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Lecture1SentenceStructure www NordriD 1 1ClauseElements Theclauseorthesimplesentenceisstructurallyasequenceofphrasesandlogicallyaconstructionof subject predicate 1SubjectandpredicateThesubjectisthetopicorthemeofthesentence whichtellsofwhatthesentenceisabout Thepredicatesayssomethingaboutthesubjectandbearsthenewinformationwhichthespeakerorwriterwantstotransmittothelistenerorreader Thesubjectisgenerallyrealizedbyanounphraseoranequivalentofnounphrase whiletheconstructionofthepredicate whichismorecomplicated generallyconsistsofaverbphrasewithorwithoutcomplementation SeeP13 CompoundSubject Theboysandthegirlsareplanningadance Fruitfliesandladybugsareinsects JoshuaandDanielgotlostinthewoods CompoundPredicate Leahjumpedonherbikeandrodearoundtheblock Myfriendlivesinagreenhouseandridesaredbicycle Iopenedthemagazineandbegantoreaditquietly CompoundSubjectandCompoundPredicate Herbrotherandhersisterwereveryshyandwerereallyhardpersonstogettoknow CassandraandJennybuiltamodelairplaneandpainteditbrightyellow DoublePredicate Helefthomeamerechildandreturnedquiteadifferentman SurfaceStructure DeepStructure Hewasamerechildwhenhelefthome andhebecamequiteadifferentmanwhenhereturned Everyonestoodlisteningintently Thedoctorsatreadinganewspaperintheshade Abirdfelldeadtotheground Hediedbeloved revered andmournedbymillionsoftheworkingpeople 2TwoWaysofSentenceAnalysis Onewayistodividethepredicateintopredicateverb object complementandadverbial Theseelementstogetherwiththesubjectmakethefiveclauseelements Theotherwayofsentenceanalysisistodividethepredicateintotwoparts theoperatorandthepredication Theoperatorisusuallytheauxiliaryorthefirstauxiliaryinacomplexverbphrase whilethepredicationcomprisesthemainverbwithitscomplementation object complementoradverbial TwoWaysofSentenceAnalysis SentenceClauseNPVPNPSubjectPredicateVerbObjectAllthemenhavedonetheirbest TwoWaysofSentenceAnalysis SentenceClauseSubjectPredicateOperatorPredicationAllthemenhavedonetheirbest 1 2BasicClauseTypes Intermsofthedifferentcombinationsofclauseelements EnglishclausescanbeclassifiedintoSEVENBASICTYPES SVC Subject Verb ComplementSV Subject VerbSVO Subject Verb ObjectSVoO Subject Verb object ObjectSVOC Subject Verb Object ComplementSVA Subject Verb AdverbialSVOA Subject Verb Object Adverbial 1Basicclausetypes Thesesevencombinationsofclauseelementsarewhollyorlargelydeterminedbythemainverbintheclause ThemainverbinanSVCpatternisalinkingorcopulaverbwhichmustbefollowedbyasubjectcomplement Thecarismine Sheisingoodhealth Mybrotherhasbecomeanengineer Theseflowerssmellfragrant Allthetouristsseemedpleased ThemainverbinanSVpatternisanintransitiveverbwhichisnottobefollowedbyanyobligatoryelementexceptforalimitednumberofintransitiveverbswhichrequireanobligatoryadverbial thusconstitutingthepatternSVA Everybodylaughed Theguestshavearrived Pricesaregoingdown IliveinBeijing Thetrainleavesatsix HewillbeflyingtoShanghai ThemainverbinanSVOpatternisamonotransitivewhichmustbefollowedbyanobject andwithsomemonotransitivestheobjectmustagainbefollowedbyanobligatoryadverbial thusconstitutingthepatternSVOA Iwantareturnticket Liverpoolwonthegame Nobodycouldanswerthequestion Thetrainisbuildingupspeed Theplaneislosingaltitude Iputthematerialevidenceinfrontofhim Hetreatedhervilely ThemainverbinanSVOCpatternisacomplextransitiveverbwhichmustbefollowedbyanobject objectcomplement Wemadehimourspokesman Theyelectedhimpresident Hepronouncedhimselfinfavoroftheplan Theypaintedthewallscreamywhite Thedirectorsappointedhimsalesmanager ThemainverbinanSVoOpatternisaditransitiveverbwhichistobefollowedbytwoobjects indirectanddirectobject Isenthimatelegram Marylentmehercar Davidshowedmetheway Someoneleftyouthisnote Imademyselfacupoftea 2Transformationandexpansion Thebasicclausetypesareallaffirmativestatementswithverbsintheactivevoice Anaffirmativeclausecanbetransformedintoanegative astatementintoaquestion andanactiveclauseintoapassiveclause Thesearecalledtransformations Shegavehimsomemoney Didshegivehimanymoney Shedidn tgivehimanymoney Hewasgivensomemoney Somemoneywasgiventohim Thebasicclausetypescanalsobeexpandedintolargergrammaticalunitsthroughaddingmodifiersatvariouslevels andcanagainbeexpandedthroughcoordinationandsubordinationintocompound complexandcompound complexsentences TheAfricanpeoplehavelongbeenourclosefriendsinfightingagainsthegemonismandpowerpolitics Thejanitorstaggereddownthestairway stunnedbythebizarrenoisesandgaspingforair Coordination Hewasahandicappedchild butheperseveredinhisstudies andlaterhebecameawell knownscholar Hedidnotlikeus andeveryoneknewit butnooneadmittedit Subordination Thejanitorstaggereddownthestairway stunnedbythebizarrenoisesandgaspingforair Thejanitorstaggereddownthestairway stunnedbythebizarrenoiseshehadjustheardupstairsandgaspingforairashehesitantlyheldontothebanister CoordinationandSubordination Notonlydidhedislikethewaywespoke buthealsodisapprovedofthewaywedressed WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspotted45milessouthofLondon theywerenottakenseriously but astheevidencebegantoaccumulate expertsfromtheZoofeltobligedtoinvestigate forthedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepumawereextraordinarilysimilar Furthermore he asuccessfulscientist isnotonlycriticaloftheworkofothers butalsoofhisown sinceheknowsthatmanistheleastreliableofscientificinstrumentsandthatanumberoffactorstendtodisturbimpartialandobjectiveinvestigation Ex 1C 5 Pantingforbreathafterrunningupthestairs MrWoodstoodathisneig
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