建筑工程英語專業(yè)英語unitPPT課件

.,1,Lesson4,BuildingComponents,.,2,Materialsandstructuralformsarecombinedtomakeupthevariouspartsofabuilding,includingthesoilandfoundations,load-carryingframe,skin,partitions,floors,andstairs,suchasthoseshowninFig4.1.Thebuildingalsohasmechanicalandelectricalsystems,suchaselevators,heatingandcoolingsystems,andlightingsystemsThesuperstructureisthatpartofabuildingaboveground;andthesubstructureandfoundationisthatpartofabuildingbelowground.,partition分開,分割,隔墻,隔板superstructure上部結(jié)構(gòu),.,3,1-foundation;2-externalwall3、4-internalwall;5-floor6-roof7-groundfloor8-door;9-window10-stair11-step12-canopy13-apron,Fig4.1ComponentsofaBuilding,canopy雨蓬apron窗臺(tái),.,4,SoilsandFoundations,Allbuildingsaresupportedontheground,andthereforethenatureofthesoilbecomesanextremelyimportantconsiderationinthedesignofanybuilding.Thedesignofafoundationdependsonmanysoilfactors,suchastypeofsoil,soilstratification,thicknessofsoillayersandtheircompaction,andgroundwaterconditions.Soilsrarelyhaveasinglecomposition;theygenerallyaremixturesinlayersofvaryingthickness.Forevaluation,soilsaregradedaccordingtoparticlesize,whichincreasesfromsilttoclaytosandtograveltorock.,.,5,stratification層理;成層compaction壓實(shí)composition組成silt粉土clay粘土sand砂土grave碎石,.,6,Duetoboththecompactionandfloweffects,buildingstendtosettle.Uniformsettlementsarenotsoserious,butunevensettlementscanhavedamagingeffectsthebuildingmaylean,wallsandpartitionsmaycrack(Fig4.2),windowsanddoorsmaybecomeinoperative,andintheextreme,abuildingmaycollapse.Becausesuchmovementscanoccurduringandafterconstruction,carefulanalysisofthebehaviorofsoilsunderabuildingisvital.,collapse倒塌,.,7,Fig4.2Relativesettlementcurveandcracksofabuilding,.,8,Thegreatvariabilityofsoilshasledtoavarietyofsolutionstothefoundationproblem.Wherefirmsoilexistsclosetothesurface,thesimplestsolutionistorestcolumnsonasmallslabofconcrete.Wherethesoilissofter,itisnecessarytospreadthecolumnloadoveragreaterarea;inthiscase,acontinuous-slabofconcreteunderthewholebuildingisused.Incaseswherethesoilnearthesurfaceisunabletosupporttheweightofthebuilding,pilesofwood,steel,orconcretearedrivendowntofirmsoil.,.,9,（a）spreadfoundation,spreadfoundation擴(kuò)展基礎(chǔ),.,10,.,11,（b）stripfoundation,stripfoundation條形基礎(chǔ),.,12,（c）raftfoundation,（d）boxfoundation,筏形基礎(chǔ),箱形基礎(chǔ),.,13,（e）pilefoundation,樁基礎(chǔ),.,14,Load-CarryingFrame,Untilthelate19thcentury,theexteriorwallsofabuildingwereusedasbearingwallstosupportthefloors(Fig4.4).ThisconstructionisstillusedinframeconstructionforhousesBearing-wallconstructionlimitedtheheightofbuildingsbecauseoftheenormouswallthicknessrequired1.Skeletonconstruction,consistingofsteelbeamsandcolumns,wasfirstusedin1889.,frame框架，骨架exterior外部的,外面的,外部,表面bearingwa11承重墻skeleton骨架,.,15,Asaconsequenceofskeletonconstruction,theenclosingwallsbecomea“curtainwallratherthanservingasupportingfunctionMasonrywasthecurtainwallmaterialuntilthe1930s,whenlightmetalandglasscurtainwallswereused.Aftertheintroductionofthesteelskeleton,theheightofbuildingscontinuedtoincreaserapidly.,curtainwall懸墻幕墻,.,16,Fig4.4bearing-wallconstruction,.,17,AlltallbuildingswerebuiltwithaskeletonofsteeluntilWorldWar.Afterthewar,theshortageofsteelandtheimprovedqualityofconcreteledtotallbuildingsbeingbuiltofreinforcedconcrete.Achangeinattitudeaboutskyscraperconstructionhasbroughtareturntotheuseofthebearingwall.Thisperimeterwall,ineffect,constitutesabearingwallOnereasonforthistrendisthatstiffnessagainsttheactionofwindcanbeeconomicallyobtainedbyusingthewallsofthebuildingasatube2.Incontrast,rigidframesorverticaltrussesareusuallyprovidedtogivelateralstability.,reinforcedconcrete鋼筋混凝土perimeterwall圍墻stability穩(wěn)定性,.,18,Skin,Theskinofabuildingconsistsofbothtransparentelements(windows）andopaqueelements(walls)(Fig4.5).Windowsaretraditionallyglass,althoughplasticsarebeingused.Thewallelements,whichareusedtocoverthestructureandaresupportedbyit,arebuiltofavarietyofmaterials:brick,precastconcrete,stone,opaqueglass,plastics,steel,andaluminum.Woodisusedmainlyinhouseconstruction;itisnotgenerallyusedforcommercial,industrial,orpublicbuildingsbecauseofthefirehazard.,opaque不透明的,不透光的,不透明體aluminum鋁,.,19,Fig4.5Theskinofabuilding,.,20,Floors,Theconstructionofthefloorsinabuildingdependsonthebasicstructuralframethatisused(Fig4.6).Insteelskeletonconstruction,floorsareeitherslabsofconcreterestingonsteelbeamsoradeckconsistingofcorrugatedsteelwithaconcretetopping.Inconcreteconstruction,thefloorsareeitherslabsofconcreteonconcretebeamsoraseriesofcloselyspacedconcretebeams(ribs)intwodirectionstoppedwithathinconcreteslab.,deck甲板,艙面,橋面,層面corrugate弄皺,使起皺紋,起皺的,起波紋的slab板,.,21,Thekindoffloorthatisuseddependsonthespanbetweensupportingcolumnsorwallsandthefunctionofthespace.Inanapartmentbuilding,forinstance,wherewallsandcolumnsarespacedat12to18feet（3.7to5.5meters）,themostpopularconstructionisasolidconcreteslabwithnobeams.Corrugatedsteeldecksareoftenusedinofficebuildingsbecausethecorrugations,whenenclosedbyanothersheetofmetal,formductsfortelephoneandelectricallines3.,duct管道,通道,預(yù)應(yīng)力筋孔,.,22,Slabfloor,Slabandbeamribbedfloor,.,23,Croinedslabfloor,No-beamfloor,.,24,Corrugatedsteelslabfloor,Fig4.6Typesoffloor,.,25,Stairs,ComponentsofastaircaseareshowninFig4.7.Stairistheverticaltransportfacilitieswhichcontactthetwointerfacingfloorsinthebuilding.Stairshouldsatisfytheverticaltransportationindailylifeandsafelyevacuateinemergency.Evenwiththeelevator,high-risebuildingsalsoneedtosetupthestairs.Accordingtoitsforms,thereare:straight-runningstairs,multi-runningstairs,scissors-typestairs,spiralstairsetc(Fig4.8).,.,26,Accordingtotheirdifferentmaterials,thereare:reinforcedconcretestairs,steelstairsandwoodstairs.Reinforcedconcretestairsarefrequentlyencounteredinbuildingsbecauseofmoreadvantagesthanothersinstructuralstiffness,refractory,cost,construction,formingetc4.,duct管道,通道,預(yù)應(yīng)力筋孔encounter遇到，碰到,.,27,Fig4.7Componentsofastaircase,.,28,Straight-runningstairs,Multi-runningstairs,.,29,Scissors-typestairs,Spiralstairs,Fig4.8Formsofstairs,.,30,1.Bearing-wallconstructionlimitedtheheightofbuildingsbecauseof;theenormouswa