動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)式t.doc

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)式涂 興 仁 一. 動(dòng) 詞 的 時(shí) 態(tài)英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)共有16中，其中在高考中有15種時(shí)態(tài)(標(biāo)有或)在選擇項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)過。但主要有10種時(shí)態(tài)(標(biāo)有)。列表如下：一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去一般過去式過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)將來一般將來時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)將來完成時(shí)將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去將來過去將來時(shí)過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)過去將來完成時(shí)過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在I do I am doing I have done I have been doing 過去I did I was doing I had done I had been doing 將來I shall do I shall be doing I shall have done I shall have been doing.過去將來I should do I should be doing I should have done.I should have been doing (一) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法第三人稱單數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞要用s形，其變化形式與名詞復(fù)數(shù)的s形相同。如：reads , says ; teaches , washes , guesses , does , goes , fixes ; tries , carries , studies ; has , is (I am , We are , You are , They are ) 1. 表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。句子中常用always , usually , often , sometimes , seldom , never , every day等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 We have three meals a day . It seldom snows here . She always helps others . We have our first class at 8:00 every morning . The Olympic Games take place every four years . 2. 表示現(xiàn)在的特征、狀態(tài)、感覺、興趣、愛好、能力、狀態(tài)。 (be , love , like , appreciate , hate , want , hope , intend , recognize , suppose , mean , have , belong to , think , feel , doubt , envy , admire , remain , consist of , contain , include , seem , look (看起來) , sound , see , fit , suit , owe , own , find , discover , hear , suggest , advise , prove , mind , taste , matter , count (重要) , depend , possess , require , demand , advocate , desire , )This kind of car sells well . The coat doesnt wash easily . The house belongs to Mr Smith . Teenagers like playing games on line . I major in English . He lives just around the corner . The book is worth reading . He is easy to get along with . She does well in English . Every minute counts . This cloth feels soft . He speaks Japanese well . I dislike watching football matches . I dont want you to tell lies . She doubts your honesty . 3. 表示客觀真理、客觀存在、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言、諺語(yǔ)、警句。 He said that light travels faster than sound . The sun rises in the east and sets in the west . Water boils at 100 . There are 8 planets in the solar system . Fish soon dies without water . The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth . China lies to the west of the Pacific Ocean . Pride goes before a fail . Birds of a feather flock together . One swallow doesnt make a summer . 4. 表示計(jì)劃、安排、時(shí)間表上規(guī)定的動(dòng)作。 My birthday is two weeks away / two weeks time . It is Sunday tomorrow . We set off for Shanghai on Saturday . The plane takes off at half past ten . We have a meeting every Monday morning next term . 5. 在條件狀語(yǔ)從句、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。(if , unless , as/so long as , in case , on condition that , The more , the more , when , before , after , until, till , as soon as , once , by the time , the next time , the moment , immediately , no matter what , no matter who, no matter which, no matter when, no matter where, no matter how, whatever , whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however , ) As long as you tell the truth , well try to help you . It wont be long before he comes back . When he returns home (時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句) , please tell me when he will come to see me (賓語(yǔ)從句) . The more attention you pay to her , the less she will care about you . Once you see her , you wont forget her . 但是If he will (愿意) pay me , Ill go with him . 6. 用在某些句型中It is two days since I was ill . It is three hours since she left here . (It has been two days since I was ill . It has been three hours since she left here . )(二) 一般過去式時(shí)的用法 動(dòng)詞過去式的構(gòu)成 （1）+ ed : suffered , minded , sounded , played , wished , （2）+d : liked , loved , died , danced , hoped , dyed (染色) , fined (罰款) , （3）少數(shù)雙寫r或變形ck : preferred , referred , occurred , picnicked , panicked （4）詞尾是重讀閉音節(jié)且只有一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾，雙寫輔音字母+ed : permitted , admitted , fitted （5）輔音字母+y結(jié)尾，把y變成i + ed : carried , studied , worried （6）不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞: say said , sleep slept , swim swam , grow grew , bite bit , （7）有些動(dòng)詞有兩個(gè)形式: hung (吊,掛) / hanged (絞死) , learnt/learned , lit/lighted ,burnt/burned 1. 表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、存在的狀態(tài)；過去經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。常用來表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): yesterday , last week/month/year , two days ago , the other day , just now , in the past , in 2010 , The 29th Olympic Games took place in Beijing in 2008 . When did you come back ? She often stayed up very late last month . I was born in 1965 . When I was young , I often went to the cinema . She used to live in the village . The old man would smoke after meals before he got lung cancer . Farmers were poor in the past . She was admitted to college two years ago . The couple left New York just now . 2. 在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般過去時(shí)表示過去將來時(shí)。 He said he would visit you if he had time . She said she would give me a gift when she came the next week . 3. 表示最近的過去的思維狀態(tài)。 I didnt recognize you . You look so fat now ! Im very surprised to see you here but I didnt expect you to be here . 4. 用在某些虛擬句型中。 It is time that we handed in our report . Id rather you came tomorrow . Id rather she kept silent all the time now . I wish I had time now . 5. 敘述歷史事實(shí)時(shí)，常用一般過去式。 She told me that the Party was founded in 1921 . He said the ancient Olympic Games took place in Greece . Germany was divided into two countries during World War Two .6. 一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的比較 一般過去時(shí)表示在過去時(shí)間所做的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，常與具體的過去時(shí)間連用(yesterday , last week/month/year , two days ago , the other day , just now , in the past , in 2010 , ) ?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在過去，但強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或過去的狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，它的時(shí)間包括現(xiàn)在，與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用或不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(for , since , so far , ever , just , by now , up to now , in the past/last three years , recently , these days ) 。過去完成時(shí)，指其過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去的某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生或存在，即 “過去的過去” 。 He left here two days ago . He has left here and we cant see him . He had left here when I arrived . The door was opened but it is closed now . She lived here one year ago . She has lived here for twenty years . (三) 將來時(shí)的表達(dá)1. shall/will do sth , shall/will be 表示將來。I shall/will be 20 years old next year . It will be fine tomorrow . When will he be back from America ? We will visit the science museum next week . She will take part in the Asian Games . If it is fine , well go boating . 2. be going to do 表示打算、計(jì)劃、安排、對(duì)將來有把握的判斷。Li Ming and Liu Ying are going to marry next week . I am going to be on a voyage to Tokyo . The football match is going to be held this afternoon . We are going to discuss the problem tomorrow . It is going to rain . She is going to be fat for she eats too much and moves a little . 3. be doing 表示即將或打算（不容改變）。(leave , go , arrive , get to , reach , set out , start , fly , stay , ) Im leaving now . Its getting late . We are staying in London for another week . She is going abroad this year . 4. be to do sth 表示客觀的計(jì)劃、安排、應(yīng)該。 Our teacher is to attend the meeting on behalf of our school next month . The doctor is to be seen in hisoffice this morning . What am I to do next ? You are to wait here for your parents . All these things are to be answered for . 5. be about to do sth 表示即將，但不跟具體的時(shí)間。 They are about to go on a trip to England . Im about to take a driving test . Dont worry . We are about to operate on you . 6. 某些動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示在時(shí)間上已經(jīng)決定或安排好了的事情。(come , return , arrive , get to , go , leave , start , begin , set off , ) The train arrives at this station at 8 pm tomorrow . No 3 Bus leaves in 15 minutes . 7. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。 She wont attend your wedding unless she is invited . Please phone me immediately you arrive at the airport . When John comes , ask him to wait for me . It wont be long before he turns up . 8. 在句型Do sth and you will do 中。 Work hard and you will find a way . Leave the basin of water outside in such cold weather and it will soon change into ice . Take a walk every day and you will lose weight . 9. 某些固定句型中。 Make sure that all the lights are turned off before you leave the classroom . I hope you all have a good trip . Take care that you do your examinations next week . (四) 過去將來時(shí)用法 表示從過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 He said he would help me whenever he had time . I said last year that I would/should find a high-paid job in a foreign company . He said that he would study harder than before . He didnt tell me when he would go . I was about to leave when it started to rain . They said they were going to start their own business . It was two hours before we persuaded her to go with us . We were sure that she was to become a popular singer . (五) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成（1）+ing : listening , drawing , playing , staying , studying , seeing ; （2）以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，去掉e , +ing : dancing , making ; （3）以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且結(jié)尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫輔音字母，+ing : swimming , beginning , sitting ; （4）特殊情形: die dying , lie lying , tie tying , picnic picnicking , panic panicking 1. 表示此刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 They are waiting for you . We are learning English . He is painting his new house .2. 與always 連用，表示某種情感色彩。 You are always doing nothing . Some students are always looking up new words when reading . She is always doing well . My daughter is fooling about all the day long .3. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示即將或打算。(leave , go , arrive , get to , set out , set off , stay , We are taking the plane there tomorrow . Im afraid I am leaving now . They are starting off soon . 4. 表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作、長(zhǎng)期的動(dòng)作、漸變的動(dòng)作。 He is failing in interviews . Mr White is writing another play . The weather is getting warmer and warmer . It is starting to snow . She is growing into a beautiful young woman . 5. 下面情況通常不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示進(jìn)行。 （1）Here comes an old woman . There goes the bell . （2）表示擁有或事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞 (have , own , owe , belong to , possess , cost , count , matter , weigh , exist , contain , include , ) 、表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞 (want , need , recognize , realize , know , believe , think , fancy , suppose , guess , imagine , see , remember , forget , agree , mind , prefer , understand , hate , like , love , apologize , excuse , pardon , accept , regard , ) 、瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞 (finish , complete , accomplish , give , receive , invite , decide , refuse , permit , allow , admit , borrow , join , buy , ) 、聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞（sound , seem , appear , remain , taste , become , turn , stay , stand , look , get , ） The car belongs to her . I have four bothers and sisters . I dont think he has told a true story . The little girl doesnt dare go out alone at night . He regards me as his good friend . We dont allow smoking here . Not every dream comes true . He remains remarried . . (六) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)候正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或過去某個(gè)階段正在做的事情。 I was watching TV when you telephoned me . I wasnt listening and I have no idea of what you said . She was playing basketball with me this time yesterday morning . (七) 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 We will be holding the conference when you arrive . The bridge will be being built when you come home . We will be enjoying our lunch at 11:30 this afternoon . (八) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法1. 表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果或影響。 You have grown up . Great changes have taken place in China in the past thirty years . Who has opened the door ? I closed it when I left . Have you seen the TV series ? 2. 到現(xiàn)在為止，動(dòng)作發(fā)生的頻率或次數(shù)。 How many pages have you covered by now ? He has been to Beijing twice . I have learned more than 10,000 English words so far . 3. 表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 I have taught in No 2 Middle School since 1999 . She has been in the army for two years . (= She joined the army two years ago .) 4. 用在某些句型中。 It is the first time that I have seen her . This is the fourth time that he has rung you in a day . This is the best film that I have ever seen . 5. 在條件狀語(yǔ)從句、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中， 用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來完成時(shí)。 I will lend the novel to you when I have finished reading it by next week . The manager will give you a rise if you have contributed more to his company . 6. 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常連用的副詞和介詞短語(yǔ)。since/before (adv.) ; since/for ; so far ; ever , never , yet , already , just ; by , up to now ; recently ; in the past/last three years ; I have never flown in a helicopter before . He left home in 1985 and has never been heard of since . He has been ill for the past week . (九) 過去完成時(shí)的用法 表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，或者從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，即“ 過去的過去 ”。1. 通過過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來提示：By the end of last term , we had learned more than 3,500 English words . I hadnt seen her for ten years by last year . 2. 通過過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來提示：The meeting had begun when I got there . Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home . My teacher had taught in that school for ten years before she came here . The old man had lived here for 70 years when she died . He had been ill the winter before . 3. 通過間接引語(yǔ)來表達(dá)： He said he had visited Singapore six times . She said she had read the novel . 4. 在某些虛擬句型中。 I would not have finished my work if you hadnt lent me a hand . Id rather you had come last week . 5. 在某些特殊句型中。It was the third time that he had entered the house . That was the second time that he had been out with her alone . It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time . We had hardly/just arrived when she started complaining . (Hardly had we arrived when he started complaining .) No sooner had she finished her homework than she went out to play . 6. 表示過去希望做、打算做的動(dòng)作但后來沒有做成。(want , hope , wish , intend , plan , expect , think , mean , ) We had hoped to catch the 9:00 train , but found it was gone . They had planned a picnic last Sunday , but they had to give it up because of the rain . 7. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作按順序發(fā)生、相繼發(fā)生、用and , then , but 等連接，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后時(shí)，可用一般過去時(shí)。 He got down to doing research as soon as he reached there . The little girl burst out crying when she saw her mother . My parents bought me a gift but I lost it later . When I heard the good news , my tears came into my eyes at once . (九) 將來完成時(shí)的用法 表示到將來某個(gè)時(shí)候，動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)結(jié)束；到將來某個(gè)時(shí)候動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生的次數(shù)或頻率。 We will have graduated from college by July this year . She will have set off for Russia when you return from America . He will have finished his task before you decide to offer your help . (十) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過去開始，現(xiàn)在仍然在繼續(xù)或剛剛結(jié)束?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)既表示完成又表示進(jìn)行。現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)須與表示持續(xù)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞連用。剛剛完成的動(dòng)作也可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果；如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作還要進(jìn)行下去，常用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性。She has been watching TV since breakfast . They have been building the bridge . He has been repairing his house all the morning . Im sorry that you have been waiting for me for half an hour . The naughty boy has been knocking at the door . (十一) 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在所說的過去某一時(shí)刻之前，已經(jīng)開始的過去動(dòng)作持續(xù)到那一時(shí)刻或在那一時(shí)刻之前剛剛結(jié)束。 He said he had been repairing his house for a week . I was too tired because I had been working on the puzzles . She had been working as a secretary before she retired from the company . 二動(dòng) 詞 的 被 動(dòng) 語(yǔ) 態(tài)當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者或?qū)ο髸r(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)可能有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者通過by引出。當(dāng)不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)， by結(jié)構(gòu)常省略。 We are often given good advice by our teacher . His dictionary was stolen yesterday . A new economic garden will be built in this area . This kind of computer has been sold out .被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：be done 。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)通過be done 中的be的變化來表示。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)am/are/is done was/were doneshall/will be doneshould/would be done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)am/are/is being done was/were being done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)將來完成時(shí)過去將來完成時(shí)have/has been done had been done shall/will have been done should/would have been done (一) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的應(yīng)用1. 不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者、沒有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。Paper was first invented in China . His novels are being sold all over the world . A new bridge will be built over the river this year . You are wanted on the phone . 2. 為了突出、強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者。The robber has been caught by the police . The meeting will be held at 8 this evening . This kind of car is made by our company . The song was composed by Mr White . The film has been shown ten times or so in the cinema . 3. 為了修辭的需要。I am very pleased with the gift which was given to me by my parents . You are invited toour wedding . That kind of cell-phone can be bought in my store . (二) 不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) We are often invited to dinner . Football is played all over the world . 2. 一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) Saddam was hanged on December 30, 2006 . The house was built 20 years ago . 3. 一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) A new school will be built to the north of our village . The sports meet will be held next month . You are to be punished for what you have done . 4. 過去將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Our teacher said the class meeting would be held on Monday . He said that the problem would be discussed on Friday morning . 5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) These books are being distributed among the students . That old temple is being repaired . 6. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) He was being operated on this time yesterday . My eyes were being examined at that time . 7. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) The new stadium has been completed by now . He has been sent to the countryside . 8. 過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)They said when and where to have a picnic hadnt been decided . His report had been finished by last Sunday . When we arrived there , the wounded had been sent to hospital . 9. 含情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞+be done) Bad things can be turned into good ones . The knowledge we have learned may be needed in our future work . All these factors ought to / should be taken into consideration . (三) 常見被動(dòng)句型1. 由“主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞/及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)”變過來的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子。A lot of money was spent on the project . Tea is drunk in China . The accident must be looked into carefully . Women are looked down upon in this country . The patient was being taken good care of . We were warned of the danger . She was robbed of her gold necklace . Too much was expected of children in China . 2. 由“主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)” 變過來的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子。 A warm welcome will be given to you in our school . = You will be given a warm welcome in our school . New jobs have been found for them . = They have been found new jobs . 3. 有“主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)” 變過來的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子。make , have , let , see , watch , hear , feel等動(dòng)詞后的主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足原型動(dòng)詞前要加to . He was made monitor . The door was kept open . She was made to work without pay . He was seen to enter the house . The war h