初中英語閱讀理解之主旨大意day2.ppt

初中閱讀理解主旨題及解題技巧 Howtograspthemainideaofapassage inreading 主旨大意題 正確理解文章的 主旨大意 是閱讀技能之二 要求在閱讀和理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上 對文章作出歸納 概括或評價(jià) 這也是英語閱讀理解中常見的一類題型 大多是要求判斷文章的標(biāo)題或各段大意 閱讀中主旨大意題的題型分類 主旨題 標(biāo)題類 文章主旨 段落主旨 標(biāo)題類試題常見的題干形式 1 Thebesttitleforthispassageis 2 Thesuitableheadlineforthispassagemaybe 3 Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis 4 Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage 體現(xiàn)概括性 避免遠(yuǎn)離主題 2 文章主旨類試題常見的題干形式 1 Whatisthepassagemainlyabout 2 Thepassagetalksabout 3 Thepassagetellsusthat 4 Thispassagemainlydealswith 5 What sthemainidea topicofthepassage 體現(xiàn)全面性 避免以偏概全 3 段落主旨類試題常見的題干形式 1 Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyisthat 2 Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith 3 WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeParagraphone 4 What sthemainideadiscussedinthefirstparagraph 體現(xiàn)針對性 避免張冠李戴 關(guān)鍵 主題句 主題句 凡表述段落 或短文 主旨大意的句子 三個(gè)特點(diǎn) 1 總領(lǐng)性強(qiáng) 概括性強(qiáng) 2 結(jié)構(gòu)簡單 不用難句 3 其他句子解釋 支撐或擴(kuò)展主題句 起服從 論證 補(bǔ)充的作用 TypesOfParagraphStructures Atthebeginning Attheend Inthemiddle Nocleartopicsentence Englishisclearlyaninternationallanguage Itisspokenbypilotsandairportcontroloperatorsonalltheairwaysoftheworld Over70percentoftheworld sradioprogramsareinEnglish 主題句在段首或篇首 例2 Ifyoubuysomewell madeclothes youcansavemoneybecausetheycanlastlonger Theylookgoodevenaftertheyhavebeenwashedmanytimes Sometimessomeclothescostmoremoney butitdoesnotmeanthattheyarealwaysbettermade ortheyalwaysfitbetter Inotherwords somelessexpensiveclotheslookandfitbetterthanmoreexpensiveclothes Q Thepassageismainlyabout A well madeclothesB moreexpensiveclothesC clothesthatarenotveryexpensivebutlookandfitbetterD clothesthatareexpensiveandwell made 主題句在段末或篇末 例3 InspiteofthefactthatcarsfromGermanyandJapanarefloodingtheAmericanmarket Ford GeneralMotorsandChryslerareemployingmoreworkersthaneverbefore ThefloodofcheaperforeigncarshasnotcastAmericanautoworkerstheirjobsassomeexpertspredicted FordoperatesasfarasAsia andGeneralMotorsisconsideredAustralian sbiggestemployer YetGeneralMotorshasitshugeAmericanworkforceandemployshundredsofpeopleeverydaytomeettheneedsofaninsatiable 不能滿足的 society Question WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraphA GMisoneofthelargestcarproducers B FordoperatesnotonlyintheU S A butalsoinAsia C TheforeigncarshavenottakenawaythejobsofAmericanautoworkers D ThefloodofthecheaperforeigncarsisterribleforAmericanautoworkers takesth awayofsb 和castsb sth 的意思相似 主題句在段中或篇中 Handshaking thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina NobodyknowsexactlywhenthepracticestartedinEurope ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet theyshowedtheirunarmed 無武器的 handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachother shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother Let sshake hands onit sometimesmeansagreementreached 無主題句 Theparagraphmainlytellsus A wherehandshakingwasfirstpracticedB howhandshakingcameaboutC abouttherelationshipbetweenhandshakingandtradeD aboutthepracticeofhandshakingbothinEuropeandinChina 解題技巧 技巧一 識別文體 技巧二 找關(guān)聯(lián)詞 技巧三 抓線索 技巧四 找高頻詞 技巧一 識別文體 新聞報(bào)道 導(dǎo)語提攜全文 議論文 總 分 總 論點(diǎn) 論據(jù) 結(jié)論 說明文 主題句 首 中 尾 記敘文 記敘文六要素 Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease illness cancer cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems Forexample itcangiveonea smoker scough Finally studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller cancer smokingisharmful Isitworthit 議論文總 分 總 Whatisthemainidea A cigarettesmokingcancausecancer B smokingcancausethemostseriousandterribledisease illness C smokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems D smokingisharmful D Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention ColorTV Only 79 Twodayssale Hurry However whenyougotothestorereadytobuy Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel Amuchbettersetwhichis justrightforyou Itcosts 395 Thissalesmethodiscalled baitandswitch Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale Theparagraphcouldbeentitled A BuyingATVSetB ASellingMethodC BuyerBewareD TVOnSale MrsTurner stelephonenumberwas3463 thenumberofthecinemainhertownwas3464 peopleoftenmadeamistakeandtelephonedherwhentheyactuallywantedthecinema OneeveningthetelephonebellrangandMrsTurneransweredit Atiredman svoicecameoverthetelephone Atwhattimedoesyourlastfilmbegin I msorry saidMrsTurner butyouhavethewrongnumber Thisisnotthecinema Oh Itbegantwentyminutesago saidtheman I msorryaboutthat Well goodbye MrsTurnerwasverysurprised soshetoldherhusband Helaughedandsaid No thatwasn tamistake Theman swifewantedtogotothecinema buthewasfeelingtired sohetelephonedthecinema Hiswifeheardhim butshedidn thearyou Nowtheywillstayathomethisevening andthehusbandwillbehappy WhywasMrsTurnersurprised Becausethetiredman A wantedthecinemabutcalledawrongnumber B AskedherasillyquestionwhichsherefusedtoanswerC Saidsomethingthathadnothingtodowithheranswer D Wasangrywithhimselfforhavingmadeamistake c Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent Ontheotherhand nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessionalcriminal Andthemanwhoknows everything mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness So itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance so therefore thus inconclusion inshort allinall overall clearly Infact 技巧二 找關(guān)聯(lián)詞 技巧三 從段落中歸納要點(diǎn)抓大意 理清線索 有些文章或段落無明顯的主題句 只是暗示性地體現(xiàn)主題 這就要求考生在閱讀過程中根據(jù)文中所敘述的事實(shí)或提供的線索來概括總結(jié)主旨大意 TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors HarvardLawSchooland later BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami Florida Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat A Tom whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears movedtoanotheruniversity B TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege C TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity D Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation detail detail detail 技巧四 從段落中尋找高頻率詞 任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的 因此 許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞 即高頻詞 也叫做主題詞 Eg 9Aneweight kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem Itisexpectedtocarry20 000trucksandcarsaday whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity Aspartoftheproject twofour kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel practicallyatitshighestpoint Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand ontheinsideofthetunnel aconcretelining Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase whichismadeofconcreteandsteel Thedrainagesystem justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside removesanyextraliquid particularlywater Intheeventoffire thefiremain whichismadeofsteel pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones Thepassageismainlyabout A theconstructionofaroadB thedesignofaroadC theconstructionoftwotunnelsD thedesignoftwotunnels 主旨大意題的解題技巧 1 以原文為依據(jù) 不參雜個(gè)人意見 要客觀不要主觀 要克服 我認(rèn)為 怎么樣 的觀點(diǎn) 2 答案是比出來的 答案不選對的 只選最好的 比答案的原則是 好的 不知道的 不知道的 不對的 3 注意絕對化的詞 如果答案選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)絕對化的詞 比如 all always never nothing every等等 除非文章當(dāng)中使用了該類詞匯 否則 一般都要排除 比如 原文中出現(xiàn)了這樣一個(gè)句子 Almosteveryonelikesthemusic 答題時(shí) 要你判斷如下這個(gè)句子正誤 TrueorFalse Everyonelikesthemusic 4 答案要避免以點(diǎn)帶面 以偏蓋全 尤其是多個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有道理 難以挑選正確答案的時(shí)候 要注意選擇最符合題目要求的一個(gè) 5 傻瓜 原則 文章中沒有提到的就當(dāng)時(shí)不知道 不要枉自猜測 自作聰明 一切以文章內(nèi)容為準(zhǔn) 6 主旨大意題的干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)可能是文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié) 可能是從文中某些 不完全的 事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論 可能屬非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷 F 實(shí)例1 JoshnaBinghamstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation HechangedtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors HarvardLawSchoolandlater BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground HeispresentlyabusinesslawyerinMiami Florida 從以上這個(gè)段落 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有一個(gè)句子可以單獨(dú)陳述該段落的主題 那么 作者寫這個(gè)段落的目的是什么呢 通過仔細(xì)閱讀和理解每個(gè)句子的意思之后 我們便可領(lǐng)悟 作者想告訴讀者的是 JoshnaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation 所以說這種文章 或段落 只能從文章的字里行間去理解作者的意圖 這樣才能推斷出文章的主旨大意 實(shí)例2 Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletoexplainaweathermapexactly Weatherconditionisahugeamountofinformationaboutc