Unit 1.doc

Unit 1動(dòng)詞不定式;1. 動(dòng)詞不定式由：to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。其主動(dòng)形式有一般時(shí)、進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；其被動(dòng)式有一般時(shí)、進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成時(shí)。其構(gòu)成形式見(jiàn)下表：時(shí)態(tài)/語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)一般時(shí) to do to be done進(jìn)行時(shí) to be doing to be being done完成時(shí) to have done to have been done完成進(jìn)行時(shí) to have been doing 2. 不定式的句法功能： （1）作主語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)；通常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而真正作為主語(yǔ)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)后置，以使句子保持平衡。例； To make a plan first is a good idea.首先制定一個(gè)計(jì)劃是個(gè)好主意。 It is not difficult to find out information about the programmers.查找這些節(jié)目的資料并不難。 （2）作賓語(yǔ) 不定式作賓語(yǔ)，只能跟在某些動(dòng)詞后，常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：agree 、arrange、ask、chose、dare、learn、demand、expect、wish、manage、 prepare、pretend、promise、reuse、decide、force、fail、offer、want等。當(dāng)不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，其后若有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則須用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而真正的賓語(yǔ)放在補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之后，構(gòu)成“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+it+賓補(bǔ)（不定工短語(yǔ)）句式。常用于該句式的動(dòng)詞有think 、find、 make、 fee 、believe等。例：They wanted to cut down a large forest in the area.他們想砍伐這個(gè)地區(qū)的一大片森林。He found it important to study the situation in Russia.他了現(xiàn)研究俄國(guó)形勢(shì)很重要。 （3）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 可以用帶to 的不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有ask、tell、order、invite、beg、force、forbid、get、allow、permit、wish、want、expect、encourage、advise、persuade、command、warn、cause等。例：He persuaded all the world-famous stars to come and sing at one of these concerts for free.他們說(shuō)服了所有世界著名歌星免費(fèi)參加這些音樂(lè)會(huì)的一場(chǎng)演出。Marx was forced to leave his home land for some political reasons.由于一些政治原因，馬克思被迫離開(kāi)了自己的祖國(guó)。think、understand、declare、take這類動(dòng)詞的復(fù)合句賓語(yǔ)，不定式多由“to be +形容詞”構(gòu)成。例：He doesnt consider that to be important. 他們認(rèn)為那不重要。They find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)中國(guó)人民幸福快樂(lè)。能用不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：一感、二聽(tīng)、三讓、四看、版幫助。即：feel、hear、look at notice、observe和help(to 可帶可不帶)例：I often hear him sing this song. 我經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到他唱這首歌。 The teacher makes us read English every day. 老師讓我們每天讀英語(yǔ)。(4)作定語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)需后置，作定語(yǔ)用的不定式為有及動(dòng)詞時(shí)，不定式后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。例：Do you have anything more to say? 你還有什么要說(shuō)的嗎？She has many important things to deal with. 她有很多重要的事情要處理。（5）作狀語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞不定式可以修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞等作狀語(yǔ)，表示目的結(jié)果、原因、條件等。例：To search for gold, many people went to California.為了尋找金子，許多人去了加利福利亞。Im sorry to hear the news of your fathers death. 聽(tīng)到你父親去世的消息我很難過(guò)。He woke up only to find everyone gone. 他醒來(lái)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)人們都走了。She was too young to understand all that. 她太小了，不能理解那一切?！皁nly+不定式”在句中作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，指出乎意料的結(jié)果。而現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表示自然而然的結(jié)果。例:We had been waiting for about two hours, only to be told to come another day. 我們已等了大約兩個(gè)小時(shí)，結(jié)果被告之改天再來(lái)。 Tom fell ill at the very moment, getting his parents much worried. 湯姆在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻病倒了，使他父母十分擔(dān)憂。（6）作表語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞不定工作表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。例：The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat.減肥的最好辦法是減少體內(nèi)脂肪。 動(dòng)詞be后面的不定式與主語(yǔ)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，表示“要做的事”。例： He is to speak at the meeting.他要在會(huì)議上發(fā)言。3.不定式的被動(dòng)式不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)可以是句子的主語(yǔ)，也可以是句子的賓語(yǔ)。當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式要用被動(dòng)式。例：He asked to be sent to work in Tibet. 他要求被派到西藏去工作。The manager waited the letter to be typed at once. 經(jīng)理要求把信立即打印。不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義主要有以下幾種情況：（1）I have something important to do. 我有些重要的是要做。（2）在形容詞后作狀語(yǔ)的不定式，說(shuō)明句子的主語(yǔ)所共有的某種特征時(shí)。例: The man is difficult to deal with. 那個(gè)人很難對(duì)付。（3）“There be-”句型中修飾主語(yǔ)的不定式多用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意思。例：There is a lot of work to do. 有許多工作要做。（4）在“This is /That is+名詞”的句型中，修飾名詞的不定式多用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。例：This is a good job to do. 這是件好干的工作。That is a hard question to answer. 那是個(gè)很難回答的問(wèn)題。4. 連接代詞（或連接副詞）+不定式“連接代詞（或連接副詞）+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞從句，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。最常見(jiàn)的是用于tell show、 know 、decide、 teach 、learn、 discuss、 wonder、 remember、 explain、 forget等動(dòng)詞之后。例：Have you decided when to hold the party? 你決定什么時(shí)候開(kāi)晚會(huì)了嗎？The driver shows us how to drive a car. 司機(jī)向我們示范怎樣開(kāi)車。5. 不定式的省略（1）在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助詞后例: You must finish your homework first then you can go out.你必須先做完作業(yè)，然后才能出去。（2）使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞后不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足與時(shí)。例：I will not let my children be treated in that way. 我不會(huì)讓我的孩子被那樣對(duì)待的。You may take a horse to the water, but you cant make it drink.你可以把馬牽到水邊，但你不能強(qiáng)迫它喝水。（3）在why引導(dǎo)的表建議的句子中。例：Why spend such a lot of money?為什么花那么多錢(qián)。（4）在had better, had best, would rather, would rather-than, cant but, do nothing but, rather than, would sooner等結(jié)構(gòu)中。例：Youd better do what I tell you to.你最好按我告訴你的做。They would rather try and fail than give up the plan.他們寧愿再試，再失敗，也不愿放棄這個(gè)計(jì)劃。（5）當(dāng)一個(gè)不定式被省略掉時(shí)，to要保留下來(lái)，表示省略了一個(gè)不定式。例：He asked her to stay, but she didnt want to . 他要她留下，但她不想留下。Would you like to go with us for a picnic tomorrow？明天你愿意和我們一起去野餐嗎？Yes, Id like to . 我愿意。難點(diǎn)分析：1. Almost everyone wants to make friends and develop friend ships with others. 幾乎所有人都想和別人交朋友，發(fā)展友誼。almost用法： almost意為“幾乎”，“差不多”是副詞，用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和其他副詞。如：I have almost finished reading the book. 這本書(shū)我?guī)缀蹩赐炅恕t was almost/nearly half past five. 幾乎已經(jīng)五點(diǎn)半了。He went out almost/nearly every evening. 他幾乎每天晚上都出去。2. what do you think are the most important characteristics in a friend？ 你認(rèn)為朋友身上最重要的特點(diǎn)是什么？句法分析：這是一個(gè)帶有插入語(yǔ)do you think 的雙重疑問(wèn)句。What 在句中作主語(yǔ)。雙重疑問(wèn)句： 英語(yǔ)中常把 do you think /believe/expect/imagine/know等一般疑問(wèn)句式插入一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句中，形成雙重疑問(wèn)句式。該句式有以下特點(diǎn)： 插入語(yǔ)為一般疑問(wèn)句形式 插入語(yǔ)后有陳述語(yǔ)序插入語(yǔ)后不再接引導(dǎo)詞如：(x)Who do you think will the manager have go there with him?(x)Who do you think that the manager will have go there with him?(/)Who do you think the manager will have go there with him?3. What do you think the proverbs tell us about friendship and getting along with others? 你認(rèn)為這些諺語(yǔ)告訴我們關(guān)于友誼和與人相處的什么道理呢？do you think 的用法： do you think 在本句中不是主句，而是一個(gè)擦人語(yǔ)，本句是一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句，當(dāng)特殊疑問(wèn)句中帶有擦人語(yǔ)時(shí)，要將插入語(yǔ)變成疑問(wèn)句形式，而原來(lái)的特殊疑問(wèn)句采用陳述句語(yǔ)序，并將疑問(wèn)句放在句首，整個(gè)句子的語(yǔ)序通常是：疑問(wèn)詞及其被修飾的成分+插入語(yǔ)+其他部分（陳述語(yǔ)序）如：When do you think they will be back? 你認(rèn)為他們什么時(shí)候回來(lái)？What performance do you think we should give at the party?你看我們晚上應(yīng)表演什么節(jié)目？How long did she say she would stay here? 她說(shuō)要在這里待多久。Where did they suggest we should go during the summer vacation?他們建議我們暑假去哪兒？4. I feel betrayed by my friend, Hannah . 我感覺(jué)被我的朋友漢娜出賣了。betray 祥解a. 此處不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“出賣（朋友）”“背叛”“辜負(fù)”，在feel betrayed 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中以過(guò)去分詞形式作表語(yǔ)。如： At last he betrayed his country to the enemy. 最終他出賣了他的國(guó)家。 Judas betrayed his master to the authorities. 猶大把老師基督出賣給了當(dāng)局。b. betray可作“泄密”解釋，也可作“（天意）流露”“顯示（真實(shí)情況）”解釋如：He betrayed the news to all his friends. 他把消息泄露給了他所有的朋友。 Her red face betrayed that she was nervous. 她漲紅的臉顯示她很緊張。 His expression betrayed how happy he really was.他的表情說(shuō)明，他實(shí)際上是多么的高興。5. We have been best friends since primary school and spend almost every day with each other. 我倆自小就是最好的朋友，幾乎每天都在一起。句法分析：and 連接了兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)，since引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，since可作為副詞直接作狀語(yǔ)，也可用作介詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，還可用作連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。含有since及其引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（從句）的句子多用完成時(shí)，表示“自-一來(lái)一直”。如：I havent seen you since I came back. 我回來(lái)后一直沒(méi)看見(jiàn)你。 He has been working in the factory since 1995.自1995年以來(lái)他一直在這個(gè)工廠工作。 He moved to London after his parents died, and he has been living there since. 他的父母去世后他就搬到了倫敦，從那以后就一直住在那兒。6. On Monday, we had a surprise mates test. 星期一，我們進(jìn)行了一次意外的數(shù)學(xué)考試。句法分析：surprise 為名詞定語(yǔ)surprise n.to ones surprise/to the surprise of sb.另某人吃驚的是take sb. by surprise 突襲某人；使某人驚訝如：To our great surprise, he passed the exam. 另我們意外的是，他考試及格了。When he offered me the job, I was completely taken by surprise.他主動(dòng)給我這項(xiàng)工作，真令我吃驚。補(bǔ)4頁(yè)難點(diǎn)分析： The river was almost frozen. 河水幾乎已經(jīng)結(jié)冰。 The streets were almost empty. 街上幾乎空無(wú)一人。 We see each other almost every day. 我們幾乎天天見(jiàn)面。拓展： Almost 和nearly意思很接近，都可譯為“幾乎”“差不多”,在不少情況下兩者幾乎可以換用。如：They have almost/nearly run out of food. 他們的食品幾乎已經(jīng)吃完了。同步練習(xí)一、單項(xiàng)選擇：1. At lunch time Id like to have a that with you. _. Have what with me?A. I apolongize B. Pardon? C. I see D. Forgive me.2. This book tells _ life story or John smith, who left _ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of16.A. the; 不填 B. the, the C. a, the D. a, 不填3. Dont get upset-I was only_.A. amusing B. teasing C. curious D. amused4. The shy girl felt _ and uncomfortable when she could not answer her teachers questions. A. amaged B. awkward C. curious D. amused5. At first the institute, but this decision was _ changed. A. occasionally B. consequently C. backwards D. afterwards6. Lilys mobile phone was left in a taxi accidentally, never _ again. A. to find B. to be C. finding D. being found7. It was _ of you not to give others a ride in your new car. A. jealous B. unfair C. greedy D. mean8. _ is no doubt that the Rockets will defeat the Washington wigards in the next game. A. It B. As C. That D. There9. Mr Harris apologiged _ the children _ the lady _ what they had done. A. for; to; to B. to; to; for C. for; to; for D. to; for; for10. Little Tom admitted _ in the examination; _ that again. A. to cheat; to give B. cheating, kept C. having cheated; giving D. to have cheated; keeping 二、請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀下列對(duì)話，并根據(jù)各題所給的首字母的提示，寫(xiě)出一個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞的完態(tài)，正確的形式。使對(duì)話通順。A： Can you tell me something about the earth Summit？B： Yes, Its meeting held by the UN to discuss e (1)issues.A: When and where was the I _ (2) Earth Summit held?B: In Johnnesburg in 2002.A: What main subject of the summit was r (3)?B: Sustainable and s (4) development.A: What did e (5) from all over the world discuss in Johnnesburg?B: They discuxed the three biggest e (6)or killers in the world; polluted drinking water, poor sanitation(公共衛(wèi)生設(shè)施) and air p (7). A: What else did many speakers speak about at the meeting.B: They also showed great c (8) about poverty, war and violence. A: Why are conferences like the Earth Summit of i (9)?B: Because they help us understand that there exist serious s (10) the earth faces and that only by changing the way we live can we save the earth.三、完形填空： Water and its importance to human life were the centre of the worlds atlention last week. March 22 was world Water Day and 1 the there “water for life” There are more than one billion people in the world who live without2 drinking water. The vnited Nations 3 to cut this number in half by 2015. Solving such a big problem seems like a(n) 4 challenge. But everyone, 5 teenagers, can do something to help. A teenage girl in the Vs has set an example to the 6 of her age around the. Rene Haggerty, 13 ,was awarded the 2004 Gloria Barron Prige for her work 7 discarded batteries which pollute water. In 2003, Haggerty went on field trip to the Great Lakes Science Centre in Ohio There she saw an exhibit about how 8 in old batteries harm the water of Lake Erie. Haggerty learnt that 9 the batteries was an easy solution. “I think everybody can do it, because every one 10 batteries, and it can make a big difference”. With these words, she began to 11 awareness in her area. She 12 her county gorerment and school board. She got permission to start a recycling programme in schools 13 the public library, friends and local waste-management 14 , she gathered containers arranged transportation, and made a (n) 15 video. O