初中英語非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法.doc

代詞的分類代詞通?？煞譃橐韵掳祟悾?） 人稱代詞（I, you, he , we等）人稱代詞的主格在句子中充當(dāng)主語人稱代詞的賓語在句子中充當(dāng)賓語、介詞賓語或表語Who is there? Its me.如果有幾個(gè)人稱代詞并列充當(dāng)主語，它們的順序是：?jiǎn)螖?shù)形式 you, he and I 復(fù)數(shù)形式 we, you and they2）物主代詞（our, your, their, his等）形容詞性物主代詞不能獨(dú)立使用，只作定語，用來修飾后面的名詞。名詞性物主代詞應(yīng)獨(dú)立使用，后面不跟名詞，相當(dāng)于形容詞性物主代詞+名詞Is this her pen? No, hers is red. （主語）Lets clean their room first, and then clean ours. （賓語）These letters are his.（表語）3）反身代詞（myself, ourselves, yourself, itself等）by oneself 親自 for oneself 為自己 call oneself 稱自己 teach oneself 自學(xué)help oneself to 隨意吃 lose oneself 迷路 speak to oneself 自言自語 seat oneself 就座 make oneself understood 讓別人懂得自己的意思4）相互代詞（each other, one another）5）指示代詞（this, that, these, those等）6）疑問代詞（who, what, which, whose等）7）關(guān)系代詞（who, that, which, whose，whom等）8）不定代詞 some, somebody, someone, something, any, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing, all, both, neither, none, either, each, everybody, everyone, everything, other, another, much ,one初中英語非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法 非謂語動(dòng)詞：在句子不作謂語使用的動(dòng)詞，其形式有不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、動(dòng)名詞和過去分詞四種（通常我們把現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞統(tǒng)稱為-ing分詞）。非謂語動(dòng)詞短語：非謂語動(dòng)詞仍保留動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，可以有自己的賓語、表語或狀語，我們將非謂語動(dòng)詞和其賓語、表語或狀語一起稱作非謂語動(dòng)詞短語。一、下列情況必須用-ing分詞1、在下列動(dòng)詞（短語）之后作賓語或賓補(bǔ)時(shí)； Consider , dislike , enjoy , feel like , finish , imagine , give up , mind , cant help , cant stand , suggest , understand , be busy , have fun , have difficulty （trouble）, keep , spend , waste , have a hard time , look forward to , be use to(習(xí)慣) ，prefer ( doing ) to ( doing ) 等。e.g When she heard the news, she couldnt help crying. I found a boy playing in the corner.2、在介詞之后作賓語時(shí)；e.g Lucy is good at swimming.3、作句子主語位于句首時(shí)；e.g Exercising every day is good for your health.4. 位于限定詞后作名詞使用時(shí)；e.g This is the beginning of the garden tour.5、在“go + -ing形式（運(yùn)動(dòng)名稱）”和“ do some + -ing形式”這類固定短語中。e.g We will go fishing if it doesnt rain tomorrow. She did some shopping last Sunday.6. ing分詞前邏輯主語的使用：有時(shí)我們需要在-ing分詞前加上其動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者（邏輯主語），其動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者用名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞表示。e.gWould you mind my smoking here?二、下列情況必須使用不帶to的不定式1、位于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后同情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一起作謂語時(shí)；e.g You should see a dentist if you have got a toothache.2、位于would rather , had better , why (not)之后的不定式；e.gYou had better stay here until the police come. Why not go to the movie with us?3、位于感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式（注：help之后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式可以帶to也可不帶to）；e.g I often hear her sing English songs in the next room.The boss made them work over 12 hours a day./ She often helps her mother (to) do the housework.4、兩個(gè)不定式由and , or , except , but 或 than連接在一起時(shí)，第二個(gè)不定式常常不帶to。e.g Id like to lie down and have a good rest.三、-ing分詞還是不定式：1、動(dòng)詞like后，使用不定式主要說明一次性的動(dòng)作，使用-ing分詞主要說明存在的狀況。e.gI like playing soccer, but I dont like to play it this afternoon.2、begin和start之后，-ing分詞和不定式都可使用，但如果begin/start自身為-ing分詞時(shí)，之后通常用不定式。e.gHe began to do/doing his homework after dinner.Im starting to cook dinner very soon.3、stop、remember、forget和go on之后的非謂語動(dòng)詞形式的判定，主要應(yīng)考慮非謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作前是否已發(fā)生：如動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作前，用-ing形式；如動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作后，用不定式。e.gThe teacher is coming, please stop talking.On her way home, she stopped to buy some food for supper.Dont forget to turn off the light when you leave.He did his homework again. He forgot doing it yesterday.4、need之后的非謂語動(dòng)詞形式，主要考慮句子的主語同非謂語動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系：如句子主語為非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語，用不定式；如句子的主語為非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯賓語，用-ing形式。e.gWe need to water the flowers this afternoon.The flowers need watering this afternoon.5. 感官動(dòng)詞后的非謂語動(dòng)詞形式的判定，主要應(yīng)考慮是說明整個(gè)動(dòng)作（不帶to的不定式），還是說明正在做某事（-ing形式）。主要有下面幾種情況：四、-ing分詞還是過去分詞：1. 表伴隨的插入語中的非謂語動(dòng)詞形式的判定，主要應(yīng)考慮句子的主語同非謂語動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系：如句子的主語為非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語，用-ing形式；如句子的主語為非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯賓語，用過去分詞。e.gWhen asked where she was from, she couldnt help crying.Taking some papers in his hand, Mr. Smith hurried into the classroom.2. call和name位于名詞后，其后帶上人名、書名等詞語時(shí)，用過去分詞。e.gDo you know the boy named Jack Black?Yesterday we saw an action movie called Heroes.3. there be句中位于名詞后的非謂語動(dòng)詞，如名詞相當(dāng)于動(dòng)作發(fā)出者（主動(dòng)式），非謂語動(dòng)詞用-ing分詞，如名詞為動(dòng)作承受者（被動(dòng)式），非謂語動(dòng)詞用過去分詞。e.g Listen! There is someone crying for help. There is little time left. Lets hurry up.五、不定式的用法（非上述四種情況時(shí)，非謂語動(dòng)詞一般都使用帶to的不定式）：1不定式的否定形式：在不定式的小品詞to前加否定詞not。e.gThe policeman told the boys not to play soccer in the street.2. 先行詞it的使用：當(dāng)不定式做句子的主語時(shí)或做句子的賓語其后帶有賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡，通常將不定式放在句子末尾，而在原主語或賓語的位置上加上先行詞it。 e.gIt is necessary for us to read English every morning.I found it necessary for us students to read English every morning.3. “wh-詞+不定式”的用法：wh-詞（特殊凝問詞）同不定式連用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)wh-詞所引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)賓語從句，使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下原則：如wh-詞為凝問代詞（what、which、who、whom或whose）時(shí)，不定式動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為及物動(dòng)詞，但不帶賓語（wh-詞相當(dāng)于不定式動(dòng)詞的賓語），如不定式動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)帶上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。 e.gThere were too many things on sale. I didnt know what to buy.I really dont know what to talk about at the meeting.如wh-詞為凝問副詞（how、when、where等）時(shí)，不定式短語中不能再出現(xiàn)表示相同關(guān)系的詞語；另：如不定式動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其后必須帶上賓語。 e.gI dont know how to do it.如wh-詞為連詞whether時(shí)，不定式短語中應(yīng)有表示選擇的部分，否則不定式短語應(yīng)用or not結(jié)尾。 e.gHe wants to know whether to go to a movie or stay at home.一般情況下，我們應(yīng)記住三個(gè)短語：what to do、how to do it和which to choose。 4. 不定式的邏輯主語：不定式動(dòng)詞仍保留動(dòng)詞的特性，也有自己的主語（不定式動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者），我們將不定式動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者稱為不定式的邏輯主語。不定式的邏輯主語通常是句子的主語或間接賓語： e.g He went to the town to buy some book yesterday. He asked me to have dinner with him this afternoon.有時(shí)不定式的邏輯主語不是句子的主語或賓語（不定式作主語時(shí)），我們應(yīng)在不定式前使用介詞短語for s.b/of s.b為其加上邏輯主語： e.g Its necessary for us students to study English well. Its very kind of you to help me so much.注：邏輯主語前介詞for和of的選用，應(yīng)考慮其前形容詞的作用。如其前形容詞用來說明不定式，邏輯主語前的介詞用for，如說明邏輯主語，介詞用of。 5. 不定式的邏輯賓語：有時(shí)句子中不定式前的某個(gè)詞語相當(dāng)于不定式的賓語，我們將其稱為不定式的邏輯賓語，此時(shí)不定式的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞詞組（動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，應(yīng)加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~），但不能再帶賓語。 e.g 錯(cuò)：The question is too difficult for me to answer it.對(duì)：The question is too difficult for me to answer. 錯(cuò)：The computer is too expensive for me to pay. 對(duì)：The computer is too expensive for me to pay for. 6. 不定式位于名詞后作定語：不定式位于名詞后作定語使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意考慮名詞同不定式的關(guān)系。 名詞相當(dāng)于不定式的邏輯主語：e.g He is the first Chinese pianist to win this prize.名詞相當(dāng)于不