中國文化英文介紹

精品文檔ConfuciusConfucius named Qiu styled Zhongni, a great thinker and educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and the founder of Confucianism. Confucius instructed more than 3000 disciples and some were from poor families. Confucius gradually changed the tradition that only nobilities had the right to receive education. In his later years , Confucius compiled many literary works of ancient times, including The Book of Songs ,The Book of Documents, and The Books of Changes. His saying and behaviors were compiled in The Analects of Confucius by his disciples. His ideology has been absorbed and carried composing the essential part of Chinese traditional ideology. It was also spread into the border regions and areas building up a circle of Confucianism. UNESCO labeled him one of the “Ten Culture Celebrities”.孔子孔子名丘字仲尼，春秋末期偉大的思想家和教育家，儒家學派創(chuàng)史人?？鬃右还步淌诹巳Ф鄠€學生，其中不乏貧困家庭的孩子，改變了只有貴族子女才有資格上學的傳統(tǒng)?？鬃油砟赀€編訂上古書籍，詩經(jīng)尚書周易等?？鬃拥难孕斜凰牡茏觽兪占谡撜Z中，他的思想也被后人吸收和發(fā)揚光大，成為中國傳統(tǒng)思想最主要的組成部分，并逐漸傳播到周邊國家，形成了影響范圍很廣的儒家文化圈。聯(lián)合國教科文組織曾將孔子列入世界十大文化名人之一。Beijing OperaBeijing Opera is the most popular and influential opera in China with a history of almost 200 years. In development Beijing Opera has formed a number of fictitious props. For instance a pedal means a boat. Without any physical props involved , an actor may perform going upstairs or downstairs opening or closing a door by mere gestures. Though exaggerated those actions would give audience an impression with graceful movements. There are four main roles sheng dan jing and chou. A sheng or dan has the eyebrows painted and eyes circled. A jing and chou have their facial makeup ,for example, a red face depicts the loyalty and bravery and a white face symbolizes treachery and guile.京劇京劇是中國流行的最廣泛影響最大的一個劇種，擁有兩百多年的歷史。在長期的發(fā)展過程中，京劇形成了一套虛擬表演動作，如一條槳就可以代表一只船。不需要任何的道具，演員就能表現(xiàn)出上樓、下樓，開門、關(guān)門等動作，雖然經(jīng)赤了夸張但這些動作能給觀眾既真實又優(yōu)美的感覺。京劇演員分生、旦、凈、丑四個行當，生和旦的化痕跡要描眉、吊眉、畫眼圈，凈丑面部需要化妝，比如，紅臉表示忠誠勇猛，白臉表示奸險。Paper-CutsChinese paper-cuts are pretty and exquisite with a unique oriental style. They make viewers to feel the real daily life and a festive atmosphere. The making of paper-cuts is a popular folk art of more than 2000 years in China. They are mostly created by women in rural areas. The designs are fowls domestic animals crops, episodes from operas auspicious symbols and so on. Used on the Chinese lunar New Year or other festivals, they add delight and festivity to the life of the ordinary people. Paper-cuts fall into two categories, simple and natural single-colored ones, and gorgeous and colorful ones. The famous ones are window-panes from Shanxi, figurines of local operas from Weixian Hebei, and embroidery copies in ethnic minorities in southern China. Chinese paper-cut has been listed as one of the worlds cultural heritages by UNESCO.剪紙中國的剪紙美麗精巧，帶有獨特的東方神韻。她們使人感到濃濃的生活氣息和歡樂的喜慶的氣氛。剪紙藝術(shù)大約有2000多年的歷史，是中國民間十分常見的工藝品。她們大多出自農(nóng)村婦女之手，圖案有家禽、家畜、農(nóng)作物、花鳥、娃娃、戲曲故事、吉祥圖案等，常常在過年過節(jié)和喜慶吉日時使用。鮮艷美麗的剪紙給中國普通百姓的生活帶來了歡樂和喜氣。剪紙分單色和彩色兩種，單色樸素大方，彩色的絢麗多彩。比較有名的剪紙有陜西的窗花，河北蔚縣的戲曲人物，以及南方少數(shù)民族的繡花底樣等。中國剪紙己被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)，Cheong-sam Long Gown and Mandarin JacketOriginated in Manchu females dress in the Qing Dynasty, Cheong-sam is regarded as the model of Chinese traditional dressing culture. It accords with the harmony of Chinese culture in style and shows rich oriental feature in techniques. It gives prominence to a ladys slender figure and heightens the gravity center of human body together with high-heel shoes. Civility elegance and dignity can be fully displayed. It has developed its own long-lasting trend.As for the traditional clothes of Chinese men, the long gown and mandarin jacket are typical. As the dress of Manchu men both have round-necks and narrow sleeves. The mandarin jacket has buttons down the front ,mostly with sleeves like a horses hoof. The front of long gowns is basically large .The long gown and mandarin jacket give the impression of comfortableness and ease as well as sobriety.旗袍和長袍馬褂源自清代滿族女性服飾，旗袍被譽為中國傳統(tǒng)服飾文化的典范。它造型風格方面，符合中國文化和諧的特點，它在裝飾手法方面也展現(xiàn)著濃厚的東方特質(zhì)。另外，穿旗袍可以突出形體的修長感，配上中高跟鞋，更可以抬升人體的重心，將東方女性的端莊，典雅和含蓄的美展露出來，因此旗袍在中國民族服裝中獨領(lǐng)風騷，久盛而不衰。中國男子的傳統(tǒng)服飾比較有代表性的為長袍馬褂。長袍馬褂是滿族男子的服裝，盤領(lǐng)、窄袖，馬褂是對襟，大多有馬蹄袖。長袍為大襟，長袍馬褂給人的感覺是既不乏莊重，又顯得灑脫和舒適。The Spring FestivalThe first day of the first lunar month is the New Years Day in the Chinese lunar calendar. The Chinese have many traditional customs relating to the festival, families undertake a thorough cleaning, do the Spring Festival shopping, create paper-cuts for window decoration, put up New Year pictures, write Spring Festival couplets and make New Year cakes, to bid farewell to the old and usher in the new. The night before the festival is the New Years Eve. It is the time for a happy family reunion to have a sumptuous New Years Eve dinner. People talk and laugh until daybreak, which is called “staying up to see the year out”. When the bell tolls midnight, people eat dumplings. From the first day of the lunar year, people visit relatives and friends to greet each other. Setting off firecrackers is a favorite activity of children in the festival. The sound of firecrackers can be heard everywhere, adding to the rejoicing atmosphere. From the Chinese all over the world, the Spring Festival is the most important day.春節(jié)春節(jié)是農(nóng)歷的正月初一，是中國的農(nóng)歷新年。中國人過春節(jié)有許多傳統(tǒng)習俗，家家戶戶要大掃除，買年貨，貼窗花，掛年畫，寫春聯(lián)，蒸年羔，準備辭舊迎新。春節(jié)的前夜叫“除夕”。除夕之夜是家人團聚的時候，一家人吃一頓豐盛的年夜飯，說說笑笑直到天亮，這叫守歲。除夕零點的鐘聲一響，人們還要吃餃子。過了除夕就是大年初一，人們要相互拜年，說一些祝愿幸福，健康的吉祥話。放爆竹是春節(jié)期間孩子們最喜歡的活動，陣陣煙花，聲聲爆竹，給節(jié)日增添了喜慶的氣氛，在中國和世界各地華夏子孫心中，春節(jié)是最重要的一天。The Lantern FestivalThe 15th day of the first lunar month is the traditional Lantern Festival of China. The Chinese people have the custom of enjoying lanterns and eating glutinous rice dumplings. There is a common saying that “Playing on the Lantern Festival”. The custom started in the Han Dynasty with a history of more than 2000 years. On the night, everyplace is decorated with lanterns to form a bustling atmosphere. People go in crowds to enjoy themselves and some lanterns there are riddles, which encourage people to strive to be the first to find the answer. Another custom is to eat glutinous rice dumplings. It is a round ball made of glutinous rice flour with a filling of sugar and kernels. When boiled it is very savory and tasty. The Chinese people hope that everything is satisfactory .To eat them on the first full moon night of a year is to wish that family members will remain united and happy. 農(nóng)歷正月十五是中國民間傳統(tǒng)的元宵節(jié)，中國人有賞燈和吃元宵的習俗，俗話說“正月十五鬧花燈”。元宵節(jié)賞燈的習俗是從漢朝開始的，到現(xiàn)在己經(jīng)有兩千多年的歷史了。元宵節(jié)這一天，到處張燈結(jié)彩熱鬧非常，人們成群結(jié)隊地去觀賞花燈，花燈上還寫有謎語，引得觀燈人爭先恐后地去競猜。元宵節(jié)這天還要吃元宵。元宵是一種用糯米粉做成的小圓球，里面包著糖和各種果仁做成的餡。煮熟后，吃起來香甜可口，中國人希望諸事圓滿，在一年開始的第一個月圓之夜吃元宵，就是希望家人團圓圓圓滿滿。The Pure Brightness DayThe Pure Brightness Day in the third lunar month one of the 24 Seasonal Division Points is also an ancient traditional festival in China. People have the custom of sweeping graves, take an outing and wear a willow twig. Every family goes to the countryside for a memorial ceremony at their ancestors tombs. People remove weeds around the tomb, add new earth burn incense and offer food and paper coins to show remembrance and respect for ancestors. This is called “visiting a grave “or “sweeping a grave”. At this time ,the grass is burgeoning willows along rivers have put forth new buds, it is fresh green everywhere and a good time for an outing. In ancient times people used to have a walk in the outside, and wear a willow twig in their hair, to pray for safety and happiness. It was supposed to be able to drive away ghosts and disasters.清明節(jié)農(nóng)歷三月的清明，是中國的二十四節(jié)氣之一，也是中國一個古老的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。清明節(jié)人們有掃墓祭祖和踏青插柳的習俗。每到清明節(jié)這一天，家家戶戶都要到郊外去祭掃祖先的墳墓。人們?yōu)閴災钩ルs草、添加新土，在墳前點上香、擺上食物和紙錢，表示對祖先的思念和敬意，這叫上墳也叫掃墓。這個時節(jié)，小草發(fā)芽，柳樹長葉，到處一片新綠，正好是出游的好時節(jié)。古人有到郊外散步的習俗，這叫“踏青”。在頭發(fā)上插上柳枝，這叫插柳。據(jù)說插柳可以驅(qū)除鬼怪和災難，所以人們紛紛插戴柳枝。The Mid-Autumn FestivalThe 15th day of the eighth lunar is Chinas traditional Mid-Autumn Festival. They have the custom of admiring the moon and eating moon cakes. Since people can consider the full moon as the symbol of reunion and satisfaction, the festival is also called the Festival for Reunion. According to traditional custom, the Chinese people enjoy fruits and moon cakes, while admiring the moon. As the moon cake is round, symbolizing reunion. It is sometimes called “reunion cake”. The Chinese moon cake has many varieties. There are sweet ,salty, meat and vegetable fillings. It is carved with various decorative patterns and words. Good looking and delicious. On the night, the whole family will sit together to admire the moon and eat moon cakes filled with happiness for harvest and family reunion. At that time, people far away will look up at the moon and miss their hometown and family.中秋節(jié)農(nóng)歷八月十五是中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日中秋節(jié)。中國人有賞月和吃月餅的習俗。人們把圓月看作團圓美滿的象征，所以中秋節(jié)又叫“團圓節(jié)”。按照傳統(tǒng)的習慣，中國人在賞月時，還要擺出瓜果和月餅等食品，一邊賞月一邊品嘗，因為月餅是圓的，象征著“團圓”所以有的地方也叫“團圓節(jié)”。中國月餅的品種很多，月餅餡有甜的、咸的、犖的、素的。月餅上面還印著各種花紋和字樣，又好看又好吃。中秋節(jié)的晚上，全家人坐在一起賞月吃月餅，心里充滿了豐收的喜悅和團聚的歡樂。這時遠在家鄉(xiāng)的人也會仰望明月，思念故鄉(xiāng)和親人。Chinese TeaChinese people like to drink tea, they often entertain friends and guests with it. Tealeaf is a necessity in the life of Chinese people. Concerning the production method Chinese tea can be classified into green tea, black tea, oolong tea scented tea and so on. Green tea is not fermented and is brilliant green. The most famous is the Longjing tea from the region the West Lake in Hangzhou. Black tea is fermented. Famous ones are the keemun tea of Anhui and the Dian black tea of Yunnan. Oolong tea is half fermented. The best one is Wuyiyan tea of Fujian. Scented tea is made by smoking tea leaves with fragrant flowers. The most famous is jasmine tea produced in Fujian. Drinking tea can quench ones thirst dispel fatigue. The constant drinking tea is beneficial for peoples health.中國茶中國人喜歡喝茶，也常常用茶來招待朋友和客人。茶葉是中國人生活中的必需品，中國茶葉按制作方法分為綠茶、紅茶、烏龍茶和花茶等幾大類。綠茶嫩綠鮮艷，是不經(jīng)過發(fā)酵的茶，最著名的綠茶是杭州西湖的龍井；紅茶是經(jīng)過發(fā)酵的茶，著名的紅茶有安微的祁紅茶和云南的滇紅茶；烏龍茶是半發(fā)發(fā)酵的茶，最好的烏龍茶是福建的武夷巖茶；花茶是在茶葉中加入香花熏制而成，最有名的花茶是福建產(chǎn)的茉莉花茶。喝茶不但可以止渴，還能消除疲茵，幫助消化，預防一些疾病，長期飲茶對人的身體健康有好處。Traditional Chinese PaintingIt is the art of painting on a piece of Xuan paper or silk with a Chinese brush soaked with black ink or colored pigments. By subject, it can be classified into figure painting landscape painting and flowers and birds painting. Figure painting came into maturity in the warring States and reached its peak during the Tang Dynasty. Famous artists include GuKaizhi and Wudaozi .Landscape painting delineates the outside scenery. It appeared in the Qin Dynasty and reached high level by the Song Dynasty. Famous artists are Li sixun,Fan kuan,and Tang yin. Flowers and birds painting focuses on flowers birds animals fishes and insects. It appeared in the Northern and Southern dynasties and matured during the Song Dynasty. Celebrated artists include Zhu da in flowers and birds, Zheng xie in bamboo and Qi baishi in fish and shrimp. It can not only make life beautiful but brings decorous sentiment and artistic enjoyment.中國畫它是用毛筆、墨及顏料在宣紙或絹上畫出的畫。中國畫按內(nèi)容分主要有人物畫、山水畫、花鳥畫三大類。戰(zhàn)國時期中國己經(jīng)有了比較成熟的人物畫，唐朝時己經(jīng)達到了頂峰，著名的人物畫家有顧愷之，吳道子等。山水畫表現(xiàn)山川美景的畫種，它產(chǎn)生于秦朝，宋代達到了很高的水平，著名的山水畫家有李思訓、范寬、唐寅等?；B畫畫的是自然界中的花卉，鳥獸和魚蟲。南朝時期出現(xiàn)了花鳥畫，宋代走向成熟，著名的花鳥畫家有擅長畫花鳥的朱耷，擅長畫竹子的鄭燮，擅長畫魚蝦的齊白石等。中國畫不僅能美化生活，還能帶來高雅情趣和藝術(shù)享受。 DragonDragon is regarded as the biggest animal of the Chinese totem, and it is the most important mascot. People are familiar with the image of dragon, but nobody has ever seen a real one.It was born from the imagination of the people. It has a bulls head, a deers horn, a lobsters eyes, an eagles claws, a snakes body, a lions tail, and is covered with scutum. It is combination of different kinds of animals. Dragon can walk on land, swim under water, and fly in the sky. It has incredible powers. Over thousands of year, emperors treated it as the symbol of power and dignity. It had virtue and power for the common people. During the festivals, people will post the picture of the dragon, and play the dragon light and dragon boat. Dragon is the symbol of the whole Chinese nation, The Chinese all over the world call themselves the Dragons descendants龍 龍被人們認為是中國最大的神