Unit_1_教師用書.doc

UNIT 1 READINGPassage ANOTES1. Anna Greenspan (the author)Anna Greenspan works as a Shanghai-based independence scholar in the areas of digital culture and globalization. She has published a book entitled “India and the IT Revolution: Networks of Global Culture” (Palgrave:2005) as well as a number of articles on the rise of India and China.An associate research scholar with the Globalization Institute at McMaster University in Canada, Ms. Greenspan is currently teaching a course on Western political thought to members of the Shanghai government.She is also a mother living in Shanghai who will soon have to confront questions about cross-cultural learning directly in the education of her young son.Ms. Greenspan has a PhD in philosophy from the University of Warwick, United kingdom. 2. Howard GardnerHoward Earl Gardner (born July 11, 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania) is an American psychologist who is based at Harvard University. He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences. Multiple intelligence is an idea that maintains there exist many different types of intelligences ascribed to human beings. In response to the question of whether or not measures of intelligence are scientific, Gardner suggests that each individual manifests varying levels of different intelligences, and thus each person has a unique cognitive profile. The theory was first laid out in Gardners 1983 book, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, and has been further refined in subsequent years. In 1999 Gardner lists eight intelligences as linguistic, logic-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal and intrapersonal.3. conformistConformist is a person who suspends his self-determined actions or opinions in favor of obedience to the mandates or conventions of ones peer-group, or deference to the imposed norms of a supervening authority. One manifestation of conformism emerges in the practice of going along and getting along with people who appear to be more powerful. Conformism holds that individuals and small groups do best by blending in with their surroundings and by doing nothing eccentric or out-of-the-ordinary in any way.4. “The tall nail gets hammered down”It is a Japanese adage, which means an individual who stands out in a crowd would face harmful consequences. (槍打出頭鳥)5. group-thinkGroup-think is a type of thought exhibited by group members who try to minimize conflict and reach consensus without critically testing, analyzing, and evaluating ideas. Individual creativity, uniqueness, and independent thinking are lost in the pursuit of group cohesiveness, as are the advantages of reasonable balance in choice and thought that might normally be obtained by making decisions as a group. During group-think, members of the group avoid promoting viewpoints outside the comfort zone of consensus thinking. A variety of motives for this may exist such as a desire to avoid being seen as foolish, or a desire to avoid embarrassing or angering other members of the group. Group-think may cause groups to make hasty, irrational decisions, where individual doubts are set aside, for fear of upsetting the groups balance. The term is frequently used pejoratively, with hindsight.團體迷思（亦作團體盲思），指團體在決策過程中，由于成員傾向讓自己的觀點與團體一致，因而令整個團體缺乏不同的思考角度，不能進行客觀分析。一些值得爭議的觀點、有創(chuàng)意的想法或客觀的意見不會有人提出、或者是遭到忽視及隔離。團體迷思可能導致團體作出不合理、甚至是很倉促的決定。部份成員即使并不贊同團體的最終決定，但在團體迷思的影響下，也會順從團體。一般認為團體迷思這個概念由美國心理學家艾爾芬詹尼斯（Irving Janis）首先提出。但William Safire于2004年8月8日紐約時報雜志撰文指出，團體迷思一詞實為 William H. Whyte 于1952年在財富雜志中首先提出。6. home-schooledHomeschooling or homeschool (also called home education or home learning) is the education of children at home, typically by parents but sometimes by tutors, rather than in a formal setting of public or private school. Although prior to the introduction of compulsory school attendance laws, most childhood education occurred within the family or community, homeschooling in the modern sense is an alternative in developed countries to formal education.Homeschooling is a legal option in many places for parents to provide their children with a learning environment as an alternative to publicly-provided schools. Parents cite numerous reasons as motivations to home school, including better academic test results, poor public school environment, improved character/morality development, and objections to what is taught locally in public school. It is also an alternative for families living in isolated rural locations or living temporarily abroad.Number and percentage of homeschooled students, by reason for homeschooling: 1999, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)Reason for homeschoolingNumber ofhomeschooled studentsPercents.e.Can give child better education at home415,00048.93.79Religious reason327,00038.44.44Poor learning environment at school218,00025.63.44Family reasons143,00016.82.79To develop character/morality128,00015.13.39Object to what school teaches103,00012.12.11School does not challenge child98,00011.62.39Other problems with available schools76,0009.02.40Child has special needs/disability69,0008.21.89Transportation/convenience23,0002.71.48Child not old enough to enter school15,0001.81.13Parents career12,0001.50.80Could not get into desired school12,0001.50.997. globalizationGlobalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways such as:l Industrial - emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies. Particularly movement of material and goods between and within national boundaries. l Financial - emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for borrowers. As these worldwide structures grew more quickly than any transnational regulatory regime, the instability of the global financial infrastructure dramatically increased, as evidenced by the financial crises of late 2008.l Economic - realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital. The interconnectedness of these markets, however meant that an economic collapse in any one given country could not be contained.l Political - Some use globalization to mean the creation of a world government which regulates the relationships among governments and guarantees the rights arising from social and economic globalization. Politically, the United States has enjoyed a position of power among the world powers, in part because of its strong and wealthy economy. l Informational - increase in information flows between geographically remote locations. Arguably this is a technological change with the advent of fibre optic communications, satellites, and increased availability of telephone and Internet. l Language - The most popular language is English.l Competition - Survival in the new global business market calls for improved productivity and increased competition. Due to the market becoming worldwide, companies in various industries have to upgrade their products and use technology skillfully in order to face increased competition. l Ecological - the advent of global environmental challenges that might be solved with international cooperation, such as climate change, cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of invasive species. Since many factories are built in developing countries with less environmental regulation, globalism and free trade may increase pollution. On the other hand, economic development historically required a dirty industrial stage, and it is argued that developing countries should not, via regulation, be prohibited from increasing their standard of living. l Cultural - growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of consciousness and identities which embodies cultural diffusion, the desire to increase ones standard of living and enjoy foreign products and ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a world culture. Some bemoan the resulting consumerism and loss of languages. Some consider such imported culture a danger, since it may supplant the local culture, causing reduction in diversity or even assimilation. Others consider multiculturalism to promote peace and understanding between peoples. Passage BNOTES1. Crouching Tiger, Hidden DragonCrouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon is a Chinese-language film in the martial-arts style. A China-Hong Kong-Taiwan-United States co-production, the movie was directed by Ang Lee and featured an international cast of ethnic Chinese actors, including Chow Yun-Fat, Michelle Yeoh, Zhang Ziyi and Chang Chen. The movie has won over 40 awards and has become the highest-grossing foreign language film in American history. 2. Jet LiLi Lianjie, better known for his stage name Jet Li, is a Chinese martial artist, actor, wushu champion and an international star who is currently residing in Singapore. 3. Zen Buddhism禪宗，屬漢傳佛教宗派之一，傳說始于菩提達摩，盛于六祖惠能，中晚唐之后成為漢傳佛教的主流，也是漢傳佛教最主要的象征之一。因早期不立文字，又稱“佛心宗”。4. WBWarner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. (also known as Warner Bros. Pictures, or simply Warner Bros. the shortened form of the former official, sometimes still used, formal corporate name: Warner Brothers) is a producer of film and television entertainment.5. fajitaA fajita (pronounced /fhit/) (Spanish pronunciation:faxita) is a generic term used in Tex-Mex cuisine referring to grilled meat served on a flour or corn tortilla. Though originally only skirt steak popular meats today also include chicken, pork, shrimp and all cuts of beef. In restaurants, the meat is often cooked with onions and bell peppers. Popular condiments are shredded lettuce, sour cream, guacamole, salsa, pico de gallo, cheese, and tomato.墨西哥烤肉，有時音譯為“法西塔”、“法士達”、“法吉它”等；是美國的墨西哥風味(tex-mex)菜肴，烤肉就著墨西哥薄餅(tortilla)食用。最初產(chǎn)生時只用烤牛肉，后來漸漸包括了雞肉、豬肉和海鮮。法士達一般是將肉類與洋蔥和青椒一起烤制。常見的調(diào)料有酸奶油(sour cream)、鱷梨醬(guacamole)、薩爾薩辣醬(salsa sauce)等。6. Iron ChefIron Chef (料理鉄人，lit. Ironmen of Cooking) is a Japanese television cooking show produced by FujiTV. The series, which premiered on October 10, 1993, was a stylized cooking competition featuring accomplished guest chefs challenging one of the shows resident Iron Chefs in a timed cooking battle built around a specific theme ingredient. The series ended on September 24, 1999, although occasional specials were produced until 2002. The series aired over 300 episodes.7. Orientalism Orientalism refers to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers, designers and artists. The 20th century scholar Edward Said in his controversial book Orientalism uses the term to describe a Western tradition, both academic and artistic, of hostile and deprecatory views of the East, shaped by the attitudes of European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries. When used in this sense, Orientalism implies essentializing and prejudiced outsider interpretations of Eastern cultures and peoples.8. AsiaphiliaAsiaphilia is a slang term which refers to attraction for people of Asian descent by those of non-Asian descent. It can also be called “Yellow Fever”. Men with a preference for Asian women have been referred to as Asiaphiles9. BETBlack Entertainment Television (commonly referred to by its acronym B.E.T.) is an American cable network based in Atlanta, Georgia, and targets young African-American audiences in the United States. Robert L. Johnson founded the network in 1980. Most programming of the network comprises mainstream rap and R&B music videos and urban-oriented movies and series.10. GQGQ (originally Gentlemens Quarterly) is a monthly mens magazine focusing upon fashion, style, and culture for men, through articles on food, movies, fitness, sex, music, travel, sports, technology, and books.Comprehension1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. T SPEAKINGBrainstormingChinese Students Ways of LearningMimicry模仿 gentle guidance mastery of technical skills concentrated discipline respectful conformity extra homeworkAmerican Students Ways of Learningcreativity self-reliance imagination space problem-solving skills free experimentation original expression Globalizationmandarin Asian-style math outsourcing trends American-style preschools combination of western and eastern education balance between technical competence and creative thought Eastern InfluencesZen Buddhism karaoke feng shui wasabi Asian films Chinese calligraphy chai tai chi sashimi Chinese take-out place yoga Kung fu acupuncture karate martial arts yin and yang AsianizationOrientalism marriage of East and West East-West assimilation melding Asian-American cultural blend混合 Asiaphilia TasksII. Here is how an American or Canadian would usually respond to the statements. 1. Women greeting men or other women; men greeting women. 2. 3. Not usually appropriate. 4. Not common in large cities, but often common in small towns. 5. North Americans often arrive a little late. 6. Its polite to call first and ask if its ok. 7. If theres plenty of food. 8. This is sometimes ok in small towns. 9. But friends often take turns paying for the whole check when they go out together regularly. 10. 11. But ok among friends. 12. 13. 14. 15. High school students call their teachers by Mr. xx or Ms xx. 16. 17. Parents dont usually interfere with childrens decisions. 18. 19. 20. Young people usually live on their own after they get married Presentational Skills 1) The presentation has a clear structure.2) The presenter speaks clearly.3) The content is relevant.4) The PPT slides used are informative and support the message.5) The presenter appears confident and positive.6) The different parts of the presentation are linked together. 7) The speaker maintains eye contact with members of the audience.8) The presentation has a clear structure.9) The presenter speaks at an appropriate speed.ORG DELORGVISBODORGBODORGDEL TRANSLATIONI.AWestern teachers working at Chinese preschools express shock at the levels of strictness imposed, and the ways in which the most difficult children are chastised. 對于校紀實施的嚴格程度和對最難管教學生的處罰方式，在中國幼兒園工作的西方教師表示震驚。1 英語記述，習慣主觀感受在前，客觀事實在后，而漢語相反，譯時不妨調(diào)整語序。2 preschool在美國一般為“3-5歲兒童”開設，按年齡段看與國內(nèi)幼兒園大致相當，而國內(nèi)開設的“學前班”類似美國的kindergarten，針對5-6歲兒童，為進入小學一年級做好準備，所以preschool譯為“學前班”或“學前學?！苯圆煌?。3 difficult children指“children difficult to teach”，采取增詞法明確此意。While this high degree of discipline has the negative effect of making children reluctant to initiate play, it does succeed in teaching self-control and respect for authority precisely those qualities that are seen to be lacking in U.S. schools. 如此高度的紀律性雖然產(chǎn)生令孩子們不愿玩耍的消極影響，但也教會他們自控和尊重權威，而恰恰這些品質(zhì)看來是美國學校所缺少的。1 discipline加范疇詞，譯作“紀律性”，與“高度的”搭配。2 initiate在此所起引導作用大于實質(zhì)意義，故譯時省去，而將后跟的play詞性轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞。3 succeed in teaching譯作“教會”比直譯“成功地教”更簡潔地道。Friends and family in North America often tell me that between piano, art and sports lessons, their kids are already overscheduled and subject to pressures beyond their years. 我在北美的家人和朋友常常告訴我，他們的孩子要上鋼琴課、美術課、體育課，日程已經(jīng)排得滿滿的，承受著超過年齡的沉重壓力。1 between不僅表示“（時間或空間的）兩點之間”，而且往往暗含在兩點間“來回”的動態(tài)意義，故將其詞性轉(zhuǎn)換，譯作動詞“上”。2 be overscheduled翻譯時不保留被動形式，而將該詞一分為二，以schedule（日程）為新的主語，引出一個主動形式的小句。Yet, regardless of the number of extracurricular activities, the lives of Western children are leisurely when compared to Chinese. 不過，雖然課外活動很多，和中國的小孩相比，西方的小孩過的是優(yōu)哉游哉的生活。1. 依據(jù)平行結(jié)構原則，此句最后一詞Chinese應為the lives of Chinese children的省略表達。2. lives和leisurely詞性轉(zhuǎn)換為live a leisurely life。BThe differences between methods of learning in the East and the West are thus based on profound cultural differences that will be glacially slow to shift. 因此，東西方學習方法有別，根源還在于巨大的文化差異，改變將是極其緩慢的。1. 此句主語較長，且賓語后跟定語從句，不宜照搬原文語序“一氣呵成”，不妨將主語、謂語和定語從句分別變成小句，靠逗號連接成意合句。2. glacially指“in a glacial manner; very slowly”，常態(tài)冰川位移緩慢，故有此意。Yet, while only limited change can be expected from domestic education reforms, a global educational environment is emerging which offers an ever-widening variety of choice. 盡管可以預見，國內(nèi)的教育改革只會發(fā)生有限的變化，然而一個全球化的教育環(huán)境正在顯現(xiàn)，提供了越來越多的選擇。1. be expected要么添加常見主語變成主動句，要么采用無主句。2. a variety of 指多種多樣的，而ever-widening賦予前者動態(tài)的特征，直譯晦澀復雜，不如化繁為簡，意譯為“越來越多的”。In China, more and more parents are sending their toddlers to private American-style preschools that despite their exorbitant fees are doing a booming business in the most prosperous cities, such as Shanghai. 在中國，越來越多的家長把剛會走路的小孩送到美式私立幼兒園，這類幼兒園盡管費用高昂，但在上海等中國最發(fā)達的城市卻發(fā)展迅猛。that定語從句較長，且?guī)в衐espite引導的介賓短語，建議轉(zhuǎn)為漢語的小句。II. 以前流行一句話：“學好數(shù)理化，走遍天下都不怕。”It was once frequently told that “you have the guts to make a living anywhere with a mastery of math, physics and chemistry”. 1. “數(shù)理化”作為理科類基礎學科在中國上世紀八十年代開始的一段時期內(nèi)倍受重視，與當時的社會歷史背景密不可分。然而考量后面內(nèi)容，作者并非批評“重理輕文”思想的歷史局限性，而是意在點出“學好基礎知識也不足以適應時代發(fā)展需求”這一中心思想。對于后者，英文讀者的認知基本吻合，故直譯即可，添加背景信息反而將讀者引入“歧途”。2. “走天下”的“走”指“make a living away from home”，類似“闖”（如：闖關東）。若僅僅譯為“walk”或“travel”，就丟失了顛沛流離、走南闖北的傷感而又豪邁的心理內(nèi)涵。如今無論是已在工作崗位上磨練多年的中年人，還是初出茅廬的大學畢業(yè)生，都有一個共識，那就是：在信息爆炸的時代，知識以飛快的速度更新，“一紙文憑定終身”的日子一去不復返了，我們要不斷地“充電”。However, people nowadays, whether the middle-aged working stagers or those greenhorn college grads, have reached a consensusgone are the days when “a diploma determines your life-time fate”. With the awesome update of knowledge in the era of information explosion, we need to reskill ourselves continuously.1. “崗位”可以不譯。2.