大學英語跨文化交流課件第一章

大學英語跨文化交際 Chapter1Culture Learningobjectives 1 Understandthedefinitionsofculture 2 Describethefunctionsandcharacteristicsofculture 3 Summarizetheprocessoftheformationofculturalidentity ChapterOutline Culture Anthropological Intercultural Formation Characteristics Subculture Co culture Subgroup TheNatureofCulture CulturalIdentity Definition Definitions Learned Dynamic Pervasive Sociological Integrated adaptive CultureswithinCulture Characteristics Psychological Lead inActivity1 Makealistofimagesfromyourhomecultureandtrytoexplainwhattheyexpressaboutwhothepeopleofyourcultureareandwhattheirrelationshipistopeoplefromothercultures whichimagedoyouprefer Whichdoyouthinkaretheimagesthatmosttrulyexpresshowpeoplefeelaboutthemselvesandtheworld Thinkaboutthefollowingsimilesandmetaphors howdoyouthinkcultureisrelatedtothereferences 1 Cultureislikeaniceberg 2 Cultureisoursoftware 3 Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin 4 Cultureisthegrammarofourbehavior TheNatureofCulture BehaviourTraditionsArtefacts buildings clothes artetc Whatliesunderthesurface 1 Thecultureiceberg Whatliesunderthesurface culturalbeliefs e g howpeopleshouldbehave culturalperceptions e g whichpeoplearebeautiful culturalattitudes e g whichpeoplearemostimportantinsociety culturalvalues e g what simportantinlife Whichthingsbelowthesurfaceinfluenceusmost Howcanwebecomeawareofourowndeepculture Howcanwerecognizeitinothers Canyoutellwhichofthefollowingareabovethewaterandwhicharebelow WhatandhowpeopleeatHowtokeephealthyHowtoraisechildrenHowtodobusinessHowtousetimeHowtointroducepeopleHowtoparticipateinceremoniesRulesforgesturesRulesforfacialexpressionsandeyecontactEtiquetteWorkspeedWhatisrightorwrong beautifulorugly cleanordirty goodorbad etc 2 CultureIsOurSoftware Whyisculturecomparedtothesoftwareofpeople smind Citesomeexamplestoillustrateit Thesocietyaroundusisnotanentirelyobjectivereality foreveryoneofushelpstoconstructourworld Cultureisthesharedsetofmentalandpsychologicalprinciplesthatexistinpeople minds 3 CultureIsLiketheWateraFishSwimsIn Outofwater OutofContext Asaschooledfish Water ismycultureOtherWatersorAirareotherculturalcontexts Iwantmycontexttofeelcomfortable 4 CultureIstheGrammarofOurBehavior Thecollectiveagreementgovernspeople sbehaviorandgivespeopleguidelinesaboutwhatthingsmean whatisimportant andwhatshouldorshouldnotbedone DEFINITIONSOF CULTURE AccordingtoTheConciseOxfordDictionary cultureis theartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively DEFINITIONSOF CULTURE 1 DefiningCulturefromtheAnthropologicalPerspective2 DefiningCulturefromthePsychologicalPerspective3 DefiningCulturefromtheSociologicalPerspective4 DefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective5 OurDefinitionofCulture 1 DefiningCulturefromtheAnthropologicalPerspective Cultureconsistsofpatterns explicitandimplicit ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups includingtheirembodiments 體現(xiàn) inartifacts theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues KroeberandKluckhohn 2 DefiningCulturefromthePsychologicalPerspective cultureis thecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother GeertHofstede 3 DefiningCulturefromtheSociologicalPerspective Accordingtothesocialscientists Cultureisdefinedasapatternoflearned group relatedperception includingbothverbalandnonverballanguageattitudes values beliefsystem disbeliefsystems andbehavior Activity KeywordsFindoutthekeywordssharedbythethreedefinitionsabove Writethemdownandtrytomakeupyourowndefinitionofcultureaccordingtothekeywords Keywords 4 DefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs values customs behaviorsandartifactsthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning BatesandPlog SYMBOLS WHATDOTHEYREPRESENT AWAYOFOVERCOMINGMAN SVULNERABILITY 弱點 ACQUIREDTHROUGHSOCIALIZATIONTHUS MANISTHEPRODUCEROFCULTUREANDTHEPRODUCTOFCULTURE CONCLUSION CULTUREIS Thevulnerabilityofhumanbeings Cultureiswhatdistinguishhumansfromanimals Humanbeingsdonothavebuilt ininstinctsforsurvivalthatarebiologicallypredetermined Butitisjustthisinbornweaknessthatmakesmanexceedanimalsinearninghimselfabetterlife BasicFunctionsofCulture Culturemakesallthingseasy byprovidingmeaningtoevents objectsandpeople makinglifelessconfusing byprovidinguswithstructure theskillsandrulesnecessarytoadapttoourworld Aculturecanalsobeunderstoodasaparticularwaytosatisfyourhumanneeds Let sfollowAbrahamMaslow 1908 1970 Americanpsychologist TheCharacteristicsofCulture CaseStudyRichard anengineerfromtheUnitedStates wasinvitedtotaketeawithoneofhisBritishcolleagueswhilehewasinEngland Thiswasapurelysocial relaxedoccasion Teawasservedalongwithsugarandcream Ashehelpedhimselftosomesugarandcream hesensedhehaddonesomethingwrong Canyoutellwhatwentwrong Helpyourself VS Bemyguest ADAPTIVE LEARNED DYNAMIC INTEGRATED PERVASIVE CULTUREIS TheCharacteristicsofCulture CultureisLearned Welearnourcultureinmanywaysandfromavarietyofsources eitherconsciouslyorunconsciously Onewayisbymeansofproverbsthatofferinavividwayanimportantsetofinstructionsformemberstofollow ethnic CultureisDynamic Cultures onceformed arestable butareatthesametimechangingwiththedevelopmentofhumansociety Althoughmanyaspectsofculturearesubjecttochange thedeepstructureofcultureresistsmajoralterations ethnic CultureisIntegrated Theelementsofculturearecloselylinkedasifinacomplexchainlikesystem Youtouchacultureinoneplaceandeverythingelseisaffected ethnic CaseStudySeveralmonthsagoIwasinabusinUrumqi Ayoungman whoseemedlikeacollegestudent satseveralrowsaheadofme HestaredatmesinceIgotonthebus wepassedonebusstopafteranother Suddenlyherosefromhisseat cametositbymeandjuststartedaveryunpleasantconversationwithhisspeedyEnglish Doyouhaveawife Howoldareyou HaveyoueverbeenawayfromUrumqiforalongtime whatembarrassedmewasnottheconversationatmosphere orhislongstareatmewhilewittingsoclose neitherweresomanyquestionswewesternerswouldneverask Whatwasreallyembarrassingwashisfamiliaritywithmywhereabouts Hehadobviouslybeenobservingmeforatleastoneyear whichtrulymademyfleshcreep Whydoyouthinktheyoungmanaskedtheforeignteachersuchquestions Andwhywastheforeignerfrightened CulturalIdentity CulturalIdentity Culturalidentityreferstoone ssenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorgroup Peopleconsciouslyidentifythemselveswithagroupthathasasharedsystemofsymbolsandmeaningsaswellasnormsforconduct ethnic ConsideringIdentity Context WhataremyCulturalInfluences MyCulture MyGroup Me JackyChen ChinesefamousKongFumoviestar expresseshisloyaltytoChineseculturebywearingChinesetraditionalclothesandadvocatingChineseculture CULTURE ELEMENTS Stage1 Materialorartifact includingdresses buildings food etc Stage2 Stage3 Institutional