賓語從句講解及練習.doc

賓語從句復習目標：1、掌握引導賓語從句的各種連詞2、掌握賓語從句的語序主句+連接詞+主語+謂語3、掌握賓語從句，主句與從句在時態(tài)上的呼應。重點：語序和時態(tài)呼應難點：語序和時態(tài)呼應；疑問詞+不定式的轉(zhuǎn)化；狀語從句的辨析一、賓語從句的連接詞：1、連詞that，只起連接作用，在從句中不作句子成分，也無詞匯意義，在口語中常被省略。eg. He knew (that) he should work hard.2、連詞if、whether，它們起連接作用，在從句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，在口語中多用if。eg. Tom dont know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.He asked me whether or not I was coming.一般情況下，if和whether可以互換，但以下3種情況只能用whether：在不定式前：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.在介詞前：It depends on(依靠) whether it is going to rain.與or not連用：They are talking about whether to go there or not.3、連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which，連接副詞when, where, why, how，它們起連接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意義。eg. The teacher asked the new studentswhichclass he was in.I wonderwherehe got so much money.【注意】1、由連接代、副詞引導的賓語從句可以和“疑問詞+不定式”結構轉(zhuǎn)化。eg. I dont know how I should do with the presents.I dont know how to do with the presents.2、要注意區(qū)分判斷由if、when引導的從句類型.二、賓語從句的語序：賓語從句的語序是陳述語序，即“連接詞+主語+謂語+其它成分”。特別強調(diào)：它的主語和謂語的語序是陳述語序，而不是疑問句的倒裝結構。Can you tell me who(m) do we have to see?()Can you tell me who(m) we have to see?()The teacher asked the studentswhat they were doing.(思考: what在從句中的成分)陳述句變?yōu)橘e語從句時,要注意人稱和時態(tài)的變化,語序不變。eg. She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.”She said she would leave a message on the desk.一般疑問句和特殊疑問句變?yōu)橘e語從句時,也要注意人稱和時態(tài)的變化,后面接陳述語序。Eg. “Where are the tickets?” I asked him.I asked him where the tickets are.三、賓語從句的時態(tài)呼應：賓語從句中謂語動詞的時態(tài)，常常受到主句謂語時態(tài)的制約，此為時態(tài)呼應。如果主句謂語是一般現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，從句謂語的時態(tài)不受限制；如果主句謂語的時態(tài)是一般過去時，從句一般要隨著改為相應的過去時態(tài)（一般過去時、過去進行時、過去將來時、過去完成時）。eg. I thought (that) you are free today. ()I thought (that) youwould befree today. ()【注意】當賓語從句敘述的是客觀真理時，不管主句謂語的時態(tài)如何，從句都用一般現(xiàn)在時。eg. The teacher told us (that) the earthmovesaround the sun.四、其他需要說明的問題：1、標點由主句決定，如主句是陳述句、祈使句，則用句號；是疑問句則用問號。eg.I heard she had been to the Great Wall.Can you tell me which bus I should take?2、要注意個別句子中主從句人稱的一致。五、賓語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)分：eg. 1) I will go out tomorrowif it is fine.2) I dont knowif the train has arrived.句1中if引導的是狀語從句。這個從句表示“條件”，修飾主句。整個句子的意思是如果明天天氣好，我就出去。句2中if引導的是賓語從句，充當謂語動詞dont know的賓語。整個句子的意思是我不知道火車是否到達。判斷方法：1、可以從整個句式看。狀語從句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面（個別除外），賓語從句只能放在主句謂語動詞之后。2、從引導詞看。if充當賓語從句的連接詞時，相當于whether，詞義為“是否”，充當狀語從句的連接詞時，詞義為“如果”。when充當賓語從句的連接詞時，意為“什么時候”，充當狀語從句的連接詞時，意為“當?shù)臅r候”。3、從時態(tài)看。if和when作連接詞時，引導賓語從句要注意：從句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)應根據(jù)主句的時態(tài)作相應的變化。if和when充當從屬連詞時，引導條件和時間狀語從句，若主句的謂語動詞用一般將來時，則從句的時態(tài)應用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。實戰(zhàn)演練一、例題選講例1I dont know _ he will come or not.AhowBwhetherCweatherDwhen答案：B提示：在賓語從句中出現(xiàn)了or not，這里只能用whether。第二題答案為B，根據(jù)題意問他們何時回來，所以要用when。例2Can you tell me _they will come back?AwhereBwhenCwhichDwho答案：B提示：根據(jù)題意問他們何時回來，所以要用when。例3Have you seen the doctor? He asked me.（兩句并一句）答案：He asked me if / whether I had seen a doctor提示：是一般疑問句，連接詞應為if / whether例4How can we get to the science museum? Could you tell us?（兩句并一句）答案：Could you tell me how we can get to the science museum?提示：特殊疑問句，連接詞就是它本身的特殊疑問詞how，將情態(tài)動詞can放在主語me之后，時態(tài)運用取決于主句。主句could you tell me是委婉語氣，是一般現(xiàn)在時，所以從句是什么時態(tài)就用什么時態(tài)。直接引語變間接引語一、如何變?nèi)朔Q：直接引語變間接引語時，如果從句中的主語是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化如：She said. My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go with her.“直接引語變間接引語時，若從句中的主語及賓語是第二人稱。或被第二人你所修飾。從句中的人稱要跟引號外的主句的賓語一致。如果引號外的主句沒有賓語。也可以用第一人稱，如：He said to Kate. How is your sister now?He asked Kate how her sister was then?！爸苯右Z變間接引語時。如果從句中的主語及賓語是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾從句中的人稱一般不需要變化如：Mr Smith said。Jack is a good worker。Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。二、如何變時態(tài)：直接引語在改為間接引語時、時態(tài)需要做相應的調(diào)整。如果主句謂語動詞為現(xiàn)在范疇的時態(tài)或一般將來時，則間接引語中的動詞仍保持直接引語原來時態(tài)。如果主句謂語動詞為過去時，間接引語中的動詞時態(tài)按下列變化：（1）一般現(xiàn)在時變?yōu)橐话氵^去時（2）現(xiàn)在進行時變?yōu)檫^去進行時（3）一般將來時變?yōu)檫^去將來時（4）現(xiàn)在完成時變?yōu)檫^去完成時（5）一般過去時變?yōu)檫^去完成時（6）過去完成時不變，仍為過去完成時要注意在以下幾種情況：（1）如果直接引語是表示客觀真理時，變?yōu)殚g接引語，一般現(xiàn)在時不改為一般過去時。如：The teacher said The earth goes round the sun.The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.（2）直接引語中有具體的過去某年、某月、某日作狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)不變。如：He said to me, I was born in 1973.He told me that he was born in 1973.(3)如果直接引語所述事實在當時和目前同樣生效，變?yōu)殚g接賓語時，一般現(xiàn)在時不改為一般過去時。如：He said, Im a boy, not a girl.He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.(4)直接引語如果是一般現(xiàn)在時。表示一種反復出現(xiàn)或習慣性的動作，變間接引語時，時態(tài)不變。如：The girl said, I get up at six every morning.The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.(5)如果直接引語中含有since, when, while引導的表示過去時間的狀語從句，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時，只改變主句中的謂語動詞，從句的一般過去時則不變。如：He said to me, I have taught English since he came here .He told me that he had taught English since he came here.(6)如果直接引語中含有情態(tài)動詞must, need, had better以及情態(tài)動詞的過去式could, might, should, would,在變?yōu)殚g接引語時，這些情態(tài)動詞沒有時態(tài)的改變。例如：The teacher said to me . You must pay more attention to your pronunciation.The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.He said , I could swim when I was only six .He said that he could swim when he was only six.(7)直接引語是過去進行時，時態(tài)不變。如：Jack said. John, where were you going when I met you in the street?Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。三、如何變狀語：直接引語變間接引語，狀語變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)津，時間狀語由“現(xiàn)在”改為“原來”（例：now變?yōu)閠hen, yesterday。變?yōu)閠he day before）地點狀語，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代詞修飾的狀語，由“此”改為“彼”（例：this改為that),如：He said, These books are mine. He said those books were his.四如何變句型：直接引語如果是陳述句，間接引語應改為由that引導的賓語從句。如：She said, Our bus will arrive in five minutes.She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.直接引語如果是反意疑問句，選擇疑問句或一般疑問句，間接引語應改為由whether或if引導的賓語從句.如：He said, Can you swim, John? He asked John if he could swim.You have finished the homework, havent you? my mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.Do you go to school by bus or by bike? He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.直接引語如果是特殊問句，間接引語應該改為由疑問代詞或疑問副詞引導的賓語從句（賓語從句必須用陳述句語序）。She asked me, When do they have their dinner? She asked me when they had their dinner.直接引語如果是祈使句，間接引語應改為tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth.句型。如：Dont make any noise, she said to the children. She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. Bring me a cup of tea, please, said she.She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.直接引語如果是以“Lets”開頭的祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，通常用“suggest +動句詞（或從句）?！比纾篐e said, Lets go to the film. He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.引述別人的話有兩種方式：一是使用引號引出人家的原話，這叫做直接引語；一是用自己的話把人家的話轉(zhuǎn)述出來，這叫做間接引語。例如：John said, Im going to London with my father.約翰說：我要和父親到倫敦去。（引號內(nèi)是直接引語）John said that he was going to London with his father.約翰說，他要和他父親去倫敦。（賓語從句是間接引語）五、由直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語的幾種情況：1直接引語是陳述句時間接引語為that引導的賓語從句（口語中that可以省略），主句的引述動詞主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。He said , You are younger than I.-He said (that ) I was younger than him.2.直接引語是疑問句時間接引語為陳述語序：主句的謂語動詞say改為ask,或改為wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。（1）一般疑問句或反意疑問句變?yōu)閕f (whether)引導的賓語從句。She said, Do you often come here to read newspapers?She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers.She asked me , You have seen the film, havent you?She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film.（2）選擇疑問句變?yōu)閣hether.or賓語從句。I asked him, Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.(3)特殊疑問句變?yōu)橛稍瓉淼囊蓡栐~引導的賓語從句。He asked , Where do you live?He asked me where I lived.3.直接引語是祈使句時間接引語為不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等動詞的賓語補足語（dont變?yōu)閚ot）.The teacher said to the boy, Open the window.The teacher told the boy to open the window.His father said to him , Dont leave the door open.His father told him not to leave the door open.注意（1）有些表示建議、提議、勸告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等動詞加以轉(zhuǎn)述。例如：He said, Lets go to the theatre.He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He sugge