美國歷史上的幾次大罷工

TheStrugglesofLabor 二 I IntroductiontotheStrugglesII Summary AmericanFederationofLabor AFL UnderSamuelGompers leader AFLfocusedonskilledworkers Objectives pureandsimple andapolitical 與政治無關的 increasingwages reducinghoursandimprovingworkingconditions Significance Gompershelpedturnthelabormovementawayfromthesocialistviewsearlierlaborleadershadespoused 采納 SamuelGompers塞繆爾 龔帕斯 1850 1924 Samwasborninapoorcigar makerfamilyinLondon England Inordertomakeabetterliving hisfamilymovedtoNewYorkin1863 SambecameastudentofsocialisminEuropeoftheInternationalWorkingman sAssociation Andthenhelearnedwhatalaborunitymeantandthe collectivebargaining Intime SamformedtheCigarmakers LocalNumberOne Hundred Forty Four Intheunion allpeoplehadarepresentativevoice Expertssay thisunionwasthebeginningoftheAmericanlabormovement In1886 SamGompershelpedorganizeanewunionforalllaborunions whichwascalledtheAmericanFederationofLabor AFL Samworkedhiswholelifeforonecause improvingtherightsofworkers However labor sgoals andtheunwillingnessofcapitaltogrant 轉讓 them resultedinthemostviolentlaborconflictsinthenation shistory GreatRailStrikeof1877 Reason Inresponsetoa10 percentpaycut Influence Attemptstobreakthestrikeledtoriotingandwide scaledestructioninseveralcities Baltimore Chicago Pittsburgh BuffaloandSanFrancisco Solution Sendingfederaltroopsbeforethestrikewasended Pictures Riotsof1892 Place Homestead Pennsylvania atCarnegie ssteelworks Process AgroupofdetectivesthecompanyhadhiredtobreakabitterstrikebytheAmalgamatedAssociationofIron SteelandTinWorkerswerefiredand10werekilled Result TheNationalGuardwascalled non unionworkerswerehiredandthestrikebroken Unionswerenotletbackintotheplantuntil1937 Pictures APaperofThePullmanStrikeof1894 ByJonathanBassett Introduction GeorgePullmanfoundedtheluxurysleepingcarsfortherailroadsandbuiltthePullman sPalaceCarCompanyinChicagoin1880 whichwascalleda modeltown Pullman stownshowedthattheinterestsoflaborandmanagementwerereallyoneandthesame andthatresponsiblecapitalistscouldsolvesomeofthepressingsocialproblemscreatedbycapitalismitself Butduringtheeconomicdepression thecompanybegantolayoffemployeesandcutwages Employeescomplainttheycouldnotaffordtheirrenting Process Inearly1894 theworkforceatPullmanwasorganizedbytheAmericanRailwayUnion ARU whichwasundertheleadershipofEugeneDebs Theyattemptedtonegotiatewithmanagerstogainhigherwagesorlowerrents butrefused Then theARUvotedtosupportthemwithanationalboycottofPullmancars Thestrikeinfluencedthesinglerailjunction 樞紐站 basedinChicago whichaffectedthetransportationofthedailygoods Sabotagewasalsoafactor astracksandswitchesweredamagedandcarswereburned ThemanagementsideinthestrugglewasrepresentedbytheGeneralManagers Association GMA a voluntaryandunincorporatedassociation formedbytwenty fourChicago basedrailroads TheGMAaskedtheUnitedStatesAttorneyGeneralinChicagotorequestafederalcourtinjunction 強制令 禁止令 againstthestrike TheinjunctionwasgrantedonJuly2 Itstermsplacedablanket 全面的 restrictiononallactionsthatcouldimpedethemovementoftrainsandmailandprohibitedtheofficersoftheARUfromdirectingtheboycott Solution PresidentClevelandorderedfederaltroopstoChicagotoenforcetheinjunction whichquelledtheriotingandbrokethestrike Bymid Julytrainswererunningmoreorlessasbeforethestrike EugeneDebsandseveralotherleadersofthestrikewerearrested Intheauthor spointofview thePullmanstrikewasinstrumentalinpushingthefederalgovernmenttobegintakingamoreimpartialroleinthebattlebetweencapitalandlabor wherepreviouslyithadbeennotedforitsstrongsupportofbusinessinterests ComparisonofChicagobeforeandaftertheStrike Chicago 1893 TheColumbianExposition Chicago 1894 TheresultsofthePullmanStrike thedestroyedtraincarsbyrioters InternationalWorkersoftheWorld IWW Process TheInternationalWorkersoftheWorld IWW oneofthemostmilitantstrike proneunions wasfightingforbetterconditionsintheWest sminingindustry TheIWW orthe Wobblies gainedpopularprominencefromtheColoradomineclashesof1903 Openlycallingforclasswarfare theWobbliesgainedmanyadherents 追隨者 aftertheywonadifficultstrikebattleinMassachusettsin1912 Result Theircallforworkstoppage 停工 inthemidstofWorldWarIledtoagovernmentcrackdown 鎮(zhèn)壓 in1917 whichvirtuallydestroyedthem Summary Asforthereasonsforthesestruggles theysharethesimilarities lowwages longworkinghours badworkingconditionsetc Theybothbroughtthetwo sideinfluence heavilyblowingthemercenary