新概念二冊(cè)L1-L24課語法總結(jié).doc

L1 五大基本句型1. 主+謂 The sun rises . 2. 主+謂+賓 I love you . 3. 主+系+ 表 The roses are beautiful . 4. 主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ) English is driving me crazy . 5 . 主+謂+雙賓 I sent you an e-mail . 句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主謂賓定狀補(bǔ)表L2頻度副詞的位置：實(shí)前be后或助后感嘆句的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：What +a/an (+adj.)+n.(+主語+謂語)!What a good girl (she is)! How + adj. / adv. + 主語+ 謂語！ How lovely the girl is ! 瞬間動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來，常見的瞬間動(dòng)詞有：go, come, leave,arrive,land,meet, die, start, returnL3 表給予意思的動(dòng)詞后面可以跟雙賓語，常見的動(dòng)詞有：give , bring , teach , show , send , make , lend , owe , tell , sell , read , write , offer , pass , choose , find , leave , get , play , hand , do , buy , order L4 常常和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語：since + 點(diǎn)時(shí)間 ， for + 短時(shí)間， times , so far , up to now , 現(xiàn)完時(shí)態(tài)中如出現(xiàn)since + 點(diǎn)時(shí)間 或for + 短時(shí)間 ，則該句子中的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如：I have borrowed this book for two weeks (x) I have kept this book for two weeks . () L5 關(guān)于way 的短語總結(jié)in this way 以這種方法 ， on the way (to) 在去的路 ， in the way 擋路，out of the way 讓路 ， no way 沒門，in a way 從某種程度上說 L6 關(guān)于call 的短語和knock 的短語Call on sb. 拜訪某人， call at sb. 拜訪某地 ， call in 召集， call off 取消，call out 大喊， call up sb. 給某人打電話，call for 需要Knock at 敲 ， knock sb. over 把某人撞倒 ， knock sth. off somewhere , 把某物從某處碰掉， knock off the price 打折， knock off 下班 ， knock sb. out 把某人打昏L7 When 當(dāng)時(shí)候，表示點(diǎn)時(shí)間 或段時(shí)間 ，主句和從句的動(dòng)作可同時(shí)發(fā)生，也可先后分別發(fā)生，謂語動(dòng)詞可以是短暫動(dòng)詞，也可以是延續(xù)動(dòng)詞。When he called , I was having a bath . When she was sleeping , I got his phone call . While 只表示段時(shí)間，主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作的過程之中，從句謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)同時(shí)進(jìn)行的兩個(gè)延續(xù)動(dòng)作相伴隨而發(fā)生，常對(duì)同類動(dòng)作進(jìn)行比較。常翻譯成而. / 與此同時(shí) I was reading my history textbook while he was playing the guitar . (與此同時(shí)) I like English while you like Math . (而) L8 比較級(jí)的常見用法：The + 比較級(jí)，the + 比較級(jí) 越就越 The more trees we planted , the less pollution we will have . 比較級(jí)+ and + 比較級(jí) 越來越 Our environment is becoming worse and worse . A is not as as B = A is not so as B ， A 不如B 。 English is not as difficult as B. = English is not so difficult as B. L9 常見的表示時(shí)間的介詞用法：At 表具體時(shí)間：at 8 oclock 固定搭配： at midnight , at noon , at teatime , at the weekend , etc . 節(jié)日前： at Christmas , at Easter , etc . In 表示一段時(shí)間： in ten minutes , in half and hour , etc . 年份前： in 1900 / 1939 / 1993 etc . 季節(jié)前：in (the) spring , in (the) summer , ( the is optional ) 一天中的時(shí)間段: in the morning /afternoon / evening ( at night ) On 星期前： on Monday , etc . 日期前 on April 27th 早，中，晚前面出現(xiàn)形容詞：on Monday morning , 帶day 的節(jié)日前：on Christmas Day , on Mothers day L10 被動(dòng)語態(tài)要熟練地掌握8中基本時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。一般現(xiàn)在的被動(dòng)：主語+am / is / are + 過去分詞+其它一般過去的被動(dòng)：主語+was / were + 過去分詞+其他它一般將來的被動(dòng)：主語+will be + 過去分詞+ 其它現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)：主語+ am / is / are + being + 過去分詞+其它現(xiàn)在完成的被動(dòng)：主語+ have / has been + 過去分詞+ 其它過去完成的被動(dòng)：主語+ had been + 過去分詞+ 其它過去將來的被動(dòng)：主語+ would be + 過去分詞+ 其它過去進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)：主語+ was / were being + 過去分詞+ 其它 雙重所有格It is being repaired by a friend of my fathers . 雙重所有格的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)of + 名詞所有格/形代+名詞：Playing basketball is one of my hobbies . 或of+ 名代： Playing basketball is a hobby of mine . (要求大家能夠熟練地轉(zhuǎn)換兩種雙重所有格形式） make 的用法1) be made in + 產(chǎn)地These watches are made in France . 2) be made of + 可見原料The house is made of bricks . 3) be made from + 不可見原料Cheese is made from milk . 4) be made into + 成品The cloth was made into a dress . 5) be made by + 動(dòng)作發(fā)出者The cookies were made by my mum . L11 不定式的用法（不定式是非謂語動(dòng)詞三種形式中，用法最廣的一種，另外兩種是動(dòng)名詞，和分詞），它可以做除謂語之外的所有句子成分，例如：To see is to believe . (不定式做主語和表語) I want to see you . (不定式做賓語)I want you to see it . ( 不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語) I have something to eat . ( 不定式做后置定語) Please come here to see it . ( 不定式做目的狀語) L12 如何將瞬間動(dòng)詞變成延續(xù)性的：come / go - be at / in eg. I came to China two years ago . = I have been in China for two years . begin / start - on eg. The film began half an hours ago . = The film has been on for half an hour . borrow - keep , buy - have , close - be closed , die - be dead , get up - be up , join - be in , leave - be away from , open - be open , put on - wear L13 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般將來時(shí)的對(duì)比將來進(jìn)行時(shí)是將來的一個(gè)計(jì)劃，打算，一定會(huì)去做。I will be seeing you . 一般將來時(shí)是一種將來的意愿，不一定去做。I will see you tomorrow . L14 常常和過完連用的時(shí)間狀語。before. , after ., when. , as soon as. （切記：過完常常和一般過去時(shí)連用） I had finished my homework before I ate my dinner . After I had finished my homework , I ate my dinner . When I had finished my homework , I ate my dinner . As soon as I had finished my homework , I ate my dinner . 注意幾個(gè)不定代詞的用法Neither of 兩者都不（二選零，修飾主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)）Either of 兩者中有一個(gè)（二選一，修飾主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)）Both of 兩者都 (二選二，修飾主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù))None of 所有都不 （ 多選零，修飾主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)）One of 。之一 （多選一，修飾主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)）All of 。 所有都 ( 多選多，修飾主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù))L15 直接引語變間接引語的注意事項(xiàng)（注意幾個(gè)變量）人稱變： I am doing the dishes. she said . - She said she was doing the dishes . 時(shí)態(tài)變：I have done my housework . she said - She said she had done her housework . 時(shí)間狀語變： I ate a hamburger yesterday . she said . - She said she had eaten a hamburger the day before . 語序變(陳述語序）：Are you all right ? she asked . - She wanted to know if I was all right . What are you doing ? she asked . - She asked what I was doing . L16 條件狀語從句的使用法則主將從現(xiàn)，主情從現(xiàn)，主祈從現(xiàn)。(時(shí)間狀語從句有時(shí)也要遵照此原則) L17 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表猜測(cè)的用法對(duì)現(xiàn)在事情的各種猜測(cè) 對(duì)過去事情的各種猜測(cè)對(duì)正在發(fā)生事情的各種猜測(cè)對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)正在發(fā)生事情的各種猜測(cè)must be (一定是)對(duì)現(xiàn)在事情的肯定猜測(cè) must have done (當(dāng)時(shí)一定是)對(duì)過去的肯定猜測(cè)must be doing (一定正在.) 對(duì)正在發(fā)生事的肯定猜測(cè)must have been doing (當(dāng)時(shí)一定正在.) 對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)正在發(fā)生事情的肯定猜測(cè)cant be(不可能.)對(duì)現(xiàn)在事情的否定猜測(cè)cant have done（當(dāng)時(shí)不可能.)對(duì)過去事情的否定猜測(cè)cant be doing(不可能正在.) 對(duì)正在發(fā)生事情的否定猜測(cè)cant have been doing (當(dāng)時(shí)不可能正在. ) 對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)正在發(fā)生事情的否定猜測(cè)may/might be (可能. ) 對(duì)現(xiàn)在事情的不確定猜測(cè)may have done (當(dāng)時(shí)可能.)表示對(duì)過去事情的不確定猜測(cè)may be doing(可能正在.) 對(duì)正在發(fā)生事情的不確定猜測(cè)may have been doing (當(dāng)時(shí)可能正在.) 對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)正在發(fā)生事情的不確定猜測(cè) L18 Have 的用法Have 可以作為助動(dòng)詞（現(xiàn)完/過完），實(shí)意動(dòng)詞（吃，喝，有，從事.活動(dòng)），情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（have to ) 和使役動(dòng)詞（have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事，have sth. done 使某事被做) 來使用. (常見的使役動(dòng)詞還有l(wèi)et , make ) L19 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may , might 表不確定猜測(cè)的用法L20 常見的動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：consider , suggest / advise , look forward to ，admit , delay / put off , avoid , miss , keep (on) , practice , deny , finish , enjoy / appreciate , risk , cant help , mind , allow / permit , L21 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：must be done , will be done , can be done , should be done , could be done L22 動(dòng)詞+ 介詞組成的短語beware of sth. 當(dāng)心某物complain of sth. 抱怨某事dream of sth. 夢(mèng)想某事hear of sth. 聽說某事get rid of sth. 處理掉某事think of sth. 考慮/想某事be tired of sth. 對(duì)某事感到厭煩borrow sth. from sb. 從某人那里借某物differ from 與.不同escape from . 從.逃出來prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事protect sb. from sth. 保護(hù)某人免受.的傷害receive . from . 從.收到