高頻詞法(八)——虛擬語(yǔ)氣.doc

年 級(jí)高二學(xué) 科英語(yǔ)編稿老師李敏英課程標(biāo)題高頻詞法（八）虛擬語(yǔ)氣一校林卉二校黃楠審核陳倍香 虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或建議等，而不是表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。一般用于非真實(shí)條件句和名詞性從句等。虛擬語(yǔ)氣是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞的特殊變化來(lái)表示的。由于虛擬語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)的是一種與客觀事實(shí)相反的行為狀態(tài)，因此其動(dòng)詞的變化形式不同于陳述語(yǔ)氣。做題時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)所提供的信息準(zhǔn)確地判斷出虛擬語(yǔ)氣的類型，然后再根據(jù)其類型的特定表達(dá)方式作出應(yīng)答。虛擬語(yǔ)氣在歷屆高考中占分不多，常以情景交際形式出現(xiàn)，考查重點(diǎn)主要集中在以下幾方面：1. 在非真實(shí)條件句中，虛擬語(yǔ)氣主從句時(shí)態(tài)和結(jié)構(gòu)的對(duì)應(yīng)問(wèn)題2. 在非真實(shí)條件句中，虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝問(wèn)題3. 名詞性從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法4. 幾種特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法5. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣與陳述語(yǔ)氣的判定 在高考試題中，虛擬語(yǔ)氣的考查題型主要是單項(xiàng)選擇，要求同學(xué)們能夠熟練掌握各種虛擬語(yǔ)氣的動(dòng)詞形式。一、知識(shí)精講1. 非真實(shí)條件句（if等）中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣時(shí)間If條件從句的謂語(yǔ)形式主句的謂語(yǔ)形式表示現(xiàn)在情況過(guò)去式(did)(be常用 were)would / could / might / should +do表示過(guò)去情況過(guò)去完成式(had +done)would / could / might / should +have done表示將來(lái)情況過(guò)去式 (did/were)should + dowere to dowould / could / might / should + do【例句】If I had HIV, I would know because I would feel sick. If I were you, I would give AIDS patient a hug. If I had taken your advice, I wouldnt have made a mistake. If he had been there, it wouldnt have happened. If it should rain tomorrow, they wouldnt go for an outing. I think we could do it, if we planned it properly and could borrow the tools. If we were to have three days off , we would enjoy a very happy life.狀元典例1I _ sooner but I didnt know that they were waiting for me.A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come答案：D思路分析：句意為“我本來(lái)可以早點(diǎn)來(lái)，但我真不知道他們?cè)诘任摇！眀ut I didnt know表示了過(guò)去的時(shí)間，因此前句是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬，用主語(yǔ)+should / would / could / might + have done表達(dá)，故選D。狀元典例2I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone _ it.A. will have stolen B. might have stolen C. should have stolen D. must have stolen答案：B思路分析：考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法。句意為“我把我的手提包落在火車上了。但幸運(yùn)的是，有人拾到交給了鐵路部門。失而復(fù)得，簡(jiǎn)直難以置信！我是說(shuō)，本來(lái)可能有人會(huì)偷了去?！眞ill have done將來(lái)可以完成，must have done一定做過(guò)某事，表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的肯定推測(cè)，都與題意不符。should have done本來(lái)應(yīng)該做某事，而實(shí)際沒(méi)做，這就意味著希望有人偷包。might have done 過(guò)去可能做過(guò)，語(yǔ)氣比較婉轉(zhuǎn)或不肯定，根據(jù)句意應(yīng)選B。2. 名詞性從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。主要是表示命令、要求、建議的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 1) 賓語(yǔ)從句 一個(gè)堅(jiān)持：insist 兩個(gè)命令：order, command 四個(gè)建議：advise, suggest, propose, recommend 五個(gè)要求：demand , require, request, desire, ask 這些動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。即從句中的動(dòng)詞使用should +動(dòng)詞原形的結(jié)構(gòu)，或者將should省略?！纠洹縒e suggested that Tom have a rest. He insisted that I (should )be present. The king ordered that the prisoners be killed the next day. They requested that we (should) send them to work there. 注意：insist / suggest 各有兩種意思，要用不同的語(yǔ)氣 insist i. 表“堅(jiān)決要求”,虛擬, should + do; ii.表“堅(jiān)稱,堅(jiān)持說(shuō)”,陳述語(yǔ)氣,表事實(shí)。 suggest i.表“建議”，虛擬, should + do; ii.表“表明、暗示” ，用陳述語(yǔ)氣。【例句】The teacher suggested that we (should) practise more after class. The look on her face suggested that she was happy. He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means. He insisted that he didnt steal the wallet.注意：與以上動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)的名詞構(gòu)成的名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句也要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。從句中的動(dòng)詞形式一樣。 即：(should)V原形相應(yīng)的名詞：order, advice, suggestion, proposal, demand, request, desire等。【例句】My demand is that she should come to see me once a week. All of us are for the advice that the chemical factory should be closed down. wish的賓語(yǔ)從句【例句】 I wish I were a bird.（現(xiàn)在） I wish I hadnt made such a mistake.（過(guò)去） We wish our parents wouldnt punish us. （將來(lái)） 2）Its necessary /strange/ natural/ important + that-Clause，主語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即（should）+動(dòng)詞原形【例句】It is important that we ( should ) master a foreign language. It is strange that she refuse to come to the party. Its necessary that we should study hard. 狀元典例1 Mr. Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention _ (討論) at the meeting. 答案：(should) be discussed 思路分析： “insist”引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，從句結(jié)構(gòu)是 “should”（可省略）加動(dòng)詞原形，主語(yǔ) “problem” 是要“被討論”。狀元典例2 She insisted that she _ ill of him behind him，but he didnt believe it. A. hadnt spoken B. shouldnt speak C. wouldnt speak D. not speak 答案：A思路分析：insist表“堅(jiān)稱,堅(jiān)持說(shuō)”,陳述語(yǔ)氣,表事實(shí)，所以不用should+動(dòng)詞的原形形式。 3. Its (about/high) time +(that)+定語(yǔ)從句【例句】Its time that we went to bed. Its time that we should go to bed. 4. as if / as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句【例句】It seems as if it were spring. I remembered the whole thing as if it had happened yesterday.5. 特殊句型【例句】 I would rather you paid me now. I would rather you had gone, too. Dont come. I would rather you came tomorrow. Would you mind if I turned the TV down?狀元典例 George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but Id rather he_ more on its culture. A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused 答案：B 思路分析：would rather后應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的虛擬都用過(guò)去式，此句表示 對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬，所以用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式。二、難點(diǎn)聚焦1. 錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間的虛擬句通常情況下,在非真實(shí)條件句中主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所指的時(shí)間是一致的, 但有時(shí)也可能指不同的時(shí)間,這時(shí)要根據(jù)上下文的意思采用不同的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式.【例句】If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (從句指現(xiàn)在, 主句指過(guò)去)。 If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (從句指過(guò)去,主句指現(xiàn)在)。 If we hadnt been working hard in the past few years, things wouldnt be going so smoothly. （從句指過(guò)去，主句指現(xiàn)在）。 If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better. （從句指過(guò)去，主句指現(xiàn)在）。 If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow. （從句指現(xiàn)在，主句指將來(lái)） 狀元典例1Maybe if I science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying答案：C思路分析：句意為“或許當(dāng)初我要是學(xué)了理科而不是文科，現(xiàn)在就能給你更多的幫助?！眛hen表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間，if引導(dǎo)的從句是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。狀元典例2 It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall答案：B 思路分析：由if從句中的at the age of seven可見fall這一動(dòng)作是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬， if從句中對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬要用had done形式。2. 含蓄條件句 有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示出來(lái),而是暗含在上下文中，如通過(guò)介詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。這些介詞常用：but for, without, otherwise等?！纠洹?But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully. 如果不是聽了你的建議，我就不會(huì)做得如此成功。 The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy. 沒(méi)有開放的政策，就不會(huì)有如此大的變化。 I was so busy then, otherwise, I would have told him the answer. 我當(dāng)時(shí)很忙，否則，我就會(huì)把答案告訴他的。 比較： If it were not for the rain, the crops would dieIf it had not been for your help, we could not have finished the work ahead of time狀元典例1Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.I it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview.A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended答案：D思路分析：句意為“真可惜你錯(cuò)過(guò)了那場(chǎng)有關(guān)核污染的講座。我本可以去聽的，但我當(dāng)時(shí)忙于面試工作?！睂?duì)過(guò)去的虛擬，用主語(yǔ)+should / would / could / might + have done表達(dá)，故選D。狀元典例2 Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we it without you. A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed 答案：B思路分析：句子大意為“我認(rèn)為沒(méi)有你的話，我們就不能做成這件事”，事實(shí)是有了你的幫助，我們做成了這件事，所以后面的句子是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬，只有B項(xiàng)滿足此要求。狀元典例3 We _Johns name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury. A. will put B. will have put C. would put D. would have put 答案：D 思路分析：句意為“要不是因?yàn)镴ohn最近受傷了，我們本應(yīng)把他的名字加進(jìn)昨天的 比賽名單中的?！眀ut for 是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的提示，yesterday表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間。對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬， 用主語(yǔ)+should / would / could / might + have done表達(dá)，故選D。3. 省略 if 的條件從句當(dāng)從句中有 were, had 或 should 時(shí)，可省略if ，而把were had 或should放在句首?！纠洹縄f I were to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. Were I to meet him tomorrow, If he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again. Should he fail in the experiment If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.Had you come a few.狀元典例4 _the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily A. Had it not been for B. If it were not C. If it had not been for D. Were it not for 答案：D思路分析：根據(jù)句意可知是對(duì)現(xiàn)在狀況的虛擬，所以選D項(xiàng)。4. If only 要是就好了 【例句】 If only I knew his name! If only we had followed your advice! If only I could see him again!狀元典例1 Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy . A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved答案：A思路分析：根據(jù)句子的倒裝特征判斷設(shè)空處是省略了if的對(duì)過(guò)去的行為狀態(tài)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，原句是：If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy .故選擇A。句意為：如果我早知道這個(gè)電腦程序，就可以節(jié)省大量的時(shí)間和精力了。狀元典例2 If only I _ to my parents! (But I didnt.) A. listened B. had listened C. should listen D. would listen答案：B 思路分析：句意“我要是聽父母的話就好了！”If only句型中對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬用had done。三、狀元筆記虛擬語(yǔ)氣這一部分知識(shí)的重點(diǎn)要求大家記住什么時(shí)間的行為動(dòng)作需用什么樣的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式來(lái)表示。另外要記住特殊句式的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，如：1. wish 2. would rather 3. Its high time that sb. did4. suggest/ insist 5. require/ demand 6. if only / only if1. It looks as if he were drunk. So it does. _.A. Hed better give up drinking B. He shouldnt have drunk so muchC. Health is more important than drink D. I wonder why he is always doing so答案：D思路分析：關(guān)鍵信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，句子既然用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，也就是說(shuō)，他喝醉了不是事實(shí)，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此題的最佳答案是D.2. “Mary looks hot and dry.” “So _ you if you had so high a fever.”A. do B. are C. will D. would答案：D思路分析：此題最佳答案為D.分析如下：（1）“So + 助動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ)”表示“也一樣”。（2）由于空格后的 if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣（這是很重要的信息），所以主句要用 would 而不用 will.3. I forget where I read the article, or I _ it to you now.A. will show B. would show C. am going to show D. am showing答案：B思路分析：根據(jù)上文的語(yǔ)境可知句中的 or 隱含有一個(gè)虛擬的條件，即 if I hadnt forgot where I read the article（要是我沒(méi)忘記我在哪兒讀過(guò)這篇文章的話但事實(shí)上忘了），所以“我現(xiàn)在就給你看了”要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 4. “He will come tomorrow.” “But Id rather he _ the day after tomorrow.” A. will come B. is coming C. came D. had come 答案：C 思路分析：按照英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，would rather 后接that 從句時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)通常要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即用過(guò)去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去。 5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _ badly wounded and that he _ at once. A. should be; be operated on B. were; must be operated on C. was; should be operated D. was; be operated on 答案：D 思路分析： insist后的從句中,謂語(yǔ)有時(shí)用should+動(dòng)詞原形這樣的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，有時(shí)不用，具體要看該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的含義。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，若該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生，或尚未成為事實(shí)，則用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；若該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，或已經(jīng)成為事實(shí)，或堅(jiān)持某種觀點(diǎn)，則要用陳述語(yǔ)氣。分析句意，可知只有D項(xiàng)最合適。6. _ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung. A. Was he given up B. Had he given up C. Did he give D. If he gave up 答案：B 思路分析：由于主句謂語(yǔ)是would not have got，這表明是對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)作出的假設(shè)，所以從句謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是 had given up，而不是像D項(xiàng)那樣用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。另外，當(dāng)虛擬條件句中有 had, should, were 等詞時(shí)，通?？梢允÷?if，并將 had, should, were 提前置于句首。7. They _have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. A. will B. can C. must D. should 答案：D 思路分析：句意為“他們本該午飯時(shí)到達(dá)，但他們的航班推遲了。”will have done將來(lái)可以完成；can have done可能做過(guò)嗎？表示對(duì)過(guò)去行為的懷疑，用于疑問(wèn)句；must have done一定做過(guò)某事，表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的肯定推測(cè)；should have done本來(lái)應(yīng)該做某事，而實(shí)際沒(méi)做。出現(xiàn)了but their flight was delayed這樣的結(jié)果，說(shuō)明他們本該午飯時(shí)到達(dá)卻沒(méi)有到達(dá)，因此選D。 8. Where are the children? The dinners going to be completely ruined I wish they always late. A. werent B. hadnt been C. wouldnt be D. wouldnt have been 答案：A 思路分析：句意為“孩子們哪兒去了？這頓飯快要吃不起來(lái)了。我但愿他們不要老是遲到?！眞ish引出虛擬語(yǔ)氣，題干中出現(xiàn)always，從句使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬。 （答題時(shí)間：60分鐘）一、單項(xiàng)選擇1. He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he it differently. A. could express B. would express C. could have expressed D. must have expressed 2. This printer is of good quality. If it _ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense. A. would B. should C. could D. might *3. But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing Competition. A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won*4. The weather has been very hot and dry. Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables . A. wouldnt die B. didnt die C. hadnt died D. wouldnt have died *5. If we _ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. A. take B. had taken C. took D. have taken6. John went to the hospital alone. If he me about it, I would have gone with him. A. should tell B. tells C. told D. had told 7. If he my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job. A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow *8. Bob would have helped us yesterday, but he_ A. was busy B. is busy C. had been busy D. will be busy*9. Sorry, Professor Smith. I didnt finish the assignment yesterday. Oh, you have done it as yesterday was the deadline. A. must B. mustnt C. should D. shouldnt*10. I_through that bitter period without your generous help. A. couldnt have gone B. didnt go C. wouldnt go D. hadnt gone11. It was the drug，not the disease，that killed the boy. He would be still alive today if he _ that drug. A. not take B. hadnt taken C. didnt take D. shouldnt have taken12. Simon looks as though he never _ a square meal(吃得飽), though his parents feed him very well. A. get B. getting C. got D. should get13. He is talking so much about America as if he _ there. A. had been B. were C. was D. been14. I _ you some money, but I hadnt got any then. A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent15. Have you ever been to Beijing? No, but I wish I _. A. have B. will C. do D. had16. I dont think it is high time that you _. A. will go B. went C. go D. must go17. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it . A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 18. _it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will 二、完形填空A man who knows how to write a personal letter has a very powerful tool. A letter can be enjoyed, read and 1 . It can set up a warm conversation between two people far apart(遠(yuǎn)離的)；it can keep a 2 with very little effort.I will give 3 . A few years ago my older brother and I were not getting 4 . We had been close as 5 but had grown apart. Our meetings were not 6 ; our conversation was filled with arguments and quarrels; and every effort to clear the air seemed to only 7 our misunderstanding. Then he 8 a small island in the Caribbean and we 9 touch .One day he wrote me a letter. He described his island and its people, told me what he was doing, said how he felt, and encouraged me to 10 . Rereading the letter, I was 11 by its humor(幽默)and clever expressions. These were all qualities for which I had 12 respected my older brother but 13 he no longer had them. I had never known he could write so 14 . And with that one letter we became friends 15.It might never have occurred to 16 to write me if he had not been in a place where there were no 17 . For him, writing was a necessity. It also turned out to be the best way for us to get back in touch. Because we live in an age of 18 communication(通訊), people often 19 that they dont always have to phone or email. They have a 20 . And that is to write.1. A. received B. rewritten C. returned D. reread 2. A. record B. promise C. friendshipD. secret3. A. an example B. a lesson C. an experience D. a talk4. A. throughB. togeth