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圖表式作文It is obvious in the graph/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X varies). At the point of (接近)X1, Y reaches its peak value of (多少).What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are (多少) reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table. First of all, (第一個(gè)原因). More importantly, (第二個(gè)原因). Most important of all, (第三個(gè)原因).From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described in the graph/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括號(hào)里的使用于那些不太好的變化趨勢(shì)).辯論式議論文模版1Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 觀點(diǎn)1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 觀點(diǎn)2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 論據(jù)1More importantly, 論據(jù)2.Most important of all, 論據(jù)3.In summary, 總結(jié)觀點(diǎn). As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心.或 From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測(cè).模版2People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 觀點(diǎn)1, while others point out that 觀點(diǎn)2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing, 論據(jù)1.For another, 論據(jù)2.Last but not the least, 論據(jù)3.To conclude, 總結(jié)觀點(diǎn). As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心.或 From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測(cè).模版3There is no consensus 一致of opinions among people about X(爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn))。Some people are of the view that 觀點(diǎn)1,while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 觀點(diǎn)2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion(觀念) is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious.First of all, 論據(jù)1。Furthermore, 論據(jù)2。Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 論據(jù)3。A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)。As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心.或 From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測(cè)調(diào)整心態(tài)心理狀態(tài)就是一個(gè)人的心情。心情的好壞,會(huì)直接地影響我們工作、學(xué)習(xí)的效果。你也能看到,在體育比賽中,由于心理狀態(tài)的起伏,參賽選手的發(fā)揮會(huì)跟著有較大的起伏。同樣的道理,心理狀態(tài)的正常與否對(duì)參加聽(tīng)力考試的同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)也至關(guān) 重要。心理方面的任何失衡都會(huì)使你手忙腳亂,得分率降低,平時(shí)掌握的內(nèi)容也有可能發(fā)揮不出來(lái);相反,保持良好的心態(tài),則會(huì)使你如虎添翼,發(fā)揮出最佳水平??荚囍械男睦砥钣袃煞N,一是過(guò)于放松,難以集中注意力,總是想起別的東西,無(wú)法抓住聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵詞;二是過(guò)于緊張,心跳加快,手心出汗,有頭暈的感 覺(jué)。出現(xiàn)前一種情況的同學(xué)要加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練,找一個(gè)與考試環(huán)境相似的教室,模仿真實(shí)的考試場(chǎng)景,逐漸進(jìn)入狀態(tài);出現(xiàn)后一種情況的同學(xué)可能是對(duì)自己的能力估計(jì)不 足,心中無(wú)數(shù),有一種懼怕心理。這就要從自身做起,平時(shí)加強(qiáng)聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練,做到有的放矢,彌補(bǔ)弱項(xiàng)。從而充滿自信,保持心理穩(wěn)定。在考前,把指令背熟,然后在放指令的錄音時(shí),閱讀選擇項(xiàng),并進(jìn)行有關(guān)的預(yù)測(cè),這時(shí),緊張的心理自然消除了。另外,要做到順其自然,我們的意思是不要怕漏聽(tīng)一些非關(guān)鍵部分,像介詞、連詞、冠詞等,總之不要去想一個(gè)沒(méi)聽(tīng)到或一個(gè)不熟悉的單詞,否則,會(huì)漏聽(tīng)更多內(nèi)容。關(guān)于心理準(zhǔn)備。在開(kāi)首,我們提出同學(xué)們?cè)诰毩?xí)聽(tīng)力以及正式的考試中都必須遵循的一條,就是放松心情,但要使聽(tīng)覺(jué)系統(tǒng)緊張起來(lái)。只有放松心情,才能正常(甚至超水平)發(fā)揮聽(tīng)力。聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中,一定要集中注意力,不要胡思亂想。同學(xué)們?cè)谄綍r(shí)訓(xùn)練中,就要注意加強(qiáng)大腦與聽(tīng)覺(jué)系統(tǒng)之間的協(xié)調(diào)與溝通。注意辨別近音同音、近音詞句一樣,在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中也有許多單詞讀音很接近。它們?cè)诒蛔x出時(shí),很容易對(duì)考生造成干擾,使你產(chǎn)生多余的聯(lián)想。另外,在對(duì)所提問(wèn)題設(shè)定的選項(xiàng)中,通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)與聽(tīng)力材料中讀音接近的單詞,作為對(duì)原句中音或義的干擾。比如:原文:W: Ive got to buy a new car.M: Really?Q: What does the woman mean?選項(xiàng):A) She purchased a car recently.B) She knew the car was in the lot.C) She always forgets to clean her car.D) She really needs a new car.可以看出,B)項(xiàng)中的knew是對(duì)原文中new的近音干擾,C)項(xiàng)中的forget是對(duì)have got to的近音干擾。因此,在遇到這類題時(shí),要求考生要仔細(xì),不要一看到干擾項(xiàng)就立即作出選擇,從而中了題設(shè)陷阱。此外,還要注意語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)的問(wèn)題。中國(guó)考生對(duì)英語(yǔ)中以語(yǔ)調(diào)、語(yǔ)氣表意的句子不熟悉,從而難以領(lǐng)會(huì)說(shuō)話者要表達(dá)的真實(shí)意圖,結(jié)果造成失分。因此,應(yīng)試者應(yīng)對(duì)這一項(xiàng)加以研究,并加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練。以陳述句為表達(dá)形式而句末用升調(diào),表示說(shuō)話人的懷疑,不同意或不完全同意對(duì)方的觀點(diǎn)。句子結(jié)構(gòu)是陳述形式,但句末用的是降 調(diào)或低升調(diào),表示說(shuō)話人的無(wú)所謂或樂(lè)觀的態(tài)度,不表示懷疑。感嘆句用升調(diào)結(jié)尾,表懷疑。疑問(wèn)句句末用升調(diào)表示懷疑,而用降調(diào)不表懷疑。如Is he honest?用降調(diào)表示說(shuō)話者認(rèn)為他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。同學(xué)們對(duì)連續(xù)和弱讀的現(xiàn)象也應(yīng)有所了解。要做必要記錄同學(xué)們對(duì)于記憶的培養(yǎng)很重要。記有兩種形式,一是用腦記,二是用手記。人的腦力是有時(shí)間局限的,超出一定的時(shí)間,信息就會(huì)弱化,甚至消失。因此,訓(xùn)練作筆錄能力大有好處。在聽(tīng)較長(zhǎng)的信息時(shí),一邊腦記并理解,一邊還要做筆錄,只有這樣,才能有效地理解和判斷。如果沒(méi)有記住關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容,所做的判斷當(dāng)然無(wú)憑無(wú) 據(jù),正確性就會(huì)大打折扣。在四級(jí)考試中,聽(tīng)力兩部分都要求考生具有迅速而準(zhǔn)確地記錄有效信息的能力。在Section A中,有關(guān)于時(shí)間,數(shù)量推算之類的題目。做這類題目時(shí),考生要記下有關(guān)數(shù)字,并作簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算。否則,等聽(tīng)完之后,腦中暫歇的信息一經(jīng)消退,你就可能無(wú)法得到正確答案,亦或出現(xiàn)混亂而出錯(cuò)。例如:W:I only have ten dollars,is it enough for three tickets?M:Well, you can buy three 2 tickets and three 3 tickets, whichever you like.W:Ill like the cheaper seats,please.Q:How much money will the woman have after she buys the tickets?作這個(gè)題時(shí),最好記下幾個(gè)數(shù)字:10,3,2,3,分別代表有10元錢,買3張票,有2元一張和3元一張的,當(dāng)你聽(tīng)到買票者要便宜的一種,你立即可得出她還剩四元錢。在section B中,一篇短文被連續(xù)地讀出來(lái),這時(shí)記錄關(guān)鍵信息就顯得尤為重要。只有你準(zhǔn)確地記下了有關(guān)信息,才能順利地完成后面的題目。怎樣記?記什么?我們說(shuō)速記,簡(jiǎn)記;記要點(diǎn),記關(guān)鍵詞。簡(jiǎn)單到什么程度,只要是自己能看懂,能為做題服務(wù)就足夠了,記的要點(diǎn)包括中心思想、主要人物、主要情節(jié),有關(guān)的地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、數(shù)字(要準(zhǔn)確)等??焖贋g覽選項(xiàng)考生要切記,對(duì)付一切聽(tīng)力考試都行之有效的做法是快速瀏覽選擇項(xiàng)并提煉信息點(diǎn),再找出選項(xiàng)間的聯(lián)系點(diǎn)。當(dāng)錄音人在即將開(kāi)始讀Directions時(shí),這就是你閱讀選擇項(xiàng)的最佳時(shí)機(jī)。應(yīng)充分抓住這段時(shí)間,速讀選項(xiàng),預(yù)測(cè)內(nèi)容,從而做到心中有數(shù)。通過(guò)閱讀,應(yīng)明確以下信息:a) 題目所涉及到的主要人物,地點(diǎn)等,如是場(chǎng)景類考題,應(yīng)迅速聯(lián)想起與該場(chǎng)景有關(guān)的詞匯,全神貫注地傾聽(tīng)相關(guān)信息。b) 一般四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)的設(shè)計(jì)都會(huì)和錄音內(nèi)容或多或少地有點(diǎn)關(guān)系,以使能夠造成干擾。這時(shí),你就要比較它們之間的聯(lián)系點(diǎn),大膽地進(jìn)行猜想,事先得到一個(gè)印象,再與聽(tīng)力材料結(jié)合,就會(huì)迅速找出答案。這一技巧是建立在考生有較強(qiáng)的閱讀能力的基礎(chǔ)上。當(dāng)考生具有這一能力時(shí),通過(guò)在播放錄音前的短暫時(shí)間里對(duì)問(wèn)題所設(shè)的選擇項(xiàng)的涉及內(nèi)容快速地通覽一下,掌握其大意。這樣,你就會(huì)有針對(duì)性,目的性地去注意聽(tīng)力材料中提供的信息。從而迅速地找出有效詞句來(lái),作出正確判斷。例如:A)The doctor is busy tomorrow.B)The doctor wont see her tomorrow.C)The doctor is busy all day today.D)The doctor will see her today.當(dāng)你閱讀了這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)后,你就會(huì)聯(lián)想到這是關(guān)于醫(yī)生的活動(dòng)安排的內(nèi)容。這時(shí),你就要集中注意力在醫(yī)生的日程上。請(qǐng)看原文:W: When can the doctor see me?M: He wont be free until tomorrow.Q: What does the man mean?你聽(tīng)到醫(yī)生直到明天才會(huì)有空時(shí),答案就很明顯了。A)、B)、D)項(xiàng)都與原文所表達(dá)的意思不符。只有C)貼切。從這一點(diǎn)也可以看出,聽(tīng)力技巧的提高跟你閱讀能力高低有很大關(guān)系,因此,平時(shí)還要加強(qiáng)閱讀訓(xùn)練,以期能迅速理解選項(xiàng)意思。盡管英語(yǔ)四級(jí)六級(jí)歷年的具體題目不一樣,但考察的范圍沒(méi)有變,以英語(yǔ)六級(jí)而言,不外乎五千多個(gè)單詞和基本的語(yǔ)法知識(shí);但每年不同的考生都有栽在這雷同的題目上的。過(guò)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)的時(shí)候,很多同學(xué)沒(méi)怎么努力,就靠著高中時(shí)打下的一點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)底子就混了個(gè)及格,到英語(yǔ)六級(jí)時(shí)還想蒙混過(guò)關(guān),結(jié)果栽了。 固然是因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)六級(jí)比英語(yǔ)四級(jí)多了些單詞量,聽(tīng)力快了點(diǎn),閱讀文章長(zhǎng)了點(diǎn),寫作的字?jǐn)?shù)多了點(diǎn),但如果老老實(shí)實(shí)、仔仔細(xì)細(xì)、認(rèn)認(rèn)真真、勤勤懇懇地把基礎(chǔ)工作做好了, 拿高分是沒(méi)問(wèn)題的。首先,大家要相信基礎(chǔ)工作的重要性,要相信通往知識(shí)的金字塔頂沒(méi)有什么捷徑,要相信天道酬勤。固然考試會(huì)牽涉到一些社會(huì)常識(shí)、英美文化背景知識(shí)和邏輯思辨能力,但更重要的考察對(duì)象還是基本的語(yǔ)言 知識(shí),說(shuō)白了就是單詞和語(yǔ)法,這是一切題型的基礎(chǔ)。既然這兩樣?xùn)|西這么重要,就不應(yīng)該簡(jiǎn)單地對(duì)待。以單詞而言,一個(gè)單詞應(yīng)該從五個(gè)方面去記。讀音。要知道一個(gè)單詞的正確發(fā)音。不要說(shuō)現(xiàn)在不考口語(yǔ)就不需要知道單詞的讀音。其實(shí)朗讀單詞有助于記憶,而且只有你自己知道一個(gè)單詞怎么讀,而且經(jīng)常地讀,在聽(tīng)力里聽(tīng)到時(shí)才會(huì)迅速反映出來(lái)。還有知道了單詞的正確讀音有助于拼寫。像phenomenon這樣的詞基本上怎么讀就怎么寫,經(jīng)常地、正確地讀就不至于寫錯(cuò)。詞形。詞形不光是指一個(gè)單詞的拼寫,而且還包括它的各種形式變化。這是英語(yǔ)比較煩的地方,漢語(yǔ)就沒(méi)有這個(gè)毛病。但我們學(xué)的是英語(yǔ)就要尊重它的習(xí)慣。首先,要掌握一個(gè)單詞不同詞性的詞形,要知道economy是名詞,economic是形容詞,economize是動(dòng)詞;succeed是動(dòng)詞,success是名詞。其次,要知道一個(gè)單詞的各種其他形式變化,如名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,動(dòng)詞的分詞形式,形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)形式等等。詞義。不要只記住一個(gè)單詞的一層意思,要盡可能地多記。因?yàn)橹灰粋€(gè)單詞是大綱詞表里的,出題人的假設(shè)是你知道它任何一層意思,因此要知道game不光可以表示“游戲”、“比賽”,還可以表示“獵物,野味”和“體育用品”; observe不光可以表示“觀察”,還可以表示“遵守,奉行”如observe a rule,或“紀(jì)念,慶?!?,如observe a persons birthday,或“說(shuō),評(píng)述”,如He observed that we should probably have rain等等。詞的用法。尤其是一些抽象的動(dòng)詞、形容詞、名詞等等,一定要記住用法,也就是記住相關(guān)的搭配或例句,這樣印象才會(huì)深,在完形時(shí)才能選的對(duì),閱讀時(shí)才會(huì)有語(yǔ)感,寫作時(shí)用詞才能準(zhǔn)確。比如,記commit要記住commit suicide,commit a crime和commit oneself to (doing) something;記transmit要記住transmit heat/light,transmit TV signals和transmit diseases;記access最好記住例句Citizens may have free access to the library(市民可以自由使用圖書(shū)館)或 Only high officials had access to the emperor in the past(過(guò)去只有高級(jí)官員才有機(jī)會(huì)見(jiàn)到皇帝)。詞的同義詞、近義詞和反義詞。學(xué)習(xí)要融會(huì)貫通,每學(xué)一個(gè)詞都要想想跟它相近或相反的詞。嚴(yán)格地說(shuō),沒(méi)有哪兩個(gè)詞的意思或用法是完全一樣的,因此要善于區(qū)別。比如,suspect和doubt都表示“懷疑”,但I(xiàn) suspect that he is a thief 表示我傾向于認(rèn)為他是個(gè)賊,而I doubt that he is a thief則表示我傾向于認(rèn)為他不是個(gè)賊。再比如,nation,country和state都可以表示“國(guó)家”,但nation強(qiáng)調(diào)的是國(guó)民,country強(qiáng)調(diào)的是地理意義上的國(guó)家,而state則強(qiáng)調(diào)政治、政府、政權(quán)意義上的國(guó)家。只有這樣區(qū)分,完形時(shí)才能選對(duì),寫作用詞才能準(zhǔn)確。當(dāng)然收集了一些同義詞、近義詞在寫作時(shí)換著用也可以做到用詞多樣,比如“認(rèn)為”不要老用think,可以在適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤綋Q為hold,claim,argue,believe等等。這樣說(shuō)下來(lái),有的同學(xué)感到絕望了:我哪還有時(shí)間去做這么多工作?。课迩Ф鄠€(gè)單詞都這么記,我得記到猴年馬月啊?其實(shí)不是所有的單詞都需要這樣去記,只是一些高頻詞或用法比較重要、比較難的詞需要,而且我相信大部分同學(xué)大部分單詞已經(jīng)記好了,只不過(guò)需要做一下查漏補(bǔ)缺、融會(huì)貫通和復(fù)習(xí)鞏固的工作。再說(shuō)了,就算時(shí)間少又怎么樣?你沒(méi)有時(shí)間做這樣的工作,有時(shí)間干什么呢?有時(shí)間大量地做題然后看著一次不如一次的分?jǐn)?shù)而捶胸頓足?有時(shí)間去買答案、找槍手、押考題?別自欺欺人、鋌而走險(xiǎn)了。現(xiàn)在還有時(shí)間,同學(xué)們完全可以做足準(zhǔn)備地迎接考試的!1. compatible a. 相容的;兼容的compatible 指兩個(gè)事物不僅無(wú)分歧,不互相排斥,而且可以并存,和諧地處在一起。既可指人的和諧相處,也可指物體間的兼容。be compatible with sb. /sth. 與某人相處融洽/兩個(gè)物體(或物質(zhì))相互兼容This software isnt compatible with my laptop.這款軟件跟我的手提電腦不兼容。2. compensate v. 賠償compensate for 彌補(bǔ),賠償 表示補(bǔ)償還有一個(gè)短語(yǔ)make up for。He promises to compensate for my loss.他答應(yīng)賠償我的損失。3. compile v. 匯編;編輯英語(yǔ)中表示“編纂”的詞還有edit,它們的細(xì)微區(qū)別如下:compile 通常指根據(jù)搜集、整理的資料編輯詞典或匯編文集。edit 普通用詞,含義更廣泛,指校訂、編輯他人待出版的著作,也指對(duì)雜志、報(bào)刊的稿件進(jìn)行編輯、編排加工。compile routine 編譯程序 compile command 編譯指令。compile名詞形式為compilation,形容詞形式為compilatory。It costed him several years to compile this encyclopedia.編纂這部百科全書(shū)花了他好幾年時(shí)間。4. complement v. 補(bǔ)充,與相配 n. 補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),補(bǔ)充與complement類似,表示“補(bǔ)充”的名詞還有supplement,它們之間的細(xì)微區(qū)別如下:complement 強(qiáng)調(diào)一方對(duì)另一方補(bǔ)充后,二者的結(jié)合性、整體性,即二者互為補(bǔ)充,相對(duì)于supplement更表示一種密不可分的關(guān)系。supplement 側(cè)重于對(duì)事物完善或整體的補(bǔ)充。強(qiáng)調(diào)的是在一件事物的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行額外補(bǔ)充,以使其更完善。The episode complements the film well.這插曲跟這部電影配合完美。5. compliment v. /n. 贊美;恭維這個(gè)詞跟上面的complement只有一個(gè)字母的區(qū)別,大家不要弄混了哦英語(yǔ)中表示“稱贊”的動(dòng)詞還有很多,它們的區(qū)別如下:compliment 側(cè)重客氣和禮貌,有時(shí)含恭維之意。praise 普通用詞,指用語(yǔ)言或其它方式表示夸獎(jiǎng)、贊揚(yáng)。applaud 尤其指出色的表演或高尚的行為等得到同聲贊許、大聲叫好或熱烈鼓掌。commend 正式用詞,指對(duì)具體功績(jī)或成就等表示稱贊或嘉獎(jiǎng)。compliment on 贊揚(yáng) compliment sb. on sth. 稱贊某人的He is absolutely complimenting, because he is absent-minded.他根本就是在恭維,他的注意力完全不在這里。6. comply with v. 遵從comply 不及物動(dòng)詞,表示順從,答應(yīng),遵從,與介詞with搭配使用。Not only drivers but also pedestrians should comply with traffic regulations.不論是司機(jī)還是行人都要遵守交通規(guī)則。7. compulsory a. 必做的;義務(wù)的compulsory evacuation 強(qiáng)制撤離 compulsory education 義務(wù)教育 compulsory subject 必修課compulsory service 義務(wù)兵役 compulsory labour 強(qiáng)制勞動(dòng)English is a compulsory subject for college students.英語(yǔ)是大學(xué)生的必修課。8. conceive of v. 構(gòu)想conceive除了表示“設(shè)想、想出”外,還可表示懷孕。conceive of 想象,臆測(cè) conceive a child 懷孕I cant conceive of why he did such a stupid thing!我想不出來(lái)他怎么會(huì)干這么蠢的事!9. confidential a. 機(jī)密的這個(gè)詞跟confident可不是一個(gè)意思哦This is a confidential document.這是一份機(jī)密文件。10. conform to v. 遵從,符合表示“適應(yīng)”的動(dòng)詞還有以下幾個(gè),它們的區(qū)別如下:conform 多指與某模式或規(guī)則相符,也引申指改變習(xí)慣等以適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境。adapt 指人或物在原有情況下作某些改變以適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境或不同的條件,強(qiáng)調(diào)改變的目的和重要性。adjust 與adapt含義很接近,但adjust所改變的幅度要小一些,側(cè)重過(guò)程,主要用于調(diào)整角度、高度、光點(diǎn)等。accommodate 書(shū)面用詞,指以外部條件標(biāo)準(zhǔn)改變自己或某事以求得適應(yīng),著重改變或調(diào)節(jié)的有利。suit 指適合要求,從而使人滿意愉快。fit 含義廣,指人或物適合或適應(yīng)某一目的或用途。We always conform with each other.我們的意見(jiàn)總能達(dá)成一致。1 take a rain check 改天2 lost count 弄不清楚3 be in another world 精神恍惚;魂不守舍4 make yourself at home 隨意,隨便5 save your breath 省口氣吧;別白費(fèi)口舌了6 make sense 有意義,理解7 cost sb. an arm and a leg 非常昂貴8 burn a hole in ones pocket 很快地被花光9 fill ones shoes 很好地頂替;令人滿意地替代10 is ice cold 表示理所當(dāng)然11 like apples and oranges 用來(lái)表示無(wú)法相比的事物13 lose ones train of 忘記14 meet each other half way 相互妥協(xié),讓步15 on the dot 準(zhǔn)時(shí);正點(diǎn)16 once and for all 最后一次;干脆17 out of earshot 不在聽(tīng)力所及范圍18 out of this world 非常好19 play by ear 隨機(jī)應(yīng)變,視情形而定20 ring a bell 令人想起某件事;聽(tīng)起來(lái)耳熟21 share a common outlook 有共同的觀點(diǎn)22 six of one and half-a-dozen of the other 半斤八兩;沒(méi)什么區(qū)別23 stick around 在附近逗留或等待24 stick with 繼續(xù)做,堅(jiān)持25 straighten out 扯平;結(jié)清26 toss and turn (身體)翻來(lái)覆去(通常表示難以入睡)27 turn ones back (在別人遇到困難時(shí))不愿幫助28 under the weather 身體不適,生病29 bite off more than one can chew 貪多嚼不爛;心有余而力不足;不自量力;力不從心30 break new ground 創(chuàng)新31 do the trick 做成功;達(dá)到理想的結(jié)果32 drag ones feet 行動(dòng)緩慢;磨磨蹭蹭不情愿33 draw the line 拒絕,拒不容忍34 feel down in the dumps 心情不好;情緒低落35 few and far between 不多;少而分散的;不常碰到或發(fā)現(xiàn)的;稀少的36 fit as a fiddle 身體很健康37 grin and bear 任勞任怨;毫無(wú)怨言地忍受38 hit the spot (特指吃了食物,喝了飲料之后)精神完全恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)或感到滿足;恢復(fù)精力;提精神39 keep between the two of us 不讓第三者知道,保密40 know a thing or two about 略知一二在四六級(jí)作文中,詞匯量不足是影響成績(jī)的一個(gè)重要因素。一個(gè)意思往往因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)單詞不會(huì)而表達(dá)不清,一個(gè)好的句子也會(huì)因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)詞匯想不起來(lái)而不能完成。如何應(yīng)付這種情況使作文順利進(jìn)行下去?下面是三種簡(jiǎn)便易行的應(yīng)急措施可能對(duì)你會(huì)有所幫助。1. 試用籠統(tǒng)詞英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中籠統(tǒng)詞有have, take 等,籠統(tǒng)詞的重要特點(diǎn)在于意義廣泛,搭配性強(qiáng),構(gòu)成詞組后可以替代眾多具體動(dòng)詞。雖然不能精確表達(dá)一個(gè)動(dòng)作,卻能大致表達(dá)意思。在一些具體動(dòng)詞寫不出來(lái)的時(shí)候,用這些籠統(tǒng)詞取代,也能收到異曲同工的效果。例如:我經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)極其艱苦的時(shí)代。I experienced a terrible hard time.這一句中,experience被遺忘時(shí),用have代替,成為:I had a terrible hard time. 其效果及表達(dá)的意義決不亞于第一句。這樣的例子還很多。如:Do you understand my meaning, sir? = Do you take my meaning, sir?I will preside over the meeting. = I will take the meeting.I will subscribe to the local newspaper. = I will take the local newspaper.They occupied the city. = They took the city.The boy resembles his father. = The boy takes after his father.從以上的例句不難看出,具體詞音節(jié)較多,使用頻率不高,容易遺忘,而籠統(tǒng)詞則不然。因此,在作文應(yīng)試中,籠統(tǒng)詞取代具體詞,不失為一種應(yīng)急良策。2. 聯(lián)想有關(guān)詞匯當(dāng)遺忘產(chǎn)生時(shí),或遇到未曾學(xué)過(guò)的詞時(shí),應(yīng)采取放射性思維,發(fā)揮想象力,想出一切與之有關(guān)的單詞,利用語(yǔ)言的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,多層次,多角度地運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言。一般情況下,聯(lián)想可按下列思路進(jìn)行:1聯(lián)想同義詞;2聯(lián)想反義詞。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中眾多的同義詞在許多情況下是可以通用的。利用這一規(guī)律,由于某個(gè)單詞受阻而影響全篇寫作的情況便不會(huì)出現(xiàn)。試看下列句子:I had a nightmare last night. = I had a bad dream last night.Nightmare 使用頻率不太高,因此不太好記。而其同義詞bad dream 卻很容易記。以后者取代前者絲毫不影響原句的意義。再比如:I dont understand this word. 也可以說(shuō)成 I dont know this word.又如:He is stupid. = He is foolish. = He is a fool. = He is silly.The food is delicious. = The food is tasty. = The food is nice to eat.They discontinued the work at five. = They stopped the work at five.英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中詞與詞之間是有聯(lián)系的,詞與詞之間語(yǔ)義的“共核”現(xiàn)象即所謂的同義詞。豐富的同義詞給我們提供了極大的方便。同樣,用其反義詞來(lái)取代某一遺忘了的詞也是可行的,請(qǐng)看下面的例子:He is stubborn. = He is not tame.The knife is blunt. = The knife is not sharp.This is expensive. = This is not cheap.She is talkative. = She is never quiet.3. 試用解釋性語(yǔ)句語(yǔ)言的功能在于表達(dá),而表達(dá)的方式是多種多樣的。當(dāng)一個(gè)詞影響到?以溝通。英語(yǔ)當(dāng)中多功能解釋性語(yǔ)句,就可以起到這一作用。請(qǐng)看下面的句子:He is a dumb. = He is a person who can not speak.He refused. = He said “no”.Ive never seen such a stubborn person. = Ive never seen such a person who never listens to others advice.解釋性語(yǔ)句能幫助我們巧妙地避開(kāi)一些大詞,難詞,又能使意思表達(dá)流暢,不失為一聰明之舉。比較下面兩篇文章:(1)Examination is a common headache to students all over the world. They all detest is, but all being domineered by it. It represents a trial; the grade its verdict.Nowadays, examination has become a popular form of testing. It almost can dominate ones future. I am not exaggerating; for you all know it is true. If we want to obtain a diploma, we must first pass the exams. If we do not have a diploma, we may not find a job easily. That is the reason why all students are nervous and pale when they are sitting for an important examination which may concern their future.But as long as examination is on its peak of power, we must be philosophical of it. Do not always think of the harm that it brings, but think of the good it may do to us. If we do not have exams, we may indulge ourselves in other things instead of books. Exams have to always drive us on. What is wrong for learning more and thoroughly?(2)Examination is a common headache to students all over the world. They all dislike it (hate it), but all being ruled by it. It is a trial; the grade its decision.Nowadays, examination has become a popular form of testing. It almost can control ones future. I am telling the truth, for you all know it is true. If we want to get a graduation paper, we may not find a job easily. That is the reason why all students are nervous and pale when they are sitting for an important examination which may have something to do with their future.But as long as examination is on its highest point of power, we must have a calm attitude to it. Do not always think of the harm that it brings, but think of the good it may do to us. If we do not have exams, we may spend our time on other things instead of books. Exams have to always drive us on. What is wrong for learning more and deeply?比較兩篇文章,第一篇短小精干,用詞準(zhǔn)確,不失為一篇優(yōu)秀作文。而第二篇全篇采用最普通的詞匯,意思同樣清楚,也不失得體,流暢。四六級(jí)作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一般側(cè)重于能清楚地表達(dá)意義,段落,層次有系統(tǒng)性,語(yǔ)法正確,而并不過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)用詞的精確度。因此作文應(yīng)試的要領(lǐng)應(yīng)該是快捷、清楚、 流暢。所以,就考試而言,碰到難詞或遺忘詞時(shí),過(guò)分地把時(shí)間花在“鉆牛角尖”上是不明智的,而應(yīng)該采取靈活的思維方法、迂回的戰(zhàn)術(shù),運(yùn)用簡(jiǎn)單、易記的詞匯 及表達(dá)方式,從而能夠運(yùn)用有限的詞匯作出美妙的文章,輕松自如地駕馭語(yǔ)言,把握時(shí)機(jī),以聰明克服缺陷,以機(jī)智靈巧克服學(xué)究式的笨拙,以少勝多,最大限度地 發(fā)揮自己的潛能。關(guān)于如何提高閱讀能力,老師們講得都很多,各種方法和技巧也是層出不窮。其實(shí)無(wú)論冠以何種名稱,無(wú)外乎兩條線索。第一,通過(guò)抓住文章中鮮明地表達(dá)起承轉(zhuǎn)合關(guān)系的詞匯來(lái)把握句間邏輯關(guān)系,進(jìn)而推測(cè)文章內(nèi)容重點(diǎn)、預(yù)估命題線索,最后藉由關(guān)鍵詞的幫助力圖使其與文后題目相結(jié)合若出題點(diǎn)與閱讀重點(diǎn)恰巧吻合則往往能順利得到答案。毋庸置疑,這種方法在應(yīng)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)閱讀考試中的細(xì)節(jié)題型和部分推理題時(shí)往往比較有效,而且在某些情況下可以大大縮短解題時(shí)間。但其缺陷在于,隨著各類閱讀考試不斷演化,純粹意義上的細(xì)節(jié)題的比重正在逐步降低。以四六級(jí)閱讀而論,對(duì)主題和文章結(jié)構(gòu)的考察往往與細(xì)節(jié)相互交織,罕有不“牽一發(fā)而動(dòng)全身者”。死抓細(xì)枝末節(jié)的詞匯和個(gè)別語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象在面對(duì)今時(shí)今日的閱讀考試時(shí)可謂綆短汲深。這種方法沒(méi)有能夠跟上命題者思路的調(diào)整,一味抱殘守缺故收效甚微。第二,辨析文章結(jié)構(gòu),找到“經(jīng)典模塊”如現(xiàn)象解釋,如開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山,如觀點(diǎn)對(duì)立,等待套用模塊固定思 路按部就班、順藤摸瓜逐個(gè)擊破。這種方法的好處是在針對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)清晰命題思路相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的考題時(shí)能夠把題目按既有模塊對(duì)號(hào)入座,一一還原到文章各段之中。但實(shí)際演練起來(lái)卻容易出現(xiàn)這么幾種情況:要么動(dòng)起筆來(lái)大腦一片空白,所謂結(jié)構(gòu)模

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