英美報(bào)刊選讀Unit1.2.9.docVIP

新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)的五大特點(diǎn)1. brevity 簡(jiǎn)潔2. popularity 大眾性3. interest 趣味性4. freshness 新穎性5. objectiveness客觀性Unit 1 Politics第一單元 政治TextThe higher Education of Washington華盛頓高等教育Universities step up lobbying to protect funding interests大學(xué)為保護(hù)資金利益而大肆游說(shuō)By Dan Morgan丹.摩根When the University of California at Los Angeles put Rep. Jerry Lewis (R-Calif.) on the cover of this winters alumni bulletin, it was a tribute to a distinguished graduate who is so close to his alma mater that he named his dog Bruin, after UCLAs revered symbol.Words: lobbying游說(shuō)拉票；step up增加，促進(jìn)，加速；University of California at Los Angeles美國(guó)加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校Rep.Representative眾議員；alumni畢業(yè)生男校友；bulletin期刊，公告, 公報(bào)；tribute貢品, 禮物, 頌詞, 殷勤；alma mater母校；Bruin吉祥物熊（布輪熊）；revere尊敬，敬畏參考譯文：美國(guó)加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校在今年冬季畢業(yè)生期刊封面刊登美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)議員杰爾. 劉易斯（加州共和黨人），對(duì)與其母校的關(guān)系密切得能用美國(guó)加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校吉祥物將其寵狗取名為布輪熊的杰出畢業(yè)生大肆頌揚(yáng)。But the cover story, which was engineered in part by the University of Californias government relation office in Washington, was also a shrewd ploy to cement relations with a key member of the House Appropriations Committee. Words：in part部分地，在某種程度上；shrewd ploy機(jī)敏的，精明的，奸詐的計(jì)策，手段；cement水泥，粘結(jié)；House Appropriations Committee（HAC）美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)眾院撥款委員會(huì)參考譯文：但是在某種程度上由加州大學(xué)華盛頓政府關(guān)系辦公室策劃的這一封面故事也是密切與美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)眾院撥款委員會(huì)某一關(guān)鍵委員的精明手段。As Congress takes up President Bushs fiscal 2005 budget proposal, which cuts some basic research programs vital to universities, the higher education community is using every lobbying tool at its disposal to protect its interests.參考譯文：在美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)受理布什總統(tǒng)提交的砍掉了對(duì)大學(xué)至關(guān)重要的一些基本研究計(jì)劃的2005財(cái)政年度預(yù)算案之際，高等教育團(tuán)體無(wú)不竭盡游說(shuō)之能來(lái)保護(hù)自己的利益。On the line are billions of dollars in federal support for medical, defense, space and physics research, as well as special “earmarks” for agricultural research stations, buildings and other local projects.Words：earmarks指撥（款項(xiàng)），標(biāo)志參考譯文：列入年度預(yù)算的是聯(lián)邦支持醫(yī)療，國(guó)防，空間和物理研究的數(shù)十億美元以及農(nóng)業(yè)研究站，建筑和其它地方項(xiàng)目的指撥款項(xiàng)。As recently as the 1980s, lobbying by higher education was a two-horse operation, involving a few large universities and a handful of K Street firms. Words：two-horse operation小規(guī)模經(jīng)營(yíng)參考譯文：近在20世紀(jì)80年代，高等教育團(tuán)體的游說(shuō)就以小規(guī)模進(jìn)行，涉及一些規(guī)模大的大學(xué)和少量華盛頓K街的企業(yè)。Colleges and universities still shy away from organized political fundraising and campaign advertising-the stock in trade of modern lobbying. Nonprofit status or state laws prohibit many of them from engaging in it.Words： shy away from躲避，離開(kāi)，羞于；stock in trade存貨,慣用手段參考譯文：學(xué)院和大學(xué)仍然回避有組織的政治性募捐活動(dòng)和廣告活動(dòng)現(xiàn)代游說(shuō)的慣用手段。非盈利狀態(tài)或國(guó)家法律使他們中的多數(shù)望而止步。But that has not precluded the higher education industry from greatly increasing its presence in Washington.Words： preclude（與from連用）避免；排除；阻止；妨礙參考譯文：但是這并沒(méi)有阻止高等教育業(yè)越來(lái)越多地出現(xiàn)在華盛頓。 “At the end of the day, having campaign dollars in your back pocket isnt the only way to get attention and help in Congress,” said A. Scott Sudduth, the University of Californias vice president for government relations.Words： back pocket后袋參考譯文： “在這一天結(jié)束時(shí)，把活動(dòng)用的美元放在你的后袋里不是在國(guó)會(huì)里獲取注意和幫助的唯一辦法”，加州大學(xué)主管政府關(guān)系的副校長(zhǎng)A. 斯科特.沙都斯說(shuō)道。Last year, more than 150 colleges and universities shelled out tens of millions of dollars to lobby on spending issues, as well as on legislation affecting student visas, stem cell research, student aid and homeland security.Words： shell out支付,繳清,支付；stem cell干細(xì)胞；homeland security國(guó)土安全參考譯文：去年，150多所大學(xué)和學(xué)院用了數(shù)百萬(wàn)美元為經(jīng)費(fèi)問(wèn)題，影響學(xué)生辦簽證的法規(guī)，干細(xì)胞研究，助學(xué)金和國(guó)土安全等進(jìn)行了游說(shuō)。Van Scoyoc Associates Inc., for instance, has 55 university clients. Words： Van Scoyoc Associates Inc.（VSA）范.斯科約克合伙公司（美國(guó)游說(shuō)公司參考譯文：例如，范.斯科約克合伙公司（美國(guó)游說(shuō)公司，建于1990年）擁有客戶(hù)55所大學(xué)。Lawmakers and congressional staffers troop to breakfasts several times a week at the firms Constitution Avenue offices, at the foot of Capitol Hill.Words：staffer編輯, 職員 ；troop成群而行，群, 組, 多數(shù)， 軍隊(duì)；Capitol Hill美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)山參考譯文：立法者和國(guó)會(huì)職員每周幾次成群結(jié)隊(duì)地前往位于美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)山腳下立憲大街的公司辦事處用早餐。 These can be discussion forums on educational issues, or fundraisers for supportive members.Words：forum論壇, 法庭, 討論會(huì)； fundraiser籌資者，如宴會(huì)等資金籌集會(huì)參考譯文：這些可能是關(guān)于教育問(wèn)題的討論論壇或贊助成員的資金籌集會(huì)。In the 2002 election cycle, Van Scoyoc employees made 493 donations, totaling about $250,000, to candidates or political parties.Words：donation捐贈(zèng)品, 捐款, 貢獻(xiàn) 參考譯文：在2002年選舉中，范.斯科約克合伙公司雇員對(duì)候選人或政黨捐贈(zèng)493次，共計(jì)約250，000美元。Individual professors and college administrators have also been increasing their political donations, according to the Center for Responsive Politics.Words：Center for Responsive Politics美國(guó)超黨派機(jī)構(gòu)“政治反饋中心”參考譯文：從美國(guó)超黨派機(jī)構(gòu)“政治反饋中心”獲悉，單個(gè)教授和學(xué)院行政管理人員也在增加他們的政治捐贈(zèng)。Gifts by university employees to presidential candidates totaled more than $2.4 million in the first three quarters of 2003, according to the center.參考譯文：據(jù)該中心統(tǒng)計(jì)，大學(xué)雇員對(duì)總統(tǒng)候選人的捐贈(zèng)在2003年頭三個(gè)季度總數(shù)達(dá)到約二百四十萬(wàn)美元。 The leading recipient was Howard Dean, who collected $719,000, with large amounts coming from employees of the University of California, Harvard, Emory, Stanford and Dartmouth College.參考譯文：主要的捐贈(zèng)接受人為霍華德. 迪安，他收到719，000美元，這大部分來(lái)源于加州大學(xué)，哈佛大學(xué)，埃莫里大學(xué)，斯坦福大學(xué)和達(dá)特茅斯學(xué)院的雇員。Close behind was Bush, whose $680,000 in contributions drew heavily from the University of Texas, Vanderbilt University, University of Chicago, University of Cincinnati and Stanford.參考譯文：緊接著的是布什，他收到的680，000美元捐贈(zèng)款主要來(lái)源于德克薩斯大學(xué)，范德比爾特大學(xué)，芝加哥大學(xué)，辛辛那提大學(xué)和斯坦福大學(xué)。The Washington lobby shop of PodestaMatoon received $300,000 in the first six months of 2003 to represent the Science Coalition 60 top research universities that seek increased funding for basic research. Words：PodestaMatoon 波德斯塔馬土恩游說(shuō)與公共關(guān)系公司參考譯文：波德斯塔馬土恩游說(shuō)與公共關(guān)系公司華盛頓游說(shuō)部在2003年頭六個(gè)月收到300，000美元，為代表美國(guó)科學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)60個(gè)想為基本研究謀求增加資金的高等研究性大學(xué)代言。It staged science seminars for lawmakers and periodic “breakfasts of champions” honoring members, including Lewis, who have supported the cause of science in legislation.Words：breakfasts of champions為游說(shuō)人員準(zhǔn)備的早餐參考譯文：該公司為包括劉易斯在內(nèi)的，在立法中支持了科學(xué)事業(yè)的立法者和定期參加“吃早餐”人員舉辦科學(xué)研討會(huì)。 “Our message is our muscle,” said Michelle Tessier, a PodestaMatoon Lobbyist.參考譯文：“我們的信息是我們的力量，”一個(gè)波德斯塔馬土恩的說(shuō)客米歇爾.泰茜爾說(shuō)道。The stakes are unusually high this year. 參考譯文：今年賭注異常高。As Congress prepares to reauthorize the Higher Education Act, many universities are gearing up for a fight.Words：Higher Education Act高等教育法案；gear up使換快檔, 促進(jìn), 為準(zhǔn)備好參考譯文：因?yàn)閲?guó)會(huì)準(zhǔn)備重新批準(zhǔn)高等教育法案，許多大學(xué)正準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行阻止。Rep. Howard P. “Buck” McKeon (R-Calif.), who chairs the House Education and Workforce subcommittee overseeing post-secondary education, has proposed barring institutions from participating in certain student aid programs if they increase tuition and fees at more than twice the rate of inflation for three years in a row.Words：House Education and Workforce subcommittee 美國(guó)眾議院教育和勞工委員會(huì)post-secondary education后中等教育student aid助學(xué)金in a row連續(xù)參考譯文：監(jiān)督后中等教育的美國(guó)眾議院教育和勞工委員會(huì)主席，議員霍華德.P.“巴克”邁克翁（加州代表）建議，如果公共機(jī)構(gòu)以連續(xù)三年的通貨膨脹率的兩倍以上的速度增加學(xué)費(fèi)和雜費(fèi)，就要阻止他們參加某些助學(xué)金計(jì)劃?！癟he higher education community is up in arms over this, but the congressman feels this is a crisis and the current situation is unacceptable,” said Vartan Djihanian, McKeons spokesman.Words：up in arms起來(lái)進(jìn)行武裝斗爭(zhēng),感到憤怒參考譯文：“高等教育團(tuán)體對(duì)此感到憤怒，但國(guó)會(huì)議員感到這是一種危機(jī)，而且當(dāng)前形勢(shì)不可接受，” 邁克翁的代言人瓦爾坦.迪韓林說(shuō)。In the budget released Monday, Bush put the brakes on funding for most basic research, providing only small increases for the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation.Words：National Institutes of Health 國(guó)家健康研究院；National Science Foundation美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)基金會(huì)參考譯文：在星期一公布的預(yù)算中，布什停止了對(duì)最基本的研究的資助，只對(duì)美國(guó)國(guó)家健康研究院和美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)基金會(huì)增加了少量資助。Nils Hasselmo, president of the Association of American Universities (AAU), lambasted the research funding proposal, saying it included “a double-digit cut in critical defense research programs essential to the nations long-term security.”Words：Association of American Universities (AAU) 美國(guó)大學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)；lambaste痛打, 嚴(yán)責(zé)參考譯文：美國(guó)大學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)主席妮爾斯.哈賽爾莫嚴(yán)厲譴責(zé)這一研究資金提案，說(shuō)這包含了“對(duì)國(guó)家長(zhǎng)期安全至關(guān)重要的關(guān)鍵國(guó)防研究計(jì)劃的兩位數(shù)削減?！盩he shifting priorities could affect some of the nations most prestigious universities. 參考譯文：這一變換的優(yōu)先次序影響了國(guó)家一些最有威望的大學(xué)。NIH, for example, funds about $270 million a year of medical research at Harvard. 參考譯文：例如，國(guó)家健康協(xié)會(huì)每年為哈佛大學(xué)醫(yī)療研究提供約二億七千萬(wàn)美元資金。The University of California system relies on Washington to finance tuition aid for many of its 150,000 students and to support the systems three national science labs, five medical research centers, agricultural research stations, and numerous graduate and undergraduate programs.參考譯文：加州大學(xué)系統(tǒng)依賴(lài)華盛頓為其150，000名學(xué)生的多數(shù)承擔(dān)學(xué)費(fèi)補(bǔ)貼，并且支持系統(tǒng)的三個(gè)國(guó)家科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，五個(gè)醫(yī)療研究中心，農(nóng)業(yè)研究院和無(wú)數(shù)畢業(yè)生及大學(xué)生計(jì)劃?！癟here are concerns that were in an environment where we wont see growth in these budgets, and were certainly worried about that,” said Tobin L. Smith, AAUs senior federal relations officer.參考譯文：“所關(guān)心的是我們處在我們?cè)谶@些預(yù)算中看不見(jiàn)經(jīng)費(fèi)增加的環(huán)境中，我們對(duì)此的確感到擔(dān)憂(yōu)，”美國(guó)大學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)的高級(jí)聯(lián)邦關(guān)系官員托賓.L. 史密斯說(shuō)。The growing budgetary pressures were evident last year when Senate fiscal conservatives blocked Sen. Arlen Specters bid to add $1.5 billion in NIH funding to a spending bill on the floor. Words：Senate參議院Sen.senator參議員；on the floor在參議院會(huì)議上參考譯文：去年在參議院財(cái)政保守派阻止參議員阿倫.斯百克特在參議院會(huì)議上提出的在經(jīng)費(fèi)議案中給國(guó)家健康協(xié)會(huì)資金加上一百五十萬(wàn)美元的提案時(shí)就可以明顯看到日以增長(zhǎng)的預(yù)算壓力。In an interview, Specter (R-Pa.) bemoaned the genteel approach of the higher education lobby on such issues.Words：bemoan為哀痛；悲痛 genteel優(yōu)雅的參考譯文：在會(huì)見(jiàn)時(shí)，斯百克特（賓夕法尼亞州共和黨成員）對(duì)高等教育在那些問(wèn)題上游說(shuō)的彬彬有禮的方式感到遺憾?！癠niversities arent as politically active as they ought to be,” he said.參考譯文：“大學(xué)不像他們應(yīng)該是的那樣政治上活躍”他說(shuō)。 “They ought to be identifying the people who voted against NIH funding and going to work in their states Defense contractors come in with all guns blazing, no pun intended, and really mean business.”Words： contractor 承包商；with all guns blazing用堅(jiān)定不移，咄咄逼人的方式；pun雙關(guān)語(yǔ)參考譯文：“他們應(yīng)該識(shí)別那些投票反對(duì)國(guó)家健康協(xié)會(huì)資助的人，回他們的州去工作防衛(wèi)承包商用咄咄逼人的方式進(jìn)入，無(wú)雙關(guān)語(yǔ)意圖，真正是在做生意?！盉ut Sudduth, who heads the University of Californias nine-person lobbying team in Washington, says his group has rejected forming political action committees or resorting to “hardball” lobbying methods. Words：political action committee政治行動(dòng)委員會(huì)；hardball激烈的參考譯文：但是華盛頓加州大學(xué)9人游說(shuō)團(tuán)團(tuán)長(zhǎng)蘇達(dá)斯說(shuō)，他的游說(shuō)團(tuán)已經(jīng)拒絕了組建政治行動(dòng)委員會(huì)或采用“激烈的”游說(shuō)方式的提議。Instead, he said, the university uses its enormous grass-roots influence in California to further its interests.Words：grass-roots般民眾的，民間的參考譯文：他說(shuō)，大學(xué)寧愿使用他在加州巨大的民間影響來(lái)增進(jìn)它的利益。Sudduth said the UCLA alumni bulletins cover story on Lewis, which described the lawmaker as a longtime friend, was coordinated between his office and the UCLA Alumni Association.Words：UCLA美國(guó)加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校 參考譯文：蘇達(dá)斯說(shuō)，美國(guó)加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校畢業(yè)生期刊上關(guān)于劉易斯的封面故事把立法者描述成長(zhǎng)期朋友，在他的辦公室與美國(guó)加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校校友會(huì)之間互相配合。As chairman of the House Appropriations subcommittee with jurisdiction over the budget of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the magazine noted, Lewis was able to help UCLA recover from damage suffered in the Northridge earthquake.新詞：Federal Emergency Management Agency 美國(guó)聯(lián)邦緊急事務(wù)管理局；Northridge earthquake諾思里奇地震參考譯文：作為管轄美國(guó)聯(lián)邦緊急事務(wù)管理局的預(yù)算的美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)眾議院撥款委員會(huì)主席，劉易斯有能力幫助美國(guó)加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校從諾思里奇地震損壞中恢復(fù)。“With Lewiss assistance, FEMA funding was secured to assist with the restoration of Powell Library and Royce Hall,” the article said.Words：Powell Library鮑威爾圖書(shū)館大樓Royce Hall羅伊斯會(huì)堂參考譯文：“在劉易斯的幫助下，聯(lián)邦緊急事務(wù)管理局資金可以保證幫助恢復(fù)鮑威爾圖書(shū)館大樓和羅伊斯會(huì)堂，”文章說(shuō)道。Lewis now chairs the subcommittee that oversees the Pentagons research budget, which support research at UCLA on robotic surgery and nanotechnology.新詞：Pentagon五角大樓；robotic surgery人工智能外科；nanotechnology納米技術(shù)參考譯文：劉易斯現(xiàn)在擔(dān)任監(jiān)督五角大樓研究預(yù)算的撥款委員會(huì)主席，這會(huì)支持美國(guó)加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校對(duì)人工智能外科和納米技術(shù)的研究。The new alumni bulletin dubs Lewis the “cardinal from Westwood” (Calif.), a reference to his role as chairman of one of the 13 appropriations subcommittees.Words：dub把稱(chēng)為，授予新稱(chēng)號(hào)；cardinal紅衣主教參考譯文：新畢業(yè)生期刊授予劉易斯“西武德（加州）來(lái)的紅衣主教”稱(chēng)號(hào)，把他的作用叫做13個(gè)撥款委員會(huì)之一的主席。 “We happen to think hed make a great chairman of the Appropriations Committee” after the term of Rep. Bill Yong (R-Fla.) ends next year, Sudduth said. 參考譯文：在眾議員比爾.勇（佛羅里達(dá)共和黨人）的任期明年結(jié)束后 “我們偶爾會(huì)想到他會(huì)成為撥款委員會(huì)偉大的主席”，蘇達(dá)斯說(shuō)。(From The Washington Post, February 4, 2004)（摘自2004年2月4日華盛頓郵報(bào)）Cultural Information P26文化信息2. The American Presidential Election（美國(guó)總統(tǒng)選舉）Elections are a fundamental part of the American system of government, which was founded on the principle that the power to govern rests in the hands of the people. Words: rest in 在于參考譯文：選舉是美國(guó)政府制度的基本部分，根據(jù)統(tǒng)治的權(quán)力在人民手中的原則而建立。This system depends primarily on the votes. 參考譯文：這一制度主要取決于投票。The electoral process can only work if people participate.參考譯文：選舉過(guò)程只有在人民參加的條件下才能進(jìn)行。 In the United States, elections are held at federal, state and local levels, and the most import of all is the national presidential election with the purpose to choose 他he president and vice president of the country.參考譯文：在美國(guó)，選舉分聯(lián)邦，州和地方級(jí)進(jìn)行，其中最重要的是選擇國(guó)家總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)的國(guó)家總統(tǒng)選舉。The president and vice president are the only government officials in the United States elected by and representing the entire nation. 參考譯文：總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)是美國(guó)全國(guó)選來(lái)代表全國(guó)的唯一的政府官員。The president exercises the powers of chief executive officer of the federal government, the leader of the executive branch and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. 參考譯文：總統(tǒng)行使聯(lián)邦政府首席執(zhí)行宮，執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人和武裝力量總司令的權(quán)力。Although sharing power with Congress and the judiciary, the president is the most powerful and important officeholder in the country. Words： officeholder官員，公務(wù)員參考譯文：盡管與國(guó)會(huì)和司法部門(mén)分享權(quán)力，總統(tǒng)是全國(guó)最有權(quán)力，最重要的公務(wù)員。The Constitution of the United States specifies a four-year presidential term and the precedent established by George Washington limited his successors to two terms.Words： precedent先例參考譯文：美國(guó)憲法規(guī)定4年總統(tǒng)任期，喬治.華盛頓確立的先例將他的繼任的任期限制為兩年。 In a reaction against Franklin Roosevelts extended presidency (1932-1944), Congress and state legislatures approved in 1951 the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution, which limits a president to two elected terms.Words： react against反抗,反對(duì)參考譯文：為反對(duì)富蘭克林. 羅斯福延長(zhǎng)總統(tǒng)任期(1932-1944)，國(guó)會(huì)和州立法機(jī)關(guān)1951年批準(zhǔn)了憲法第22修正案，將總統(tǒng)任期限制為兩屆。A two-party system dominates the countrys politics, and since the mid-19th century the Democratic and Republic parties have been most prominent. 參考譯文：兩黨制控制國(guó)家的政治，自20世紀(jì)中期以來(lái)，最突出的是民主黨和共和黨。Political parties are the most representative organizations in the United States. 參考譯文：各政黨是美國(guó)最有代表性的組織。They are made up of citizens who may differ in race, religion, age, and economic and social background, but who share certain perspectives on public issues and leaders. 參考譯文：它們由種族，宗教，年齡，經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)背景不同，對(duì)公共問(wèn)題和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人有某些看法的公民組成。Parties are the engines that drive the machinery of elections, especially the presidential election. 參考譯文：政黨是驅(qū)動(dòng)選舉的機(jī)器，特別是總統(tǒng)選舉的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。They recruit candidates for office, organize primary elections so that party members can select their candidates for the general election, and support their candidates who reach the general election.Words：recruit征招新兵, 吸收新成員；office辦公室, 辦事處,公職； primary election預(yù)選, 初選參考譯文：它們提出公職候選人，組織初選，使黨員能夠選擇他們的候選人參加大選，支持他們進(jìn)入大選的候選人。The American presidential election takes place every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. 參考譯文：美國(guó)總統(tǒng)選舉每4年在11月第一個(gè)星期一后的星期二舉行。There are three major steps in a presidential candidates journey toward the presidency: primary elections, the party convention, and the campaign for the general election between party nominees. Words：campaign戰(zhàn)役, (政治或商業(yè)性)活動(dòng), 競(jìng)選運(yùn)動(dòng) 參考譯文：總統(tǒng)候選人走向總統(tǒng)職位的歷程有3個(gè)步驟：初選，政黨大會(huì)和政黨總統(tǒng)提名人之間的大選競(jìng)選活動(dòng)。After winning election, the president takes an oath of office on Inauguration Day.Words：Inauguration就職典禮；開(kāi)幕式 參考譯文：大選獲勝后，總統(tǒng)在美國(guó)總統(tǒng)就職日宣誓就任。As the first step, the primary election serves to select a partys candidates for the presidency. 參考譯文：預(yù)選作為第一步在政黨內(nèi)選派總統(tǒng)候選人。Presidential primaries are a type of indirect primary because each partys nominee is chosen by delegates at the partys national convention, not by popular vote. Words：primary候選人提拔會(huì)，初選；popular vote直接投票, 普選參考譯文：總統(tǒng)候選人選拔會(huì)是一種間接預(yù)選，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)政黨的提名人由該政黨全國(guó)代表大會(huì)的代表選派，不是由普選產(chǎn)生。They are held in individual states, where the major political parties the Democrats and Republicans select delegates to attend their party conventions. 參考譯文：預(yù)選在各州舉行，預(yù)選時(shí)主要的政黨民主黨和共和黨選派他們的代表參加他們的政黨大會(huì)。State political parties that do not use primary elections may instead select candidates through the caucus system. Words： caucus (政黨選舉候選人或決定政策的)預(yù)備會(huì)議參考譯文：不使用預(yù)選的州政黨可以通過(guò)政黨預(yù)備會(huì)議制度推選候選人。The caucus is a meeting of party members at which the party chooses delegates to the national convention, and this system usually begins with small meetings of party members in a precinct, the smallest electoral district within a county. Words：precinct城市或城鎮(zhèn)的選區(qū)參考譯文：政黨選舉候選人的預(yù)備會(huì)議是政黨黨員的會(huì)議，會(huì)上政黨推選參加全國(guó)大會(huì)的代表，這一制度通常以選區(qū)，國(guó)家最小的選區(qū)的黨員的小型會(huì)議開(kāi)始。Some states, however, have open primaries, which allow voters to wait until Election Day to choose the party primary that they want to vote in. Words：vote in 選舉(選出來(lái)) 參考譯文：然而，一些州舉行公開(kāi)預(yù)選，讓選舉人等到選舉日再選擇他們想?yún)⒓舆x投票的政黨候選人提拔會(huì)。In most state presidential primaries, voters vote for the person they wish the party to nominate for president, and the election results tell the states delegates which candidate they are to vote for at the national convention.Words：presidential primary預(yù)備選舉參考譯文：在多數(shù)州的預(yù)備選舉中，選舉人投票贊成他們希望他們的黨提名的總統(tǒng)候選人，選舉結(jié)果告訴州的代表他們?cè)谌珖?guó)大會(huì)上要投票贊成哪些候選人。The presidential primary elections typically take place over a period of four to six months.參考譯文：典型的預(yù)備選舉要進(jìn)行4至6個(gè)月。 Each state determines the date of its own primary. 參考譯文：各州確定各自的初選日前。They usually begin as early as January of the election year and take place through the spring, culminating in the mid-summer national convention of each political party. Words：culminate到達(dá)終點(diǎn)；告終參考譯文：他們通常早在選舉年的一月開(kāi)始初選，在整個(gè)春季進(jìn)行，于各政黨的中夏全國(guó)大會(huì)中結(jié)束。And campaigning for the primaries often begins six to twelve months before the first primary, almost two years before the general election.參考譯文：初選競(jìng)選活動(dòng)常常在第一次預(yù)選前6至12個(gè)月開(kāi)始，幾乎比大選早兩年。 The best-known of the primaries is the one in New Hampshire, because it is the first in each 4-year cycle, usually held in mid-February; and Iowas party caucuses are held in February as well. Words：best-known流傳久遠(yuǎn)的參考譯文：預(yù)選中流傳久遠(yuǎn)的是新罕布什爾州的預(yù)選，因?yàn)樗窃诿?年一次