as8、