八大技巧尋找閱讀理解關(guān)鍵信息點.doc

八大技巧尋找閱讀理解關(guān)鍵信息點任何一篇文章，都有主要信息和次要信息之分。所謂主要信息，也就是文章的關(guān)鍵信息，是作者竭力要傳達給讀者的，是文章的靈魂與精髓；次要信息，是為主要信息服務(wù)的，起輔助作用。而閱讀理解的出題點往往在文章的關(guān)鍵信息處。所以，抓住關(guān)鍵信息點，可以幫助同學(xué)們快速而有效地鎖定答案。1 從篇首、篇尾、段首或段尾處尋找關(guān)鍵信息點任何文章都會有主旨要義，即文章的主題。是否能夠把握住文章的主題是理解一篇文章的關(guān)鍵。因此，命題人必然會以各種方式對其進行考查。而文章的主題一般會由主題句或主題段來體現(xiàn)。通常而言，主題句常出現(xiàn)在首尾段落或者段落首尾。如：例1 （2013年天津卷，保留原題號） My grandfather Jack is 96 years old，and he has had an interesting life. He has travelled a lot in his life in the Far East. He visited the Taj Mahal in India and the Pyramids in Egypt. He Hunted（狩獵）lions in Africa, and rode a camel in the Sahara Desert. He says the most beautiful place he has travelled to is Kathmandu in Nepal.51. What kind of life has Jack lived?A. A short life. B. An interesting life. C. A lonely life. D. A poor life.解析：該題是從篇首處命題，屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。首句My grandfather Jack is 96 years old，and he has had an interesting life. 便是文章的主題句，可以快速得到答案為B。2 從文章的轉(zhuǎn)折處尋找關(guān)鍵信息點作者常常會借用轉(zhuǎn)折連詞或副詞來引出某個重要的事實或觀點，而轉(zhuǎn)折連詞或副詞之后的內(nèi)容，往往表達的是作者真實的寫作目的、觀點或態(tài)度。因此，抓住轉(zhuǎn)折連詞前后的內(nèi)容至關(guān)重要。常見的表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞有：however, but, yet, while, though, although等。另外，indeed, in fact也常用來表示前后語義的轉(zhuǎn)折。如：例2 （2013年重慶卷，保留原題號）Here is a useful computer game.This game can help you remember English words and practice drawing pictures. But youd better not spend too much time on it. It will be bad for your eyes.53. This computer game can help the players .A. guess the number of coins B. remember English wordsC. practice talking about pictures D. spend much time on it解析：該文最后一段的第一句話告訴我們，游戲的優(yōu)點是“能幫助記憶英語單詞和練習(xí)繪畫”。然后，通過轉(zhuǎn)折詞but指出，玩這類游戲的壞處是“時間長了會傷眼”。選B。3 從指代關(guān)系處尋找關(guān)鍵信息點為了簡潔明了地表達事物及邏輯關(guān)系，文章常利用各種代詞來替代前面提到過的人或物。當(dāng)代詞前后的句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，代詞與其替代的人或物相隔較遠(yuǎn)，或代詞周圍出現(xiàn)多個事物時，這種指代關(guān)系往往不易區(qū)分清楚。這種情況常常受到命題人的青睞。例3 （2013年南京卷，保留原題號）Imagine the situation. You are driving alone in a desert or on a mountain.You have no idea where you are. You passed the last house two hours ago. Then your car breaks down. It is night and it is cold. You have no mobile phone. What do you do? Well, next time take a GPS with you. This invention may be able to help you. It is a device (裝置) which uses satellites (衛(wèi)星) to find the users position (位置). It can find your position to within 20 metres. A GPS cannot start your car, but at least you will know where you are.There are three parts to the Global Positioning System. The first part is the receiver. You can hold it in your hand, or have it fixed into your car, plane, etc. The second part is a group of satellites orbiting the Earth. The receiver contacts at least four of the satellites and calculates (計算) its position. The third part of the system is a network of ground stations. They are all over the world. They control the satellites and make sure they are working well.43. The underlined word “They” in paragraph 3 means “”.A. Receivers B. GPS devices C. Satellites D. Ground stations解析：分析they所在的這段話可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，該段主要介紹GPS系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。而they之前正好講到該系統(tǒng)的第三部分“地面網(wǎng)絡(luò)站”，從而可推斷此處就是指“地面網(wǎng)絡(luò)”。選D。當(dāng)然，名詞或短語在文章當(dāng)中也可以起到指代作用。與上下文語義密切相關(guān)，且指代的事物又難以辨識的名詞或短語，也往往是命題人大做文章的對象。如：例4 （2013年煙臺卷，保留原題號）Once there was a huge apple tree. A little boy loved to come and play around it everyday. He loved the tree and the tree loved to play with him.Time went by. the little boy had grown up and he no longer played around the tree everyday. One day, the boy came back to the tree and he looked sad. “Come and play with me,”the tree asked the boy. “I am no longer a kid, I dont play around trees anymore. ”The boy replied,“I want toys. I need money to buy them.”“Sorry, but I dont have money. But you can pick all my apples and sell them. So, you will have money.” The boy picked all the apples on the tree and left happily. The boy never came back after he picked the apples. The tree was sad.One day, the boy returned and the tree was so excited. “Come and play with me.” the tree said.“I dont have time to play. I have to work for family. We need a house for shelter. Can you help?”“Sorry, I dont have a house. But you can cut off my branches to build your house.” So the boy cut all the branches off the tree and left happily. The tree was glad to see him happy but the boy never came back since then. The tree was again lonely and sad.Finally, the boy returned after he left for so many years. “Sorry, my boy. But I dont have anything for you any more. The only thing left is my dying roots.” the tree said with tears.“I dont need much now, just a place to rest. I am tired after all these years.” The boy replied.“Good! Old tree roots is the best place to lean on and rest. Come and sit down with me and rest.” The boy sat down and the tree was glad and smiled with tears.55. According to the passage, which of the following statement is NOT true?A. The phrase “with tears” means that the apple tree was sad because the boy asked for too much.B. The phrase “with tears” means that the apple tree was still happy because she could help the boy for the last time.C. Each time the boy asked the apple tree for help, the tree tried her best to satisfy him.D. After reading the passage, we can easily think of the old Chinese saying “Parents love is universal!”解析：采用排除法。根據(jù)句子Come and sit down with me.可知，最后男孩回到了大樹的身邊，大樹因為幫助男孩喜極而泣。B項正確；從整篇短文來看，每次不管男孩提出什么要求，大樹都盡力幫助他。C項正確；這篇文章用大樹來比作父母的愛，無邊無際。D項正確；再根據(jù)句子The only thing left is my dying root. 唯一剩下的就是我即將死去的根。其實，大樹是因為不能幫助男孩感到很傷心，并不是因為男孩索取的太多。A項錯誤。答案為A。4 從并列、列舉處尋找關(guān)鍵信息點并列、列舉處是指用first(ly).，second(ly).，third(ly).，finally.，not only.but also， above all. 等表示順承或并列關(guān)系的詞語，列舉出的一系列并列的事實情況。并列處和列舉處是考查事實細(xì)節(jié)的主要設(shè)題題眼。另外，為了使自己的觀點更有說服力、更加明確，作者還經(jīng)常使用舉例的方法來進行論證。常由such as, for example，take.as an example等引出，這些例子同樣會成為出題人設(shè)題的焦點。 如：例5 （2013年溫州卷，保留原題號）It is widely agreed that the cover-use of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil has caused serious environmental problems. Scientists are trying to find new clean energies that do not pollute the air, the water or the ground. Solar power is one of them.Solar power is a kind of electricity which is produced by taking energy from the sun, using solar panels. The solar panels are usually fixed on the roofs of houses and buildings.37. Solar power is a kind of energy taken from.A. the air B. the sun C. the water D. the ground 解析：第一段講述了科學(xué)家正在尋找一種不污染空氣、水和土壤的清潔能源。然后舉例說太陽能是其中之一（Solar power is one of them.）。接著闡述，太陽能發(fā)電是一種通過太陽能板來收集太陽能量而產(chǎn)生的一種電。（Solar power is one of them.Solar power is a kind of electricity which is produced by taking energy from the sun, using solar panels.）B正確。5 從特殊標(biāo)點符號處尋找關(guān)鍵信息點特殊標(biāo)點符號主要包括：破折號（表解釋或補充說明）、括號（表解釋）、冒號（表解釋或列舉）、引號（表引用或引號內(nèi)容有特殊含義）等等。命題人經(jīng)常會針對這些特殊標(biāo)點的前后內(nèi)容設(shè)題，考查考生對特殊標(biāo)點含義及前后內(nèi)容的準(zhǔn)確理解。如：例6 （2013年安徽卷，保留原題號）The human brain weights about 1.4 kilograms, but it can hold much more information that most computers. However, there is another difference between humans and computers. Computers dont forget information they are given, but humans often do. No one remembers everything and luckily we dont usually have to. But everyone can improve their memory if they want to. Here are some suggestions.Try to use new information immediately. For example, if you meet someone who says “Hi! Im Carlos.” Dont just say “Hello.” Repeat the persons name. Say “”.92. Which school be put in the blank(空格) in paragraph 2?A. Hello, Carlos. B. How do you do?C. Hello, I am Sophia. D. Glad to meet you !解析：第一個引號的內(nèi)容是“Hi! Im Carlos.” 再根據(jù)作者的態(tài)度：“Dont just say Hello. Repeat the persons name.”可以推斷，正確答案應(yīng)該是A。6從文章的觀點處尋找關(guān)鍵信息點作者表達對于某人或某事的觀點或態(tài)度，或涉及其他人、組織機構(gòu)的觀點或態(tài)度的地方，常受命題人的偏愛。解題時，要留意文中出現(xiàn)argue, believe, hate, against等表達觀點的態(tài)度詞，以及一些帶有感情色彩的特殊句式。如：祈使句、感嘆句、反問句等。如：例7 （2013年北京卷，保留原題號）.Mary bought her plant the same time I did. It took a year for her jasmine to bloom. I was so impatient for mine to bloom；regretfully, I gave it away.In a way my life is like the jasmine plant. I need to be patient and let things happen.Last Sunday Linda told me that she was going abroad the next week. Before she left, she returned the plant to me. This time I am going to wait. I have learned that when we want something in our life, we have to be patient. I am slowly learning to have that patience to wait for my jasmine to bloom.52. What has the writer learned from her experience?A. Patience is needed in life. B. Flowers can make life better.C. Friendship is necessary for us.D. Jasmine can be a wonderful plant.解析：本題是一道主旨題，也是根據(jù)作者觀點來命制的試題。作者買了一株茉莉花，但是，覺得它總是不開花，把它送給了一個朋友。后來，作者在另一個朋友的辦公室看到了茉莉花，才知道茉莉開花要一年的時間，是自己太沒有耐心。從這件事情中，作者明白了一個道理：“在生活中要想得到某個東西，要有耐心才行。”所以，正確答案是A。7從引言處尋找關(guān)鍵信息點作者在論證自己的觀點或闡述某一問題時，常會引用他人或者組織機構(gòu)的論斷、闡述及研究發(fā)現(xiàn)等，以增強文章的說服力。如：例8 （2013年安徽卷，保留原題號）.Many people say that their vacations are too short. In France, people get five weeks of paid vacation a year. In Germany, they get from four to six weeks, and in the United States, two weeks. One study shows fewer than half of workers used all their vacation days. In Great Britain, there is a saying, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull(遲鈍的) boy.”If that is true, there must be a lot of dull people in the world.80. What can we infer from this passage?A. Many workers have to work long hours.B. Many people have vacations long enough.C. Work hours are the same around the world.D. There are a lot of dull people in the world. 解析：最后一段，作者引用了名言All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 由此可判斷，作者是想說世界上有很多人工作很多，但休息很少。答案為A。8從因果關(guān)系處尋找關(guān)鍵信息點兩個事物內(nèi)在的因果關(guān)系常常成為命題點。一般來說，這種試題有兩種形式：給出原因推結(jié)果，或者給出結(jié)果找原因。注意關(guān)鍵詞：because, since, so和as a result等。如：例9 （2013年廣州卷，保留原題號）.The mans wife lowered her head. There was no longer a smile on the mans face. He quietly asked. “How much did you say?”