初二上冊英語第二單元知識點歸納.doc

初二上冊英語第二單元知識點歸納Unit2 How often do you exercise?知識點講解1How often do you exercise？你多久鍛煉一次？ 【解析】本句是含有特殊疑問詞how often 的特殊疑問句。how often 多久一次，用于對動作發(fā)生的頻率進行提問?；卮饝撌穷l度副詞或表示頻率的詞組，如always，usually，often，sometimes，hardly，ever，never，every day，once a week，three times a day 等。Eg.How often do you go to the movies?你多久去看一次電影？Once a week. 一周一次。how often: 多久一次，用來提問在某一特定時間內(nèi)進行某個動作的次數(shù)，答語有never, sometimes, often, usually, always, three times a year等。how long: 多長時間， 用來對“for + 一段時間”提問，強調(diào)時間的延續(xù)，其謂語動詞應為延續(xù)性動詞；此外，還可用于詢問物體的長度。how soon: 需要多長時間，過多久才對“in+一段時間”或” ,“since+時間段+ago”等時間短語提問，答語有in a week/ month/ year等。how far：多遠，用來詢問距離，答語常用“數(shù)字 + miles/ kilometers”等。 由how形成的特殊疑問詞 基本用法 由how形成的特殊疑問詞很多，具體提問內(nèi)容不同，主要有： 1. how often 提問事情發(fā)生的頻率。 How often do we do this? 我們多長時間做一次這事？ 2. how long 提問事情持續(xù)時間的長短。 How long have you had it? 你有這個毛病有多久了？ 3. how soon 意為“還要多久”，是對從某個基本時間到將來某動作結(jié)束或某動作發(fā)生這段時間提問常用在一般將來時態(tài)的句子中。 How soon could you get back to me? 你多快能給我回話呢？ 4. how fast 提問多快。 How fast can this car go? 這車能跑多快? 5. how many 提問可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量多少 。 But how many of us achieve all these goals? 但是我們中有多少人實現(xiàn)了所有這些目標呢？ 6. how much 提問不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量多少以及詢問價錢； 當詢問價格時，后面一定是跟物品而非價格，如How much are the shoes? How much money do you owe him? 你該他多少錢? 7. how far 提問距離多遠。 How far can you chunk a pumpkin? 你能把一個南瓜扔多遠呢？知識小總結(jié)：3）how often表示“多久一次”，是對動作的頻率進行提問。其回答通常有： 頻率副詞： always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, neverhow often 次數(shù)時間段: 如：once or twice a week every 時間段: every day (每天) 區(qū)別：everyday（每天的；日常的）注意：表示“一次或兩次”時，一般用once和twice表示。如：once a month(一個月一次)而表示“三次或以上”時，則用“數(shù)詞times”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：five times a year (一年五次)4）由how構(gòu)成的疑問詞組的用法“多少”（1） howmany+ 可數(shù)名詞復數(shù) 如：how many programshowmuch+不可數(shù)名詞。 如：how much coffee 但how much=whats the price of.? 還有“多少錢”的意思 如：Howmucharethosepants?(2)how many times: “多少次”. 其答語表示次數(shù)。如：once ,twice，three times等(3) How old.? 詢問年齡 如：How old are you? I am five.“how long?”(4) 多久(時間) 常用 for two days，for three hours等回答。 多長（某物的長度） 如：-How long is the river? - 10 kms. (5)how soon 用來詢問過多久，多久以后，其答語是in two hours，in three days等。 如：How soon wil he come back？ In an hour?！窘馕觥縠xercise v 鍛煉 =do sports= play sports【短語】take /have/do exercise 做運動 do morning exercise 做早操 do eye exercise 做眼保健操【拓展】exercise作名詞時，意為“鍛煉；運動”時是不可數(shù)名詞，意為“體操；練習”時是可數(shù)名詞。例如：I should eat less food and take more exercise.我應該少吃飯，多鍛煉。We do morning exercise every morning.我們每天早上都晨練。2. help with housework 幫助做家務 （1） help with sth. 意為“幫助做某事”拓展：help sb. with sth.= help sb. （to） do sth. 幫助某人做某事Eg: I often help him with his English.= I often help him (to) learn English. 我經(jīng)常幫他學習英語。（2）housework 意為“家務勞動”。不可數(shù)名詞。 基本用法 n. housework 家務事，是不可數(shù)名詞，do housework 相當于do chores。 She often helps her parents do housework. 她經(jīng)常幫助父母做家務。 知識拓展-相關(guān)單詞 homework n. 家庭作業(yè) do ones homework 做家庭作業(yè) He usually does his homework at 6:00 oclock every day. 他每天六點做作業(yè)。1. They have housework to do.A. many B. much3、 What do you usually do on weekends? 你在周末做什么？“ I usually play soccer.” “我通常踢足球。”解析：第一個do為助動詞,在這起幫助構(gòu)成疑問的作用；而第二個do則是實義動詞。Eg1)What do you usually do on weekends? I often go to the movies.Eg2)What does she usually do on weekends? She sometimes go hiking.【解析1】頻度副詞意思頻度always 總是，一直，100%usually通常，經(jīng)常90%often常常，經(jīng)常70%sometimes = at times 有時，不時40%hardly ever= almost not幾乎從不5%never 從不，決不0%規(guī)律總結(jié)： 1. 這些副詞在句子中的位置基本相同，一般放在助動詞、be動詞或情態(tài)動詞之后，行為動詞之前。 2. hardly和never均為否定副詞，有二者的句子不需再加no或not構(gòu)成否定，因其本身就是否定句。 3. 就這些表示拼讀的副詞提問時，常用how often。【拓展】some time /sometime/some times/sometimes【口訣】：分開是一段，合起是某時； 分開s 是倍次，合起s是某時(1)some time一段時間，做時間狀語It takes sb some time to do sth 做某事花費某人多長時間sometime adv 在某個時候，（ ）I hope to visit the USA _ in the future. A. sometimes B. some times C. sometime D. some time (3) some times 名詞詞組，“幾次，幾倍”sometimes=at times 有時 （一般現(xiàn)在時的標志詞）_ do you write an English article for our school newspaper? Sometimes. A. How long B. How often C. How much D. How far【解析2】weekend/weekday辨析單詞意思范圍weekend周末周六、周日weedday 工作日周一至周五【解析】on weekends = on Saturday and Sunday 在周末 on weekdays= from Monday to Friday 在工作日( ) The teachers never arrive late for work from Monday to Friday.A. on weekdays B. on weekends C. every day D. five times a week.辨析：sometimes ，some times ，sometime ， some timesometimes 是頻度副詞，意為“有時；間或”，表示動作發(fā)生的頻率，相當于at times提問。常用于一般現(xiàn)在時與一般過去時。提問用how oftensome times 是名詞短語，意為“幾倍、 幾次”。time作可數(shù)名詞時可作“次數(shù)”解；表示“時間”時是不可數(shù)名詞。How mang timessometime 某個時候。可指過去或?qū)淼哪硞€時候。提問用whensome time 一段時間。常與for連用。對它提問用how long 。口訣記憶：分開“一段時間” ；相聚“某個時候”。Eg：Sometimes I get up very late. 有時我起床很晚。I will go to shanghai sometime next week. 下周某個時候我要去上海。He reads the story some times. 他讀這個故事幾遍了。Ill stay here for some time. 我將會在這兒呆一段時間。練習： We plan to stay in Hainan for . 我們打算在海南呆一段時間。 I am sure that we have met before. 我肯定我們之前見過幾次了。 I have letters from him. 有時我會收到他的來信。4. Hardly ever 幾乎從不【解析】hard (1)adv 努力地，猛烈地 work hard 努力工作 study hard 努力學習(2) adj. 困難的，艱難的 =difficult Its hard/difficult for sb to do sth 做某事對某人來說是困難的Its hard for us _(finish) the work without others help.【拓展】hardly adv “幾乎不，從來不” ，表否定意義，常與can ,any ,ever 連用。 I can hardly believe it. ( ) Its raining _ .People can _ go out. A. hard; hardly B. hardly; hard C. hard ; hard D. hardly ; hardly【注】 形容雨雪下的大用hard/heavy辨析：hard/hardly 1. hard可充當形容詞和副詞兩種角色。 (1)用作形容詞有“硬的”，“困難的、艱難的”的意思。其中用作“難的”講時，在口語中與difficult通用。 The problem is too hard, I cant work it out. 這個問題太難了，我算不出來。 (2)用作副詞，意為“努力地、刻苦地”，“猛烈地”，hard用作“猛烈地”講時，同heavily相同。 He works hard only before exams. 他只在考試前努力學習。 It is raining hard outside. You cant go out. 外面正下著大雨。你不能出去。 2. hardly只用作副詞，意思是“幾乎不”、“僅僅”、“才”，表示否定概念，常和any連用。hardly any相當于 almost no(not)。hardly是具有否定意味的詞， 它不能再與其它否定詞一起連用，在由它構(gòu)成的反意疑問句中，尾句的疑問式須用肯定式。 Hardly anybody(Almost nobody) came to the meeting. 幾乎沒有人來開會。hardly 幾乎不，一般位于動詞之前。 hard 努力，位于動詞之后。eg：He hardly works. 他幾乎不工作。 He works hard. 他工作努力。5. use the Internet 用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)use sth. to do sth. 用某物做某事eg：I use a knife to cut bread. 我用刀切面包。短語：on the Internet 在網(wǎng)上 ， surf the Internet 網(wǎng)上沖浪，上網(wǎng)5. Whats your favorite program？ 你最喜歡的節(jié)目是什么？句型：Whats your favorite.?=What. do you like best？你最喜歡的.是什么？1.Whats your favorite animal？你最喜歡的動物是什么？= _【解析】favorite adj. 最喜歡的 = like .best ones favorite + 名詞 某人最喜歡的 _(I) favorite subject is English. - Whats your favorite _, Bob? - Cats. Theyre so lovely.A. plant B. job C. sport D. animal6. Are you free next week？ 你下周有空嗎？free 意為“空閑的，有空的”，反義詞busy。 be free 意為“閑著，有空”eg:：He is free now.他現(xiàn)在有空。拓展：free還可譯為“免費的”Eg：The tickets are free. 票是免費的【解析】free adj. 空閑的 be free = have time 有時間 adj. 自由的，免費的 be free to do sth 隨心所欲的做某事7.twice a week一周兩次 【解析】英語中，once表示“一次”，twice表示“兩次”，從三次或三次以上通常用“基數(shù)詞+times”表示，time 在這里是可數(shù)名詞， 意為“次數(shù)”，復數(shù)形式直接加“s”，如：“六次”six times，“十次”ten times。 知識拓展-其他用法 1. once 作時間副詞，once upon a time“從前”，多用在過去時中；介詞短語at once 意為“立刻、馬上”。 2. 用于狀語從句中，表示“一旦”。如： Once the sun had set, the air turned cold. 太陽一落，空氣就變冷了。 3. 就“次/倍數(shù)”名詞提問用how many times, 就“次數(shù)+a+week/month等”提問用how often。 4. twice以及“基數(shù)詞+times”還表示倍數(shù)，即“兩倍或幾倍”。2）表示“幾次”的表達方法是：once a day/ a week/ a month/ a yeartwice a day/ a week/ a month/ a year8. Hmm.next week is quite full for me，Jack.呣下周我很忙，杰克。quite full 很忙，相當忙.拓展：1.full 還可譯為“滿的，充滿的”。Eg：The bus was full when they got there. 翻譯_2.full 還可譯為“飽的”。Eg：I cant eat any more，I am quite full. 我不能再吃了，我相當飽了?！窘馕觥?full adj. 忙的 = busy adj. 滿的；充滿的 be full of = be filled with 充滿This shelf is full of / filled with books. Help yourself to some more meat,Linda. _. A. Im full, thanks B. Its my pleasure C. It doesnt matter D. Very well, thank you adj. full 滿的；充滿的；充分的，充足的，完全的 The glass is full. 杯子滿了。 full-time job 全職工作 知識拓展： 常用短語 be full of = be filled with “充滿的，富有的” This shelf is full of / filled with books. The room is full of people. We cant go in. 房子里滿是人，我們進不去。 反義詞 empty “空的”full adj. 吃飽的；過飽的，其反義詞是hungry，意為“饑餓的”。Eg. Are you hungry or full？你餓了還是飽了？ 詞義辨析：fill/full 1. fill為及物動詞，表“使?jié)M”，常與介詞with搭配，表達“被充滿”時用be filled with結(jié)構(gòu)。如： The bottle is filled with water. 這只瓶子裝滿了水。 He was filled with joy at the news. 聽到這個消息，他內(nèi)心充滿了喜悅。 2. full是形容詞，多作表語，表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，常見于be full of結(jié)構(gòu)中。如： The schoolbag is full of books. 書包里裝滿了書。 注：be filled with = be full of，但介詞with與of 不能混淆。如： The room is full of people. = The room is filled with people.9、She sometimes goes shopping. 她有時去購物?！窘馕觥?shop n 商店= store v 購物 go shopping 去購物 do some shopping 購物 I often go with my friends on weekends. (shop) 【拓展】go +動詞inggo swimming 去游泳 go skating 去滑冰 go fishing 去釣魚 go boating 去劃船 go hiking 去遠足 go hunting去打獵( ) Its a fine day. How about _? Sounds great! A. go hiking B. go to hike C. going hiking D. to go to hike【解析】sometimes為頻度副詞，意為“有時候”，多用于一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時中。 辨析： sometimes, sometime, some time與some times Sometimes意為“有時”，可放于句首或句中。（How often提問） Sometime表示在某個時間段內(nèi)的某個時候，既可以表示過去某個時間也可以表示將來的某個時間。（When提問） Some time 名詞性短語，意為“一些時間”，time是不可數(shù)名詞，意為“時間”。（How long提問） Some times表示“幾次”，time是可數(shù)名詞，表示“次；次數(shù)”。（How many times提問）Eg. Even friends sometimes disagree. 即使是朋友，有時也會意見不合。 I hope to see you again sometime next year. 我希望明年的某個時候能再見到你。 Please give me some time to red this passage.請給我一些時間看這篇文章。 I have been to Beijing some times before. 我以前去過北京幾次。10、 How come? 怎么會？ 怎么回事？How come?是固定表達，意為“怎么回事？/怎么會？”表示某件事情很奇怪，有點想不通；可單獨使用，也可引導一個問句， 相當于疑問句 why, 但 how come 開頭的特殊疑問句使用的仍然是陳述語序。How come Tom didnt come to the party? = Why didnt Tom come to the party?11. I have dance and piano lessons. 我要上舞蹈課和英語課。have 在此意為“上課”。Eg: Theyre having an English lesson. 他們正在上英語課。擴展：have lessons 上課 ， Lesson One 第一課12. Well ，how about Tuesday？ 哦，那周二呢？How about.? (=What about.?) 意為“怎么樣？”，用來征求對方的意見。Eg: How about this book? 這本書怎樣？How / What about doing sth. .? 做怎么樣？Eg：-What will we do on Sunday？ 星期天我們什么？-How about visiting the museum？ 去參觀博物館咋樣？1. Its sunny today，What about _（play）tennis？13I go to the movies maybe once a month.我可能一月去看電影一次。【解析】maybe adv. 大概；或許；可能Eg. Maybe that man is a policeman. 或許那人是警察。maybe 和may bemaybe副詞，意為“或許；大概”，常位于句首表推測。Maybe he is at Jims home.或許他在吉姆家。may be由情態(tài)動詞may和 be構(gòu)成，意為“可能是、也許是”，在句中作謂語。He may be right.他可能是對的?！窘馕?】go to the movies = go to the cinema = see the film 去看電影【解析2】maybe/may be辨析： （1） maybe =perhaps adv 也許，可能，表示推測，通常用于句首，在句中作狀語。( ) _ Li Hua wants to be an astronaut like Yang Liwei. A. May be B. May C. Also D. Maybe （2）may be 是“情態(tài)動詞may +動詞原形be”, 或許，可能是，也表示推測，在句中作謂語?？梢院蚼aybe 互換。Toms pen may be in his backpack. =Maybe Toms pen is in his backpackNow all of us exercise at _ least _ hour a day in and outside school.A. the ; a B. a; an C. /; a D. /; an 3 although是連詞，意為“雖然，盡管，即使”。例如：Although he is young, he knows a lot.雖然他很年輕，但是他知道很多?！咀⒁狻縜lthough=though,漢語中可以說“雖然，但是”，但英語中although/though與but不能同時出現(xiàn)在同一個句子中。14He plays at least twice a week.他至少一周踢(足球) 兩次?！窘馕觥縧east adv.最小；最少adj.& pron.最少的；最小的，它是little的最高級。Eg. He has least money of all of us. 在我們所有人中他的錢最少。She works least. 她工作最少。We have least time.我們時間最少。at least 至少；不少于；起碼，其反義短語為：at most 至多15. On Wednesday and Friday. 在周三和周五 【解析】介詞at/ in /on /for表示時間：1)at.表示某一具體時間點，某一時刻/ 年齡 at six oclock at noon at that time at the moment at the age of at night 2)in表示時間段,一天的三個時間段以及月份,年,季節(jié),世紀,人生的某個時期(某人幾十歲時) In the morning/afternoon /evening in spring /in 2007/in March in the twenty-first century in his fifties3)on表示星期幾/某一具體的日子/具體某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三個時間段名詞前有修飾語或后有修飾語時. On Monday on New Years Day on Sunday morning on a rainy night g. At least he should say thanks. 他至少應該說聲謝謝。16.“Whats your favorite program?” “Its Animal World.”“你最喜歡什么節(jié)目？”“動物世界?！薄窘馕觥縡avorite adj. 最喜歡的 = like .best ones favorite + 名詞 某人最喜歡的 _(I) favorite subject is English. - Whats your favorite _, Bob? - Cats. Theyre so lovely.A. plant B. job C. sport D. animal17. I watch TV every day. 我每天都看電視【解析】 (1) every day 每天= each day 做狀語，放在句末，對其提問用 how often He exercises every day. (2) everyday adj. 每天的 ，作定語，修飾名詞，放在名詞之前 everyday English 日常英語18.As forhomework , most students do homework every day .解析：as for.意思是“至于；關(guān)于”，常用于句首作狀語，其后跟名詞、代詞或動詞的-ing形式（即動名詞）。如：As for him，I never want to see him here.至于他，我永遠不希望在這里見到。As for the story，youd better not believe it.關(guān)于那故事，你最好不要相信。As for myself, I dont want to go now. 至于我自己，我現(xiàn)在不想去。As for the man, I know nothing about him. 至于那個人，我什么都不知道。19. They often help with housework. 他們經(jīng)常幫忙做家務。 【解析】help v 幫助helpful adj 有幫助的help sb. (to) do sth=help sb. with sth 幫助某人做某事help sb. with sth在某方面幫助某人I often help my mother with housework on weekendshelp(to) do sth幫助某人做某事She was coming to help clean the machinehelp sb. (to) do sth幫某人做某事Mr. Wang helped me (to ) repair my bike. My mom helps me_(do) my homework.=My mom helps me with my homework. My teachers words are _(help) to me.( )A lot of vegetables can help us _ in good _. A. keep; health B. to keep; healthy C. keeping ;health D.keeps; health20. What kind of dance are you learning ? 你在學什么舞？ Swing dance 搖擺舞【解析】kind (1) n 種類 kind of +adj.有點，有幾分，kind of cold 有點冷a kind of 一種的，某種的 all kinds of 各種各樣的 different kinds of 不同種類的 What kind of?哪種? . - What_ bowl of noodles would you like, small, medium or large?- A large bowl of beef noodles, please. A. color B. price C. size D. kind(2) adj. 友好的 be kind to sb. =be friendly to sb. 對某人友好 Its kind _ you _ help me with my English. A. of; to B. for; to C. of; for D. to; to 【解析2】swing n 秋千 There is a kid playing on the swing. v. 擺動，蕩秋千 swing dance 搖擺舞 【記】s + wing(翅膀) swing21.no adj. (1)沒有的= not any/not a /not anThere is no chalk on the teachers desk. = There is not a chalk on the teachers desk.(2) no 不要，禁止 No swimming ！禁止游泳No parking! 禁止停車！No photos! 禁止拍照！22. How about Tuesday? 那么周二呢？【解析】 How about = what about. .怎么樣？（用來詢問對方的情況或征求意見） How about doing sth = what about doing sth? How about _(go) swimming? What about _ a rest? OK! Lets go for a walk. A. to have B. had C. have D. having23. How often do they stay up late? 他們多久熬一次夜？【解析】stay up 熬夜 = sit up .stay up與stay up late區(qū)別1）stay up “熬夜、不睡覺”如：He stayed up all night to write his story.他熬了一整夜寫他的小說。2）stay up late“熬夜到很晚，遲睡”如：Dont stay up late next time.下次不要再熬夜很晚了。 stay at home 呆在家里 stay away from 遠離( ) If you stay up , you will be tired. A. go to bed late B. dont go to bed C. work hard D. sleep early24. How often do you eat junk food? 你多久吃一次垃圾食品？【解析】 junk food 垃圾食品 green food 綠色食品 natural food 天然食品 healthy food 健康食品25. 頻度副詞【解析】頻度副詞表示經(jīng)常性的動作或情況，常和一般現(xiàn)在時連用，表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作，按其頻率發(fā)生的高低分別是：always 總是； usually 通常；often 經(jīng)常； sometimes 有時；hardly ever 幾乎不；never 從不。對這些頻度副詞進行提問時，用特殊疑問詞how often，意為“多久一次”。Eg. They always go to the park by bus. 他們總是乘公共汽車去公園。Kate is often late for school. 凱特經(jīng)常上學遲到。I sometimes_watch TV programs.(對畫線部分提問)How often do you watch TV programs? 你多久看一次電視節(jié)目？26. But my mother wants me to drink it. 但我媽媽想讓我喝它。want為及物動詞，意為“想要”，其后接名詞或動詞不定式，相當于would like, 但would like的語氣更為委婉。want sb. to do sth.= would like to do sth. 意為“想讓某人做某事”，否定形式為want sb. not to do sth. 意為“不想讓某人做某事”。Eg：She wants me to bring him some pens. 她想讓我給她帶些鋼筆。拓展：1.want sth. 想要某物Do you want any story books？你想要些故事書嗎？ask sb. to do sth. 請求某人做某事 tell sb. to do sth. 告訴某人做某事help sb. (to) do sth.幫助某人做某事2.want to do sth. 想要做某事I want to visit my uncle. 我想去看望我的叔叔。Do you want （tell）me anything？27She says its good for my health. 她說它對我的健康有益。 基本用法 be good for “對有益，對有好處”，介詞for 后接名詞或代詞。 Its not good for your eyes to read books in the sun. 太陽底下看書對眼睛不好。 知識拓展 反義詞 be bad for “對有害” Its bad for the environment to throw rubbish everywhere. 到處扔垃圾對環(huán)境不好。 詞義辨析：be good(bad) to/be good(bad) for/be good(bad) at 1. be good to意為“對友好”。 My friend was good to me when I was ill. 我生病的時候，朋友對我很好。 2. be good for意為 “對有好處”. Eating more vegetables is good for your health. 多吃蔬菜對你的健康有好處。 3. be good at 意為“擅長”，后接名詞、代詞或v-ing形式. Im good at playing chess. 我擅長下象棋。 4. be bad to 對.態(tài)度不好，對 差勁 He is bad to me. 他對我不友好。 5. be bad for 對有害處. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 太陽底下看書對眼睛不好。 6. be bad at 不善于，拙于 She is bad at keeping secrets. 她不善于保守秘密。7、 be good with 與相處融洽The teacher is good with his students. 這位老師和他的學生相處融洽。. be good to 對友好 My new deskmate is good to me. 我的新同桌對我很友好。health n. 健康，是不可數(shù)名詞。 I think health is more important than money. 我認為健康比金錢更重要。be in good/poor health 身體狀況好/不好My grandparents are both in good health. 我祖父母身體都很好。healthy adj. 健康的We should eat healthy food. 我們應當吃健康的食物。unhealthy adj.不健康的Junk food is unhealthy. 垃圾食品是不健康的。keep healthy = keep fit = stay healthy=keep in good health 保持健康