高頻詞法(八)——虛擬語氣.doc

年 級高二學 科英語編稿老師李敏英課程標題高頻詞法（八）虛擬語氣一校林卉二校黃楠審核陳倍香 虛擬語氣表示說話人的主觀愿望、假設或建議等，而不是表示客觀存在的事實。一般用于非真實條件句和名詞性從句等。虛擬語氣是通過動詞的特殊變化來表示的。由于虛擬語氣表達的是一種與客觀事實相反的行為狀態(tài)，因此其動詞的變化形式不同于陳述語氣。做題時，應根據(jù)所提供的信息準確地判斷出虛擬語氣的類型，然后再根據(jù)其類型的特定表達方式作出應答。虛擬語氣在歷屆高考中占分不多，常以情景交際形式出現(xiàn)，考查重點主要集中在以下幾方面：1. 在非真實條件句中，虛擬語氣主從句時態(tài)和結構的對應問題2. 在非真實條件句中，虛擬語氣的倒裝問題3. 名詞性從句中虛擬語氣的用法4. 幾種特殊結構中虛擬語氣的用法5. 虛擬語氣與陳述語氣的判定 在高考試題中，虛擬語氣的考查題型主要是單項選擇，要求同學們能夠熟練掌握各種虛擬語氣的動詞形式。一、知識精講1. 非真實條件句（if等）中的虛擬語氣時間If條件從句的謂語形式主句的謂語形式表示現(xiàn)在情況過去式(did)(be常用 were)would / could / might / should +do表示過去情況過去完成式(had +done)would / could / might / should +have done表示將來情況過去式 (did/were)should + dowere to dowould / could / might / should + do【例句】If I had HIV, I would know because I would feel sick. If I were you, I would give AIDS patient a hug. If I had taken your advice, I wouldnt have made a mistake. If he had been there, it wouldnt have happened. If it should rain tomorrow, they wouldnt go for an outing. I think we could do it, if we planned it properly and could borrow the tools. If we were to have three days off , we would enjoy a very happy life.狀元典例1I _ sooner but I didnt know that they were waiting for me.A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come答案：D思路分析：句意為“我本來可以早點來，但我真不知道他們在等我。”but I didnt know表示了過去的時間，因此前句是對過去的虛擬，用主語+should / would / could / might + have done表達，故選D。狀元典例2I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone _ it.A. will have stolen B. might have stolen C. should have stolen D. must have stolen答案：B思路分析：考查虛擬語氣的用法。句意為“我把我的手提包落在火車上了。但幸運的是，有人拾到交給了鐵路部門。失而復得，簡直難以置信！我是說，本來可能有人會偷了去?！眞ill have done將來可以完成，must have done一定做過某事，表示對過去事情的肯定推測，都與題意不符。should have done本來應該做某事，而實際沒做，這就意味著希望有人偷包。might have done 過去可能做過，語氣比較婉轉(zhuǎn)或不肯定，根據(jù)句意應選B。2. 名詞性從句的虛擬語氣。主要是表示命令、要求、建議的虛擬語氣。 1) 賓語從句 一個堅持：insist 兩個命令：order, command 四個建議：advise, suggest, propose, recommend 五個要求：demand , require, request, desire, ask 這些動詞后面的賓語從句要使用虛擬語氣。即從句中的動詞使用should +動詞原形的結構，或者將should省略。【例句】We suggested that Tom have a rest. He insisted that I (should )be present. The king ordered that the prisoners be killed the next day. They requested that we (should) send them to work there. 注意：insist / suggest 各有兩種意思，要用不同的語氣 insist i. 表“堅決要求”,虛擬, should + do; ii.表“堅稱,堅持說”,陳述語氣,表事實。 suggest i.表“建議”，虛擬, should + do; ii.表“表明、暗示” ，用陳述語氣?！纠洹縏he teacher suggested that we (should) practise more after class. The look on her face suggested that she was happy. He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means. He insisted that he didnt steal the wallet.注意：與以上動詞相應的名詞構成的名詞性從句包括主語從句，表語從句和同位語從句也要使用虛擬語氣。從句中的動詞形式一樣。 即：(should)V原形相應的名詞：order, advice, suggestion, proposal, demand, request, desire等。【例句】My demand is that she should come to see me once a week. All of us are for the advice that the chemical factory should be closed down. wish的賓語從句【例句】 I wish I were a bird.（現(xiàn)在） I wish I hadnt made such a mistake.（過去） We wish our parents wouldnt punish us. （將來） 2）Its necessary /strange/ natural/ important + that-Clause，主語從句中的動詞要用虛擬語氣，即（should）+動詞原形【例句】It is important that we ( should ) master a foreign language. It is strange that she refuse to come to the party. Its necessary that we should study hard. 狀元典例1 Mr. Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention _ (討論) at the meeting. 答案：(should) be discussed 思路分析： “insist”引導的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣，從句結構是 “should”（可省略）加動詞原形，主語 “problem” 是要“被討論”。狀元典例2 She insisted that she _ ill of him behind him，but he didnt believe it. A. hadnt spoken B. shouldnt speak C. wouldnt speak D. not speak 答案：A思路分析：insist表“堅稱,堅持說”,陳述語氣,表事實，所以不用should+動詞的原形形式。 3. Its (about/high) time +(that)+定語從句【例句】Its time that we went to bed. Its time that we should go to bed. 4. as if / as though引導的方式狀語從句和表語從句【例句】It seems as if it were spring. I remembered the whole thing as if it had happened yesterday.5. 特殊句型【例句】 I would rather you paid me now. I would rather you had gone, too. Dont come. I would rather you came tomorrow. Would you mind if I turned the TV down?狀元典例 George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but Id rather he_ more on its culture. A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused 答案：B 思路分析：would rather后應用虛擬語氣，對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼奶摂M都用過去式，此句表示 對將來的虛擬，所以用動詞的過去式。二、難點聚焦1. 錯綜時間的虛擬句通常情況下,在非真實條件句中主句和從句的謂語動詞所指的時間是一致的, 但有時也可能指不同的時間,這時要根據(jù)上下文的意思采用不同的謂語動詞形式.【例句】If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (從句指現(xiàn)在, 主句指過去)。 If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (從句指過去,主句指現(xiàn)在)。 If we hadnt been working hard in the past few years, things wouldnt be going so smoothly. （從句指過去，主句指現(xiàn)在）。 If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better. （從句指過去，主句指現(xiàn)在）。 If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow. （從句指現(xiàn)在，主句指將來） 狀元典例1Maybe if I science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying答案：C思路分析：句意為“或許當初我要是學了理科而不是文科，現(xiàn)在就能給你更多的幫助?！眛hen表示過去的時間，if引導的從句是對過去的虛擬，因此謂語動詞用過去完成時。狀元典例2 It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall答案：B 思路分析：由if從句中的at the age of seven可見fall這一動作是對過去的虛擬， if從句中對過去的虛擬要用had done形式。2. 含蓄條件句 有時假設的情況并不以條件從句表示出來,而是暗含在上下文中，如通過介詞短語來表示。這些介詞常用：but for, without, otherwise等?！纠洹?But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully. 如果不是聽了你的建議，我就不會做得如此成功。 The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy. 沒有開放的政策，就不會有如此大的變化。 I was so busy then, otherwise, I would have told him the answer. 我當時很忙，否則，我就會把答案告訴他的。 比較： If it were not for the rain, the crops would dieIf it had not been for your help, we could not have finished the work ahead of time狀元典例1Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.I it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview.A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended答案：D思路分析：句意為“真可惜你錯過了那場有關核污染的講座。我本可以去聽的，但我當時忙于面試工作。”對過去的虛擬，用主語+should / would / could / might + have done表達，故選D。狀元典例2 Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we it without you. A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed 答案：B思路分析：句子大意為“我認為沒有你的話，我們就不能做成這件事”，事實是有了你的幫助，我們做成了這件事，所以后面的句子是對過去的虛擬，只有B項滿足此要求。狀元典例3 We _Johns name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury. A. will put B. will have put C. would put D. would have put 答案：D 思路分析：句意為“要不是因為John最近受傷了，我們本應把他的名字加進昨天的 比賽名單中的?！眀ut for 是虛擬語氣的提示，yesterday表示過去的時間。對過去的虛擬， 用主語+should / would / could / might + have done表達，故選D。3. 省略 if 的條件從句當從句中有 were, had 或 should 時，可省略if ，而把were had 或should放在句首。【例句】If I were to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. Were I to meet him tomorrow, If he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again. Should he fail in the experiment If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.Had you come a few.狀元典例4 _the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily A. Had it not been for B. If it were not C. If it had not been for D. Were it not for 答案：D思路分析：根據(jù)句意可知是對現(xiàn)在狀況的虛擬，所以選D項。4. If only 要是就好了 【例句】 If only I knew his name! If only we had followed your advice! If only I could see him again!狀元典例1 Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy . A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved答案：A思路分析：根據(jù)句子的倒裝特征判斷設空處是省略了if的對過去的行為狀態(tài)的虛擬語氣，原句是：If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy .故選擇A。句意為：如果我早知道這個電腦程序，就可以節(jié)省大量的時間和精力了。狀元典例2 If only I _ to my parents! (But I didnt.) A. listened B. had listened C. should listen D. would listen答案：B 思路分析：句意“我要是聽父母的話就好了！”If only句型中對過去的虛擬用had done。三、狀元筆記虛擬語氣這一部分知識的重點要求大家記住什么時間的行為動作需用什么樣的謂語動詞形式來表示。另外要記住特殊句式的虛擬語氣，如：1. wish 2. would rather 3. Its high time that sb. did4. suggest/ insist 5. require/ demand 6. if only / only if1. It looks as if he were drunk. So it does. _.A. Hed better give up drinking B. He shouldnt have drunk so muchC. Health is more important than drink D. I wonder why he is always doing so答案：D思路分析：關鍵信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虛擬語氣，句子既然用了虛擬語氣，也就是說，他喝醉了不是事實，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此題的最佳答案是D.2. “Mary looks hot and dry.” “So _ you if you had so high a fever.”A. do B. are C. will D. would答案：D思路分析：此題最佳答案為D.分析如下：（1）“So + 助動詞 + 主語”表示“也一樣”。（2）由于空格后的 if 條件狀語從句的謂語用的是虛擬語氣（這是很重要的信息），所以主句要用 would 而不用 will.3. I forget where I read the article, or I _ it to you now.A. will show B. would show C. am going to show D. am showing答案：B思路分析：根據(jù)上文的語境可知句中的 or 隱含有一個虛擬的條件，即 if I hadnt forgot where I read the article（要是我沒忘記我在哪兒讀過這篇文章的話但事實上忘了），所以“我現(xiàn)在就給你看了”要用虛擬語氣。 4. “He will come tomorrow.” “But Id rather he _ the day after tomorrow.” A. will come B. is coming C. came D. had come 答案：C 思路分析：按照英語習慣，would rather 后接that 從句時，從句謂語通常要用虛擬語氣，即用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚眠^去完成時表示過去。 5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _ badly wounded and that he _ at once. A. should be; be operated on B. were; must be operated on C. was; should be operated D. was; be operated on 答案：D 思路分析： insist后的從句中,謂語有時用should+動詞原形這樣的虛擬語氣，有時不用，具體要看該謂語動詞所表示的含義。一般來說，若該謂語動詞所表示的動作尚未發(fā)生，或尚未成為事實，則用虛擬語氣；若該謂語動詞所表示的動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，或已經(jīng)成為事實，或堅持某種觀點，則要用陳述語氣。分析句意，可知只有D項最合適。6. _ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung. A. Was he given up B. Had he given up C. Did he give D. If he gave up 答案：B 思路分析：由于主句謂語是would not have got，這表明是對過去事實作出的假設，所以從句謂語應該是 had given up，而不是像D項那樣用一般過去時。另外，當虛擬條件句中有 had, should, were 等詞時，通常可以省略 if，并將 had, should, were 提前置于句首。7. They _have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. A. will B. can C. must D. should 答案：D 思路分析：句意為“他們本該午飯時到達，但他們的航班推遲了。”will have done將來可以完成；can have done可能做過嗎？表示對過去行為的懷疑，用于疑問句；must have done一定做過某事，表示對過去事情的肯定推測；should have done本來應該做某事，而實際沒做。出現(xiàn)了but their flight was delayed這樣的結果，說明他們本該午飯時到達卻沒有到達，因此選D。 8. Where are the children? The dinners going to be completely ruined I wish they always late. A. werent B. hadnt been C. wouldnt be D. wouldnt have been 答案：A 思路分析：句意為“孩子們哪兒去了？這頓飯快要吃不起來了。我但愿他們不要老是遲到。”wish引出虛擬語氣，題干中出現(xiàn)always，從句使用一般過去時表示對現(xiàn)在的虛擬。 （答題時間：60分鐘）一、單項選擇1. He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he it differently. A. could express B. would express C. could have expressed D. must have expressed 2. This printer is of good quality. If it _ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense. A. would B. should C. could D. might *3. But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing Competition. A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won*4. The weather has been very hot and dry. Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables . A. wouldnt die B. didnt die C. hadnt died D. wouldnt have died *5. If we _ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. A. take B. had taken C. took D. have taken6. John went to the hospital alone. If he me about it, I would have gone with him. A. should tell B. tells C. told D. had told 7. If he my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job. A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow *8. Bob would have helped us yesterday, but he_ A. was busy B. is busy C. had been busy D. will be busy*9. Sorry, Professor Smith. I didnt finish the assignment yesterday. Oh, you have done it as yesterday was the deadline. A. must B. mustnt C. should D. shouldnt*10. I_through that bitter period without your generous help. A. couldnt have gone B. didnt go C. wouldnt go D. hadnt gone11. It was the drug，not the disease，that killed the boy. He would be still alive today if he _ that drug. A. not take B. hadnt taken C. didnt take D. shouldnt have taken12. Simon looks as though he never _ a square meal(吃得飽), though his parents feed him very well. A. get B. getting C. got D. should get13. He is talking so much about America as if he _ there. A. had been B. were C. was D. been14. I _ you some money, but I hadnt got any then. A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent15. Have you ever been to Beijing? No, but I wish I _. A. have B. will C. do D. had16. I dont think it is high time that you _. A. will go B. went C. go D. must go17. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it . A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 18. _it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will 二、完形填空A man who knows how to write a personal letter has a very powerful tool. A letter can be enjoyed, read and 1 . It can set up a warm conversation between two people far apart(遠離的)；it can keep a 2 with very little effort.I will give 3 . A few years ago my older brother and I were not getting 4 . We had been close as 5 but had grown apart. Our meetings were not 6 ; our conversation was filled with arguments and quarrels; and every effort to clear the air seemed to only 7 our misunderstanding. Then he 8 a small island in the Caribbean and we 9 touch .One day he wrote me a letter. He described his island and its people, told me what he was doing, said how he felt, and encouraged me to 10 . Rereading the letter, I was 11 by its humor(幽默)and clever expressions. These were all qualities for which I had 12 respected my older brother but 13 he no longer had them. I had never known he could write so 14 . And with that one letter we became friends 15.It might never have occurred to 16 to write me if he had not been in a place where there were no 17 . For him, writing was a necessity. It also turned out to be the best way for us to get back in touch. Because we live in an age of 18 communication(通訊), people often 19 that they dont always have to phone or email. They have a 20 . And that is to write.1. A. received B. rewritten C. returned D. reread 2. A. record B. promise C. friendshipD. secret3. A. an example B. a lesson C. an experience D. a talk4. A. throughB. togeth