專升本英語翻譯技巧.doc

翻譯實(shí)踐技巧（一）一、翻譯的定義翻譯是許多語言活動(dòng)中的一種，它是用一種語言形式把另一種語言形式里的內(nèi)容重新表現(xiàn)出來的語言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。如果把寫作比作成自由舞蹈，翻譯就是戴著手銬腳鐐在跳舞，而且還要跳的優(yōu)美。二、翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1.1898年 嚴(yán)復(fù)“信，達(dá)，雅”-忠實(shí)于原著，譯文流暢，文字典雅。2.1964年 錢鐘書 “化境”說-原作向譯文的投胎轉(zhuǎn)世。3.“忠實(shí)”與“通順”三、翻譯的要求1.深厚的語言功底英語和漢語1.1 語法意識(shí)1.2 慣用語意識(shí)1.3連貫意識(shí)2.廣博的文化知識(shí)3.高度的責(zé)任感與意識(shí)翻譯技巧做好翻譯的關(guān)鍵在于了解英漢兩種語言的差異，把握兩種語言不同用語習(xí)慣，按照“忠實(shí)”，“通順”兩大原則，是譯文盡可能多的反映原文信息。英漢兩種語言在結(jié)構(gòu)上存在較大差異。應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：四、英漢語言對(duì)比1.句法結(jié)構(gòu)順序漢語：主體+行為標(biāo)志+行為+行為客體 S + Ad. +V + O(C)英語：主體+行為+行為客體+行為標(biāo)志 S + V + O(C) + Ad. I have not seen him for over 30 years.我30多年來一直沒有見過他。2.句法結(jié)構(gòu)重心漢語把修飾語放在主體前，故重心在前；英語句子重心放在句末，即把較長的較復(fù)雜的成分放在后面。你們班家住在鄉(xiāng)下的同學(xué)有多少？How many students are there in your class whose homes are in the countryside?3.信息重心漢語的信息重心后置，即把要強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容放在后面表達(dá)；英語的把主要的信息放在前面先說。我原打算今年一月訪問中國，后來不得不推遲了。I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.他5歲生了一場(chǎng)病，變成了聾子。He became a deaf after an attack of illness at 5.4.”天人合一”與“自我中心”I am in good health. 我的身體很健康。我的法語看報(bào)很吃力。I read newspapers in French with great difficulty.5.直率與含蓄英語表態(tài)在前，敘事在后；觀點(diǎn)在前，事實(shí)在后。漢語正好相反。收到你們的消息，我很愉快。I am very happy to receive your message.6.客體與主體英語常用非生物性詞作主語，漢語則用人或生物性的詞。The thought of returning filled him with fear. 他一想到要返回心里就害怕。7.邏輯與領(lǐng)悟英語注重邏輯性，強(qiáng)調(diào)主謂配套，時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)，成分定位，有形連接。漢語不太注重邏輯，成流水狀。Everyone knows life in the north-west of china is harder. 誰都知道，西北地區(qū)是艱苦些。注意事項(xiàng)英語信息重點(diǎn)在前，漢語信息重點(diǎn)在后。You will lose your chance if you dont take action right now. 如果不馬上采取行動(dòng)，你就會(huì)坐失良機(jī)。英語多用復(fù)合長句。，漢語多用簡(jiǎn)單短句。Chilly gusts with a taste of rain in them had almost dispeopled the streets. 陣陣寒風(fēng)，帶著雨意，街上冷冷清清，幾乎沒有什么行人了英語多被動(dòng)，漢語多主動(dòng)He was asked by the local government to set up an injuries center at the hospital.當(dāng)?shù)卣笏卺t(yī)院創(chuàng)建一個(gè)創(chuàng)傷醫(yī)療中心。英語屬靜態(tài)語言，漢語屬動(dòng)態(tài)語言That would be the confirmation that it was in general use. 這證明它的使用是十分普遍的。英譯漢將英語譯為漢語，需要注意兩個(gè)層面，一個(gè)詞匯，一個(gè)句法。另外，句法中著重于從句。詞匯的翻譯詞義選擇。根據(jù)上下文關(guān)系和自身搭配，選擇正確的詞義。It is quite another story now. 現(xiàn)在的情況完全不同了。 This story is very interesting. 這個(gè)故事很有趣。The war is becoming the most important story of this generation.這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)將成為這代人生命中最重大的事件了。詞義的引申:delicate skin 嬌嫩的皮膚delicate porcelain 精致的瓷器 delicate health 虛弱的健康delicate living 奢侈的生活 delicate stomach容易吃壞的胃 詞義的褒貶 注意感情色彩。My brothers ambition is becoming a pilot. Hitlers ambition is to conquest the world. 詞義的轉(zhuǎn)換 英語在表達(dá)上多用名詞，形容詞，介詞，而漢語多用動(dòng)詞，副詞 The very sight of it makes me nervous 一看到他，我就感到緊張。 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.學(xué)習(xí)中必須進(jìn)行獨(dú)立思考。（2008.59）增詞法 They say her father was a worker in the small company. Maybe he was as poor as us. 聽人說，以前她的父親在一個(gè)小工廠里當(dāng)工人。他那時(shí)也許和我們現(xiàn)在一樣窮。減詞法 He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 他雙手插進(jìn)口袋，然后聳了聳肩。句法翻譯調(diào)整語序 常常需要把英文中位于主要信息之后的次要信息前移。定語前移 This is the best solution imaginable. 這是能想到的最好解決辦法。 狀語前移 He had to quit the position and went to exile, having been deprived of his power. 他被剝奪了權(quán)力，只好離職，流落他鄉(xiāng)。拆分法 They, not unexpectedly, did not respond. 他們沒有答復(fù)，這完全是意料之中的事。融合法 We look forward to the day when the scientists can discover more secrets of the universe. 我們期待有一天科學(xué)家們能揭開更多宇宙奧秘。被動(dòng)語態(tài)譯成漢語主動(dòng)句 On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. 相反，他們的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)更豐富了。By the end of the war more than 2000 people had been saved by the organization. 到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束時(shí)，這個(gè)組織拯救了2000多人的生命。 To explore the moons surface,rockets were launched into the space again and again. 為了探測(cè)月球表面，人們不斷向太空發(fā)射火箭。(2007.56)譯成漢語無主句，主要用于翻譯被動(dòng)句 The use of satellite makes it possible to observe the universe much better. 利用衛(wèi)星能夠更好地觀察宇宙。借助“被，由，讓，為，遭，加，予以，為 所” 等詞譯為漢語被動(dòng)句 Nuclear power has been known to the scientist for a long time. 核能為科學(xué)家們所認(rèn)識(shí)已經(jīng)有很長時(shí)間了。譯成漢語判斷句 In addition, not all the technology is based on science. 另外，并不是所有的技術(shù)都是以科學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)的?？隙ㄅc否定有些詞匯本身帶有否定意味，例如；avoid, before, beyond,deny,escape. It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 他無權(quán)簽訂這種合同。 (2001.65)部分否定結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯為肯定更符合英語習(xí)慣。 Dont lose time in posting this letter雙重否定 Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized.關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)的意義和重要性，怎么強(qiáng)點(diǎn)也不為過。特殊結(jié)構(gòu) All that glitters is not gold.發(fā)光的不都是金子。(2003.65)Nobody is admitted without permission. 未經(jīng)允許，任何人不得入內(nèi)。主語從句主語從句包含的信息為重要信息，位于句首。What he told me was only half-truth.他告訴我的只是半真半假的東西而已。（2008.58） 形式主語It 與accept,agree,argue,claim,report,say,suggest等動(dòng)詞連用，一般增補(bǔ)主語，或譯為無主句。It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determined his character and later personality. 人們普遍認(rèn)為，孩子早年的經(jīng)歷很大程度上決定了他們的性格和未來的人品例如（2008.57；2008.60；2008.64）。賓語和表語從句一般直譯I understand that he is well qualified,but I feel that he needs more experience. 我知道他很符合條件，但是我覺得他還需經(jīng)驗(yàn)。（2008.62）事物并不總是如其表象 Things are not always as they seem to be. （2008.63）同位語從句同位語從句修飾的名詞例如：hope,idea suggestion,statement（例如2008.60）一般直譯 She had no idea why she thought of him suddenly. 她不明白自己為什么突然想起他來。定語從句前置 Pollution is a pressing problem （which we must deal with right now）.污染是我們現(xiàn)在就必須解決的一個(gè)迫切問題。（2007.60；2008.56）后置，定語太長時(shí) It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle 是他接到那封信，說你的叔叔去世了（2007.65）。狀語從句一般包括時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，條件，讓步，目的，結(jié)果。英譯漢時(shí)多放于句首，結(jié)果狀語除外。Now that all of us are here,lets start our meeting. 既然大家都到了，我們開始開會(huì)吧 。She sat behind me so that I could not see the expression on her face. 她坐在我身后，我看不到她的表情。漢譯英方法與技巧漢語的句法特征：主語由諸多不同類別的詞語充當(dāng)，主語隱含不顯或無主句情況時(shí)常可見；謂語成分復(fù)雜，不受主語支配，無人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)的變化。句子與句子之間多無明顯的邏輯關(guān)系連接。英語句法特征：主語突出，只能由名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞性的詞語擔(dān)任；謂語絕對(duì)受主語的支配，人稱和數(shù)上必須主謂一致，有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的變化；句子與句子之間多以連接詞相聯(lián)。牢記！英語是主語顯著語言，英語句子構(gòu)建在主謂軸上。因此選擇確定主語和謂語是成功構(gòu)句的關(guān)鍵。主語的確定1.以原句主語作為譯文主語我們的房子是一百多年前建造的。Our house was built over a hunderd years ago.2.重新確定主語可以是句子中其他詞語，也可以是句外詞語。他的身材魁梧，長著一副大長方臉。He was a gaint of a man with a long square face.人不可貌相。It is impossible to judge people from their appearance.3.增補(bǔ)主語用勞動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的理想，用理想指導(dǎo)自己的勞動(dòng)。You realize your ideals through labour and you guide your labour by ideals.謂語的確定選擇謂語時(shí)必須考慮英語句法規(guī)范，遵循“主謂一致”原則，保證謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)上一致，動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)正確。鑒于此，強(qiáng)化語法意識(shí)，增強(qiáng)句法觀念至關(guān)重要。旅途中的情景很多，在此就不一一描寫了。My experiences of this trip are too numerous to be described one by one.語序的調(diào)整一.句內(nèi)語序調(diào)整1.狀語的位置：靈活，一般按照動(dòng)詞-方式-地點(diǎn)-時(shí)間 的順序。他每晚都在圖書館用心讀書。He reads hard in the library every evening.2.定語位置單詞作定語放在中心詞前，較長定語如詞組或句子則放在中心詞之后。舉世聞名的萬里長城The world famous Great Wall山東曲阜是中國古代著名的思想家、教育家孔子的故鄉(xiāng)。Qufu, Shandong Provience, is the birthplace of Confucious, a well-known ancient Chinese thinker and teacher.句間語序1.S+V+O，and /but S+V+O2.引導(dǎo)詞+從句+主句 或者主句+引導(dǎo)詞+從句否定句的翻譯英語中的否定手段：1.詞匯手段 no/not/never/nor/neither/hardly/rarely/seldom/scarcely/few/little/否定前綴或后綴/lack/fail/deny/miss/exclude/run short/out of/beyond/without/above/except/before/unless/other than2.句法手段Morethan/other than/rather than/know better than/tooto方法1.直接已成否定句注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移情況我認(rèn)為他不夠格。I dont think he is qualified.2.譯成肯定句人民軍隊(duì)離不開人民，就像魚兒離不開水一樣。The people is to the peoples army what water is to fish.他無可指責(zé)。He is above blame.他考試不及格。He failed to pass the exam.3.譯成否定句直到.才直到考完試我才能去看你。Not until I finish taking the exam can I pay a visit to you.常見方法visit you. 假如你不來，我就去看你。改譯法 他提醒我們要注意身體 He warned us to take care of ourselves。增譯法 不知你是否完成了任務(wù)。 I wonder whether you have finished your task. 許多商店開展買一贈(zèng)一的活動(dòng)。 Many departments provide service of “Buy One Get One Free” 對(duì)應(yīng)法 If you dont come here, I will go to省譯法 你們需要的是快速進(jìn)步，而不是慢慢的進(jìn)步。 You need rapid progress, not slow.調(diào)整順序 我能在這兒坐一會(huì)嗎？ Can I sit here for a while 好的建議，誰來提都無所謂。If the suggestion is advisable, it does not matter who gives it. 不管晴天陰天，比賽準(zhǔn)時(shí)進(jìn)行。 Rain or shine,the match will go on time.轉(zhuǎn)換語態(tài)和正反對(duì)譯這座橋?qū)⒃诮衲昴甑捉ǔ伞?The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.我還沒來得及攔住她，她就向大家宣布了這個(gè)消息。 Before I could stop her,she shouted the news to everyone. 當(dāng)時(shí)女孩子沒有受教育的機(jī)會(huì)。 Girls were denied the chance to education at that time.常用的句型Notuntil. 句型 1.She did not go to bed until her mother came back.她直到她媽媽回來才上床睡覺。 2.Tom did not watch TV until he finished his homework.（2003.68）3. It was not until in my thirties that I made this important discovery:giving-away makes life so much more exciting. 直到將近不惑之年，我才如夢(mèng)方醒，意識(shí)到奉獻(xiàn)社會(huì)使我們的生活更加燦爛。（模擬1.58）4. Not until the beginning of the twentieth century did the human beings learn to prevent the disease from spreading. 直到二十世紀(jì)初，人類才學(xué)會(huì)防治疾病的傳播。It is reported/said /estimated that It is reported that foreign insurance companies has entered into nineteen Chinese cities so far. （2007.59） =made their way據(jù)報(bào)道，迄今為止，外國保險(xiǎn)公司已打入中國19個(gè)城市。據(jù)估計(jì)，已經(jīng)有100多萬人從這個(gè)工程中受益。Its estimated that more than 1 million people had been benefited from this project. （2005.76）It is necessary/important for sb to do sth我們有必要了解一些英語國家和中國的文化差異。It is necessary for us to learn/know some differences between some English speaking countries and China.（2002.70）大學(xué)生學(xué)好英語很重要。 It is important for university students to learn English well.（2003.66）比較級(jí)你練得越刻苦，你取得的進(jìn)步就越大。The harder you practice,the greater progress you will make.（2003.70）他在各方面都比我好 He is much better than I in every aspect.This year they have made by far greater progress in business than they did last year. 他們今年的業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)展比去年大得多（2008.56）The people there will pay two or three times as much as they used to pay for a house. 對(duì)于同一所房子，人們將要支付的是往常支付錢數(shù)的兩三倍之多。2007.57（倍數(shù)）Be likely to and not.but.The words and phrases given in this dictionary are those that are likely to be needed by every person.(2007.56) 本詞典詞條所列，都是每個(gè)人極可能用得上的單詞和詞組。如果你想獲得成功，除了努力工作以外別無選擇。 There is no other choices but hard- working if you want to be successful(2005.77) It seems thatand in spite of.It seems strange that in the past ten years Mike and I might just as well have been in different worlds. 看起來很奇怪的是，在過去的十年里，麥克和我可能恰好在不同的世界里。（2008.57） In spite of differences of opinion,we share a common interest in the preservation of the world. 盡管意見有分歧，我們對(duì)維護(hù)世界和平有著共同的利益。Although,but and depend on盡管警察懷疑這名年輕人，但沒有足夠證據(jù)證明他就是犯罪。 Although this young person is under suspicion, there is no proof to show he is the criminal.(2005.80)使我們自己的所為和所不為決定著我們的未來。 Our future depends on what we ourselves should do or not do.(2007.61)我們能否出行取決于天氣。Our trip is dependent on the weather.(depends on )(模擬1.64)So.thatand sb have the/no little chance of /there is little chance of 湯姆筋疲力盡，看著書竟睡著了。 Tom was so worn out that he fell asleep while reading a book.He has no ch