碩士論文華裔美國文學翻譯中的回譯.pdf

碩士學位論文 論文題目 華裔美國文學翻譯中的回譯問題 學 碩士學位論文 論文題目 華裔美國文學翻譯中的回譯問題 學 院 中國人民解放軍外國語學院 研究生姓名 劉芳 專業(yè)名稱 英語語言文學 完成日期 院 中國人民解放軍外國語學院 研究生姓名 劉芳 專業(yè)名稱 英語語言文學 完成日期 2005年 年 Content Content Introduction 1 Chapter One Elucidation of the Key Words in the Title 7 1 1 CAE literature 7 1 2 Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club 12 1 3 Back translation 16 Chapter Two Replication of the Original Linguistic Manoeuvring21 2 1 The Insertion of Pinyin 21 2 2 The Hybrid English of the Chinese Mothers 32 2 3 The Simple English in the Mothers Narration 36 Chapter Three Restoration of Chinese Culture specific Items 40 3 1 Deviations Due to Lack of Relevant Cultural Knowledge 41 3 2 Deviations Caused by Ignorance of the Context 46 3 3 Deviations Due to Irrational Omission 52 3 4 Deviations Caused by Unwarranted Addition 56 Conclusion 59 Bibliography 65 Introduction 1 Introduction Ever since the beginning of the 1990s Chinese American English literature abbreviated as CAE literature in the rest of this thesis which had thereto been in a marginal position has received more and more attention from domestic academic circles On the one hand representative English works of major Chinese American writers have continuously been introduced in their original or translated form the two most recent examples being the Gateway to the Golden Mountain Chinese American Writers English Classics Series published by the Shanxi Education Press in 2002 and the Chinese American Literary Translations Series put forward by the Yilin Press just at the beginning of the year 2004 On the other hand the major domestic academic magazines on foreign literature have published quite a number of essays about CAE literature For instance in 1998 the Research on Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature published by the People s University reprinted in full several essays on Chinese American writers such as Edith Eaton writing under the pen name of Sui Sin Far and Amy Tan Moreover some young scholars have even chosen CAE literature as the subject of their master s or doctoral theses For example Hu Yong s The Nostalgia of Culture The Cultural Identity of Chinese American Literature Beijing Chinese Theatre Press 2003 is actually a Introduction 2 modification of his doctoral thesis However it is noteworthy that research on this newly emerging cross cultural subject 衛(wèi)景宜 2002 1 has mainly been restricted to literary circles At least it is little discussed in the field of domestic translation studies Take the most authoritative magazine in this realm Chinese Translators Journal for example This magazine comprises such columns as Random Talk on Literary Translations and Review and Analysis of Translations which feature theoretical discussions about literary translations Yet during the relatively long period from 1990 to 2003 not a single essay in either column has ever mentioned anything about the translation of CAE literature let alone the issue of back translation involved in it which is to be explicated here in this thesis Besides among all the materials available to the present author only a handful has directly dealt with the particular issue of back translation in the translation of CAE literature 梁綠平 1993 金圣華 1997 金圣華 2002 Leo Tak Hung Chan 2002 王瓊 2002 Does this mean that the translation of CAE literature is not worthy to be studied We do not think so On the contrary because of the complicated relationship of this peculiar type of literary creation with the practice of translation special problems will occur during the translation of CAE literature one of which is back translation Therefore much still remains to be explored The cultural identity of the Chinese American writers alone invites translation as a metaphor These authors can be seen as Introduction 3 belonging to the diaspora group whom Salman Rushdie describes in his Imaginary Homelands Essays and Criticism 1981 1991 as translated because they have been borne across the world Rushdie 1991 17 Then as we study CAE literature what we cannot fail to recognize is that due to the authors unique ethnic background the representation of Chinese culture has remained a major theme in their works To express things Chinese with another language English is essentially to have the Chinese culture carried over which is exactly the Latinic etymological meaning of the English word translation The transmission of elements from one culture to another across a cultural and or linguistic gap is a central concern of both CAE literature and translation which are two types of cross cultural writing Thus CAE literature functions as a sort of cultural translation which has experienced both linguistic and cultural changes 王光林 2002 For these Chinese American writers writing translation Bassnett and Trivedi 1999 41 has become a means of maintaining their cultural identity in a somewhat hostile host culture Then when Chinese translators exert themselves to translate such texts into Chinese they are to a certain extent carrying out a sort of back translation which is similar to a cultural Whereas in the past this term was typically used to underscore the racial or cultural unity of all the scattered peoples notably the Jews by referring to a lost homeland in more recent postcolonial studies it has come to represent difference alienness and mixedness the fact that most or all of the peoples on earth came from somewhere and now live elsewhere Introduction 4 round trip over the Pacific Ocean 金圣華 2002 32 Such back translation cannot be regarded as a simple question of restoration as various deviations may occur during this process some of which can even pose challenges to current translation theory and practice It is therefore a subject worth further exploration The present thesis is merely an initial attempt at this subject And for the sake of speculation what is chosen as the subject of a typical case study is the highly acclaimed novel The Joy Luck Club New York Ivy Books 1989 by the famous Chinese American woman writer Amy Tan together with three of its Chinese translations 程乃珊 嚴映薇 杭州 浙江文藝出版社 1999 田青 長 春 吉林文史出版社 1994 于人瑞 臺北 聯(lián)合文學出版社 1990 which for convenience s sake will be mentioned as and in the following chapters The whole thesis falls into three chapters Chapter One chiefly deals with the three key words in the title CAE literature Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club and back translation First a brief history of CAE literature will be given so as to provide readers with a general knowledge about this special literary genre Then there is an introduction to the life and works of Amy Tan and the structure and content of her The Joy Luck Club the novel that brought her instant fame Presented at the end of this chapter is the definition of back translation which is the main issue discussed throughout this thesis Chapter Two concentrates on the discussion of the Introduction 5 back translation of relevant specific linguistic engineering in the original work The original peculiar linguistic maneuvering is categorized into three groups and several examples are put forth in each group to compare the different replicating methods adopted by the three translations The degree of success of these methods is duly discussed Chapter Three is primarily concerned with problems present in the three translations about the back translation of Chinese culture specific items Four types of deviations are discerned for this discussion of an accurate restoration of Chinese culture specific items Chapter One Elucidation of the Key Words in the Title 6 Chapter One Elucidation of the Key Words in the Title There are altogether three key words in the title of this thesis which must be elucidated at the very beginning in order to prepare readers for the discussions in the following chapters The three words are CAE literature Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club and back translation 1 1 CAE literature CAE literature refers to literary works written in English by Chinese living in America 衛(wèi)景宜 2002 2 142 The first CAE literary text published in the United States appeared in 1887 It was When I was a Boy in China an autobiography by Lee Yanphou 1861 1938 who was in the U S on a study program sponsored by the American missionaries in China He was only 24 at the publication of this book and he graduated from Yale in the same year In this book the author relates his life experience in China before the age of 13 and talks about Chinese sports entertainment diet The concept of CAE literature has been an enlarging one Originally it only referred to literary works written in English by American born descendants of first generation Chinese migrants But now it also includes works by Chinese who do not permanently reside in America such as Lin Yutang and Lee Chin Yang Chapter One Elucidation of the Key Words in the Title 7 clothing traditions and ceremonies The stimulus to the production of this book is that he was highly sensitive to the general distortion of China by the mainstream American society and he had written this book to redress that kind of wrong practice Kim 1982 25 In 1909 My Life in China and America a more influential English autobiography written by a Chinese was published in America Its author Yung Wing 1828 1912 is now haled as Father of Chinese Returned Students This book has stemmed from Yung s anxiety about the future fate of his motherland and recounted his search in the west for a way to reform China It has hereto retained its everlasting cultural implication and historical value and received more and more attention from concerned researchers 沈潛 楊增麒 1998 47 At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century Edith Eaton 1865 1914 daughter to an English father and a Chinese mother also published quite a number of literary works in English She openly declared herself a Chinese and had written about Chinese people and cried out against the injustices done to them Her first short story was published in 1896 Afterwards it was not until the mid 1930s when Lin Yutang s English works were published in the United States that Chinese writers once again appeared before the American public During the 1940s there were about 20 CAE literary works published in America including 8 by Lin most of whose authors were migrants born into Chapter One Elucidation of the Key Words in the Title 8 the Chinese upper class society and having received a fairly good western education Two of these books Pardee Lord s Father and Glorious Descendent 1943 and Jade Snow Wong s Fifth Chinese Daughter 1945 are especially meaningful as they are the first books written by descendents of the early Chinese migrants Lin s works and those biographies and novels published in the 1940 s had in the main catered to the desire of the American readers to know about China during the Second World War and the major purpose of these books was to introduce to the western readers in a positive way the long history and glorious culture of China There was a big breakthrough both in theme and in genre of CAE literature during the 1950s There emerged not only fiction but also poetry and non fiction Lee Chin Yang s 1916 Flower Drum Song 1957 which depicts the conflicts over the issue of marriage between the old and young generations of Chinese migrants in San Francisco became the best seller of that time and was subsequently adapted for the stage and screen The 1960s was the preliminary stage for the rise of contemporary CAE literature Novel became the major genre among all CAE literary works during that period there were about 10 novels in a dozen of CAE literary creations published throughout the 1960s Ling 1990 355 358 and there appeared more novels portraying Chinese American communities the most conspicuous among which was Eat a Bowl of Tea 1961 by Louis Chu Chapter One Elucidation of the Key Words in the Title 9 1915 1970 It is the first Chinese American novel to write about life in Chinatown with the kind of pidgin English popular there and the literally translated Cantonese dialect This book received little attention at that time But nowadays great importance has been attached to it and it was adapted for the screen in 1989 The changes in American political and cultural life and the upsurge of multiculturalism at the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s provided new opportunities for the production of CAE literature A research center on Asian Americans was established in the University of California Berkeley in 1969 and there emerged two selected works by Asian Chinese American writers Asian American Authors Houghton Miffin Company 1972 and Aiiieeeee An Anthology of Asian American Writers New York Anchor Books 1974 In addition Frank Chin a pioneer of contemporary CAE literature social critic and writer put forward two of his most famous plays The Chickencoop Chinaman 1972 and The Year of the Dragon 1974 which voiced the indignation of young Chinese Americans against racial discrimination and their desire to construct the cultural tradition of Chinese Americans The real rise of CAE literature took place in 1976 when Maxine Hong Kingston s 1940 The Woman Warrior Memoirs of a Girlhood among Ghosts an autobiographical novel gained enormous success That was the first time that a Chinese American writer had countered American racialism and tried to rewrite the Chapter One Elucidation of the Key Words in the Title 10 distorted and obliterated history of Chinese Americans in a new reader friendly way of narration There was a flourishing of Chinese American English writing during the last part of the 1980s While old writers had continuously come out with new works new writers and new books emerged in quick succession Besides Kingston she published China Men and Tripmaster Monkey His Fake Book in 1980 and 1989 respectively Chinese American writers active in the American literary world during this period include playwright David Henry Hwang 1957 and novelist Amy Tan 1952 The works that established their reputation M Butterfly 1988 and The Joy Luck Club 1989 won great favor with the American people and were both adapted for the screen During the 1990s a dozen novels have emerged which depict the feelings of Chinese Americans and interrogate their identity the most famous among which are Gus Lee s China Boy 1991 David Wong Louie s Pangs of Love 1991 Gish Jen s Typical American 1991 Fae Myenne Ng s Bone 1993 and Lan Samantha Chang s Hunger A Novella and Stories 1998 CAE literature has become all the rage on the scene of contemporary American literary As an indispensable constituent of American multiculturalism it has gained a large readership Besides it has also participated in the progression of American society and culture with the unique culture and passions of Chinese Americans Chapter One Elucidation of the Key Words in the Title 11 1 2 Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club As we have seen above Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club holds an important position in contemporary American literature Now it is necessary to give a brief introduction of both the author and the book Amy Tan was born in Oakland California on February 19 1952 to John and Daisy Tan both first generation Chinese migrants Her father was a minister and electrical engineer while her mother was a vocational nurse who was forced to leave behind three daughters from her previous marriage to an abusive husband when she migrated to the United States in 1949 The eruption of the Communist Revolution destroyed not only all hope of sending for the girls but also any means of contact with them Between Tan s 15th and 16th birthdays the family s burden of loss intensified with the deaths of both her elder brother and her father from brain tumors Her mother fled from the site of this emotional devastation to Switzerland with her remaining children Tan and her younger brother This grief experienced so early in life later became a recurring element in Tan s novels Returning to the U S as a young woman Tan earned bachelor s and master s degrees in the study of English and linguistics at San Jose State University where she also met her future husband Lou DeMattei In 1974 she and DeMattei were married They were later Chapter One Elucidation of the Key Words in the Title 12 to settle in San Francisco In 1976 she dropped out of the Ph D program at the University of California Berkeley horrified by the murder of a close friend Then she took a job as a language development consultant to the Alameda County Association for Retarded Citizens and later directed a training project for developmentally disabled children At first joining a friend who ran a medical publishing company Tan eventually moved into freelance business writing providing speeches for salesmen and executives of large corporations She prospered as a business writer but working had become a compulsive habit for her and she had to seek relief in creative efforts So she joined the Squaw Valley Community of Writers with the simple intention of developing a hobby but out of her early efforts came her first novel The Joy Luck Club On its publication in 1989 The Joy Luck Club was enthusiastically received by critics and the public alike Remaining on the New York Times bestseller list for nearly a year after its publication Tan was therefore hailed as the woman who brought Asian American culture to the New York Times bestseller list The Joy Luck Club was short listed for the National Book Award for Fiction and nominated for the National Book Critics Circle Award In recognition of her achievement Tan received the Bay Area Book Reviewers Award for fiction as well as the Commonwealth Club Gold Award In addition to her 50 000 contract Amy Tan received around 1 2 million from Vintage for the paperback rights for The Chapter One Elucidation of the Key Words in the Title 13 Joy Luck Club The novel has been translated into at least 20 languages including Chinese The main content of this novel is about the lives of a group of China born mothers and their American born daughters and the difficulties in t