外研版高一英語上學(xué)期語法總結(jié).doc

此文檔收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除高一英語必修1&必修2語法總結(jié)一、語法綜述：1. 英語的詞法主要是研究英語中的十大類詞動詞形容詞副詞冠詞名詞介詞代詞連詞數(shù)詞感嘆詞2. 英語的句法主要是研究句子的構(gòu)成、排列順序、以及使用的。英語的句子按照用途劃分四大類：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句。按照句子的繁簡程度劃分為三類：簡單句、并列句、復(fù)雜句。并列句：You are a student and I am a teacher. You are a student but you learn English better than your teacher.復(fù)雜句：I agreed with what you said. The teacher who is serious and energetic is our English teacher.Because he is strict, we dont like him.必修一跟必修2中主要涉及到的句法為復(fù)雜句中的狀語從句（其中主要提到：時間狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句）二、課本中具體語法知識點講解（一）動詞動詞分為謂語動詞和非謂語動詞謂語動詞謂語動詞是句子的“心臟”，在句子中謂語由不同的時態(tài)構(gòu)成?！皶r態(tài)”就是謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間和存在的狀態(tài)（“時”為時間，“態(tài)”為狀態(tài)）。時間：-|-|-|-過去（past） 現(xiàn)在（present） 將來（future） 狀態(tài)：進行/完成這兩冊書中主要學(xué)習(xí)了一般將來時、一般過去時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時。1. 一般將來時（動作發(fā)生在將來）跟一般過去時（動作發(fā)生在過去）都表示動作發(fā)生的時間，與狀態(tài)沒有關(guān)系。例如：2. 現(xiàn)在完成時（have/has done）表示兩方面的的含義：a. 過去發(fā)生的動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且可能一直持續(xù)下去。b. 過去發(fā)生的動作，對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。（落腳點在現(xiàn)在，注意與一般過去時的區(qū)別）3. 過去完成時（had done）表示“過去的過去”（ past-in-the-past ）（a）. -|-|-|-那時以前 那時(過去) 現(xiàn)在e.g. They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. He didnt go to bed until he had finished he work.（b）. 注意過去完成時跟后面學(xué)的從句聯(lián)系起來：e.g. When I woke up, it had stopped raining. I found the watch which I had lost.（c）. 過去完成時還可用在hardly when , no sooner than , It was the 1st (2nd , etc) time (that)（這是某人第幾次干什么了）等固定句型中。 e.g. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.非謂語動詞三大類：to do, doing, done關(guān)于用法，兩條黃金原則：a. 非謂語動詞不作謂語。 b. 過去分詞（done）沒有名詞性功能（不作主語、賓語）。（這兩本書中主要考查了to do, doing作賓語，doing, done作定語、狀語）1. to do, doing 作賓語（1）后面跟to do 作賓語的動詞 hope, agree, dare, decide, determinebegin, start, refuse, prepare, offermanage, try, aim, forget, remember chooseseem, pretend, learn, love, hatee.g. We agreed _ to meet _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. She pretended _ not to see_me when I passed by. (高考全國卷) （2）后面跟doing作賓語的動詞give up, enjoy, regret / insist on, practise , finish / put off, avoid , minde.g. Would you mind waiting a few minutes？ They are looking forward to Marys coming2. doing & done 作定語（何為定語？“定”-“界定、限定”，也就是修飾限定名詞的，名詞在句子中作主語賓語，所以定語修飾主語或賓語）（作定語時，單個的分詞放在所修飾的名詞前；若是分詞短語則要放在所修飾的名詞之后）e.grunning water Do you know the three children walking towards us broken heart/ The heart broken by him is dead.3. doing & done 作狀語（何為狀語來？“狀”-“狀況”，也就是說明動作發(fā)生的狀況，例如動作發(fā)生的時間、地點、原因、目的、條件、造成的結(jié)果等。也就是在句子中修飾謂語動詞）e.g. Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. Having finished the homework, he went home. 注意：1）無論作什么成分，to do 一般表示將來，doing表示主動進行，done表示被動完成。2）分詞作定語和狀語的時候可以轉(zhuǎn)化成相應(yīng)的從句（因為他們都是從句轉(zhuǎn)化來的）：例如上面例句：Do you know the three children walking towards us.Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. 3）分詞作定語和狀語要學(xué)會跟with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)聯(lián)系起來。（二）“帽子詞”冠詞 “冠”者、“帽子”也，冠詞也就是“帽子詞”。到底是誰的帽子呢？是名詞的帽子！也就是說冠詞永遠放在名詞的前面，不能單獨使用。在考試過程中，經(jīng)常會考查定冠詞和零冠詞（不用冠詞的地方）的用法。1. 定冠詞的?？加梅ǎ?）. 表示世界上獨一無二的東西 the sun, the earth, the capital, the sky, the universe(2) . 用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國家、黨派等專有名詞前以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群島的名詞前。the United States, the Communist Party of China, the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, (3). 用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級前。 the second story, the largest room, the third longest river（4）用在方位名詞前或某些表示時間的詞組或習(xí)慣語中。 on the left, in the east / west, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end（5）. 用在形容詞或分詞前表示一類人。 the poor / rich / dying / young / living / wounded(6). 在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示全家人或夫婦二人。 The Smiths are sitting at the breakfast table（7） . 彈奏國外樂器時，樂器名詞前 Do you like to play the piano or the violin? 2. 零冠詞的用法（1）. 專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、人名、地名等名詞前 China , America, John, Air is a matter. Failure is the mother of success.（2）. 季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、一日三餐名稱前 spring, summer, autumn / fall, winter, Sunday, October, National Day（3） 表示頭銜的名詞作表語、賓語補足語及同位語時 He was made monitor. George W. Bush is president of the USA.（4）. 學(xué)科名詞，球類、棋類名詞前 Do you study mathematics? He likes playing football / chess.（5）. 在與by連用的交通工具名稱前by car( bus, train, water, air, land)（三）形容詞&副詞（語言的美化師） 形容詞1. 倍數(shù)的表達法: 主語+be+倍數(shù)+as+形容詞/副詞+ as 主語+be+倍數(shù)+比較級+than主語+be+倍數(shù)+the+名詞(size, width, length, height, depth)+ofe.g. My room is three times as big as his.=My room is three times the size of his.=My room is three times bigger than his.2. 比較級+and+比較級 (“越來越”)e.g. He became taller and taller.3. the+比較級+. , the+比較級+. (“越越”)e.g. 1) The sooner, the better. 越快越好。 副詞的用法 1. 定義: 副詞（adverb，簡寫為adv）是一種用來修飾動詞、形容詞、全句的詞，說明時間、地點、程度、方式等概念的詞。 2. 分類 1) 時間副詞: now, then, soon, today, sometimes, yesterday, tomorrow, ago等。 e.g. We are leaving for Beijing soon. （注意位置） 2) 頻度副詞: often, always, usually, never, ever, seldom, rarely, frequently, occasionally等。 e.g. He seldom goes to the cinema. He had never been there before. 3) 程度副詞: quite, so, little, much, very, rather, almost, nearly等。 e.g. He quite likes pop music.（五）狀語從句狀語從句，當(dāng)然就是跟班句子在另一個大句子里面作狀語。課本中主要講解了時間狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句.時間狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞分類： when, while, as as soon as, the moment, hardlywhen, no soonerthan 尋求before， after italics n.（pl） 斜體（字）by the time 母順序的e.g. By the time they get here, well have finished the work. seashell n. 海貝殼By the time we got there, the movie had begun .原因狀語從句 （動作發(fā)生的原因）alien n. 外星人；外國人Because, as, since, for, now that apparently adv. 顯然地；顯而易見地 目的狀語從句 （動作的目的）引導(dǎo)詞：so as to, in order to