Book6_U3_語法.doc

Grammar【（The Subjunctive Mood）虛擬語氣】 在英文句子中，謂語動詞的語氣是用來表示說話人對所講內(nèi)容的態(tài)度、看法以及心情等。英文句子中謂語動詞的語氣有三種：A）直陳語氣（The Indicative Mood）直陳語氣用于直截了當(dāng)?shù)仃愂鍪聦?shí)、描述狀態(tài)：He has published quite a number of essays this year .他今年已發(fā)表了好幾篇論文。B) 祈使語氣（The Imperative Mood）祈使語氣用于提出請求、命令、建議或是勸告等：Wait outside until you are asked. 請?jiān)谕饷娴群?，請你進(jìn)再進(jìn)去。Lets just take a break, shall we? 我們休息一會兒，好嗎？C) 虛擬語氣（The Subjunctive Mood）虛擬語氣用于表示主觀愿望和假設(shè)的虛擬情況。虛擬語氣不太顧及事實(shí)的存在，它表現(xiàn)出說話人的主觀因素比較多。所以說話人所講的內(nèi)容往往是與事實(shí)相反的；或是其實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性微乎其微，甚至于沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性。當(dāng)然，有時為了使說話的語氣客氣、緩和、委婉，也使用虛擬語氣例如：I wish you were more careful .但愿你更細(xì)心一些。If I had more money, I would buy a bigger apartment.我要是有再多一點(diǎn)錢，我就買一套更大一些房子。Would you mind shutting the door? 勞駕您把門關(guān)上。 虛擬語氣是英語語法中的難點(diǎn)?？忌鷳?yīng)主要掌握虛擬語氣在下列情況下的用法：虛擬語氣在虛擬條件句中的用法；在賓語從句中的用法；在壯語從句中的用法；及主語從句、同位語從句、表語從句中的用法；在一些特殊句型中的用法等。一.用于非真實(shí)條件句中的虛擬語氣幾種情況。條件句分為兩種：真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句。與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相違背If I had time, I would certainly join you in the tennis match. （事實(shí)是：我沒有時間）我要是有時間肯定和你一起打這場網(wǎng)球比賽。If I were you, I would put her suggestion into account.（事實(shí)是：我并不是你）我要是你，我會考慮她的建議的。與過去事實(shí)相違背If I hadnt been caught by something, I would have come to your party yesterday. (事實(shí)是：我昨天被某些事纏住了)我昨天要不是被些事纏住了，我就會去參加你們的聚會了。If he had taken my advice, he might not have made such a bad mistake.（事實(shí)是：他沒有聽我的建議）要是他聽進(jìn)了我的勸告就不會犯這么嚴(yán)重的錯誤了。與未來事實(shí)相違背If I should have a chance to try it, I would do it in another way. （假設(shè)的情況不大可能發(fā)生）要是我有機(jī)會試一試，我會用另一種方法做的。Even if they were to fail, they wouldnt lose courage. （說話人不希望假設(shè)的情況發(fā)生）即使他們?nèi)f一失敗，他們也不會泄氣。熟悉并掌握好下面的基本句式：條件從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相違背過去式（動詞是BE用were）Should / would + 動詞原形 與過去事實(shí)相違背had + 過去分詞would / should + have +過去分詞與未來事實(shí)相違背1) should + 動詞原形2) were + 動詞不定式3) 過去式（動詞是Be也可以用were）would / Should + 動詞原形需要注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 1. 省略If的幾種情況, 當(dāng)條件狀語從句的謂語部分含有had、should、或were時，就將這樣的詞had、should、或were搬到句首把句子寫成倒裝句而將連詞if省略。例如：If you were the manager here, what would you do? =Were you the manager here, what would you do? 你若是這里的經(jīng)理，你會怎么辦？If he should act like that again, he would be fired immediately. =Should he act like that again, he would be fired immediately. 要是他再那樣做，他會被立即解雇的。If we had time to spare, we would be glad to go to the park=Had we time to spare，we would be glad to go to the park如果能抽出時間，我們很樂意逛公園。If it were not for the discovery of electricity, the modern world would experience great inconvenience=Were it not for the discovery of electricity，the modern world would experience great inconvenience假如沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)電，現(xiàn)代世界將很不方便。2 含蓄條件句有時為了表達(dá)的需要，在虛擬語氣中并不總是出現(xiàn)if引導(dǎo)的條件句，而通過其他手段來替代條件句.1）用介詞短語替代條件句。常用介詞有with, without, but for等如：We couldnt have succeeded without your help (=if we hadnt got your help).But for the rain(=If it hadnt been for the rain)，we would have finished the work. Without air, there would be no life on the earth. 要是沒有空氣，地球上就不會有生命了。But for your help, the little boy would have been drowned. 要是沒有你們的幫助，那個小男孩早就淹死了。We could have done the work better in that case. 要是那樣的話，我們本可以把工作干得更好一些的。2）用一個副詞或連詞but / otherwise / or等表示虛擬條件和真實(shí)情況交織在一句中如：He telephoned to inform me of your birthday，or (=If he hadnt telephoned to inform me of your birthday)I would have known nothing about it. There might have been a terrible accident, but he braked the car before it was too late= if he hadnt braked the car before it was too late. He would have come to see you earlier but he just came back from his business trip .（本句中的上下文是：but he just came back from his business trip，表示：要是他在家沒出差的話）他本來早就來看你了，可他卻出差剛剛回來。But that you helped me, I would have failed in the experiment. （本句中的上下文是：But that you helped me，表示：要不是有你幫助我）要沒有你幫助我，我的試驗(yàn)本做不成功的。3. be動詞在表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的從句中一般用were。在非正式情況下，第一、第三人稱后偶爾也用was如：If he were you，he would go at once.4. 主句中的should通常用于第一人稱，would，could以及might可以用于各種人稱5. 在表示與將來事實(shí)相反的條件句中，只能用should，而不能用would，could和might等如：If it should rain tomorrow，we would not go camping.(should rain也可以用rained，were to rain代替)6. 錯綜時間非真實(shí)條件句中的虛擬語氣在錯綜條件句子中，虛擬條件從句和主句動作發(fā)生的時間不一致，因此，主句和從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)所指的時間選用適當(dāng)?shù)奶摂M語氣形式。例如：1）If I were you，I wouldnt have missed the film last night如果我是你，我就不會錯過昨天晚上的那部電影。（從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，主句與過去事實(shí)相反。）2）If he had followed the doctors advice，he would recover already如果他遵照醫(yī)生的勸告，現(xiàn)在病就好了。（從句與過去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。）3) If the boy hadnt been saved this afternoon, his family would not be in peace now .如果那個男孩今天下午沒有被救，他的家現(xiàn)在就不會如此安寧。4) If the machine were in good conditions, we would have used it in our last experiment. 要是這臺機(jī)器情況良好，我們上次就將它用于試驗(yàn)了。5) If you were to visit Hainan in two days, I could arrange for some of my friends there to meet you at the airport. 假如你過兩天去海南，我現(xiàn)在就可以安排我在那兒的朋友去機(jī)場接你。當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時，被稱為錯綜時間條件句動詞的形式要分別根據(jù)它所表示的不同時間作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。【虛擬語氣 練習(xí)題 】I. 單選題1. If I _ where he lived, I _ a note to him.A. knew, wouldB. had known, would have sentC. know, would sendD. knew, would have sent2. Mary is ill today. If she _, she _ absent from school.A. were not ill; wouldnt beB. had been ill; wouldnt have beenC. had been ill; should have beenD. hadnt been ill; could be3. If you had enough money, what _?A. will you buy B. would you buy C. would you have bought D. will you have bought4. Were I to do it, I _ it some other way.A. will do B. would doC. would have done D. were to do5. I _ him the answer _ possible, but I was so busy then.A. could tell; if it had beenB. must have told; were itC. should have told; had it beenD. should have told; should it be6. You didnt take his advice. _ his advice, you _ such a mistake.A. Had you taken; wouldnt have madeB. If you had taken; would makeC. Were you lo take; shouldnt have madeD. Have you taken; won t have made7. -If he_, he _ that food.- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A. was warned; would not takeB. had been warned; would not have takenC. would be warned; had not takenD. would have been warned; had not taken8. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brother.A. has come B. did comeC. came D. had come9. Jane would never have gone to the party _ that Mary would come to see her.A. has she known B. had she knownC. if she know D. if she has known10. I didnt know his telephone number. _ it, I _ then.A. H