高中英語必修五第一單元知識點義及習題.docx

必修五Unit1講義characteristic n. 特征；特性 指某人或某物天生有別于他人的內(nèi)部特質(zhì)Genes determine the characteristics of every living thing. character （高考三大意思）1. 表示人的“性格”或“品質(zhì)”They are twins but have quite different characters. Itsthatkindofcourageanddeterminationthatmakeshimsucharemarkable character2. 表示小說或戲劇等中的“人物”或“角色”，是可數(shù)名詞。如：Who is the main character in the play? 3. 表示“文字”，指書寫符號或印刷符號等，是可數(shù)名詞。如：He writes beautiful characters. Chinese character 漢字analyse sbs character build and form ones character radium n. 鐳painter n. 畫家；油漆匠必修注意：paint做動詞兩個意思：1. 繪畫 2. 粉刷，油漆put forward 提出；把時鐘往前撥，把東西往前移（常忘記的詞組）Who put forward a theory about black holes?He put forward a new plan. Put your watch forward; its five minutes slower.Why dont youputyour chairforwardto get a better view?put down 記下；放下；鎮(zhèn)壓put out 熄滅put aside 放在一邊；儲存；保留 put off 推遲；延期put up；舉起；張貼；搭建 put on 穿上；上映，上演；增加put away 收好，整理，歸類ThebandarehopingtoputonaUKshowbeforetheendoftheyear.IcaneatwhatIwantbutIneverputonweightWeshouldputasideourdifferencesanddiscussthethingswehaveincommonscientific adj. 科學的conclude vt. & vi. 結(jié)束；推斷出conclusion n. 結(jié)論；結(jié)束draw a conclusion 提出結(jié)論analyse vt. 分析infect vt. 傳染；感染（病毒，疾?。?，或者污染（比如說水質(zhì)被污染不干凈了）affect effect 辨析 affect強調(diào)影響的動作，過程。（做動詞）ThedivorceaffectedJimdeeplyClimateandweatheraffecteveryaspectofourliveseffect強調(diào)影響的結(jié)果（一般做名詞，有時也動詞），常接句型：have an effect on sth.If an area is affected by flooding, the effect can be devastating。infectious adj. 傳染的defeat vt. 打??；戰(zhàn)勝；使受挫n. 失敗辨析win, beat與defeatwin “贏得”賽事、戰(zhàn)事、某物；beat “戰(zhàn)勝”“擊敗”比賽中的對手，可與defeat互換We beat / defeated their team by 10 scores.They won the battle but lost many men.The local ball team won the state championship by beating / defeating all the other teams.expert adj. 熟練的；經(jīng)驗或知識豐富的n.專家；行家attend vt. 照顧；護理；出席；參加 （照顧可加to也可不加）attend a ceremony / lecture / a meeting/schoolattend to : to look after, care for, serve伺候, 照顧，看護The queen had a good doctor attending （on ）her.Mother had to attend to her sick son.physician n. 醫(yī)生；內(nèi)科醫(yī)師 physicist:物理學家doctor 醫(yī)生,是個通用詞,幾乎什么場合都能用.physician 主要是指“內(nèi)科醫(yī)生”,與“外科醫(yī)生（surgeon）（此單詞要背）”相對,當然在美語中我也經(jīng)常聽到普通醫(yī)生也說surgeon.expose vt. 暴露；揭露；使曝光exposeto（to做介詞） 使顯露；暴露But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.(書本原句) 但當他一想到要幫助那些得了霍亂的普通人時，他就感到很振奮。exposed to cholera 在句中是過去分詞作后置定語，表示被動。意為“患霍亂的”。如：The book written by Luxun is very popular. The man seen by us yesterday is Professor Smith. expose sb/sth to sth He exposes his skin to the sun. be exposed to sth.(to做介詞)His skin is exposed to the sun We are supposed to be exposed to as much art and culture as possible.deadly adj. 致命的cure n. 治愈；痊愈 vt. 治愈；治療outbreak n. 爆發(fā)；發(fā)作（尤指疾病或戰(zhàn)爭）challenge n. 挑戰(zhàn) vt. 向挑戰(zhàn)victim n. 受害者victim是受害人，受傷或在意外中死亡的人都可以稱為victimNot all the victims survived.sufferer是受難者或患病者，一般指遭受苦難或患病的人absorb vt. 吸收；吸引；使專心 句型：be absorbed in(1)專注，聚精會神be absorbed input ones heart into = concentrate on 集中精力做某事I was absorbed in a book and didnt hear your call. Absorbed in his work，Tom simply forgot food and sleep.（2）吸收，把吸收入 Black cloth absorbs light.黑布吸收光線。The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teacher could give him.suspect vt. 懷疑 n. 被懷疑者；嫌疑犯enquiry n. 詢問 (此單詞高考少見，不過生活中倒是見得多，=inquiry)比如說某個單位的問詢處，公安辦案的詢問，都是此單詞neighbourhood n. 附近；鄰近 in the neighborhood 在附近severe adj. 嚴重的；劇烈的；嚴厲的 (=so serious)I was caught in a severe storm last night and couldnt go back home in time.He has such a severe illness that he has been in hospital. I suffered a severe attack of toothache.clue adj. 線索；提示pump n. 泵；抽水機 vt. （用泵）抽（水）Cambridge 劍橋大街foresee vt. 預見；預知fore為前綴：在前面，在以前。由此可得出很多詞匯的大概意思forearm n. 前臂 forehead n. 前額foresight n. 先見之明,遠見,深謀遠慮 foretaste n. 預嘗,先試foretell v. 預言,預測 forewarn v. 預先警告foreword n. 前言,引言,序 forecast v./n. foreground n. 前景 （background 背景）investigate vt. & vi. 調(diào)查investigation n. 調(diào)查blame vt. 責備；譴責 過失；責備blame sb. for sth. / doing sth.因某事責備某人They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.blame sth. on sb. / sth. 把某事歸咎于某人 The police blamed the traffic accident on jacks careless driving.be to blame for(doing)sth 因(做)某事某人應該受到譴責；注意:be to blame應受責備（主動表被動）；應負責任The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.pollute vt. 污染；弄臟handle n. 柄；把手 vt. 處理；操縱 = deal with （此單詞兩個意思老會忘記其中一個，必須牢記）germ n. 微生物；細菌link vt. & n. 連接；聯(lián)系linkto 將和聯(lián)系或連接起來announce vt. 宣布；通知certainty n. 確信；確實instruct vt. 命令；指示；教導responsible adj. 有責任的；負責的 （be responsible for 對.有責任）名詞形式為 responsibility 責任初學此單詞及其容易與response混淆response n. 回應，回復 （the response to）,動詞形式為respondTherehasbeennoresponsetohisremarksfromthegovernmentconstruct vt. 建設；修建construction n. 建設；建筑物 （under construction 在建設當中）contribute vt. & vi. 捐獻，貢獻；導致，助于1.此單詞初三學過一個短語為 make a contribution to（為.作出貢獻）This invention made a major contribution to road safety.2. His research has contributed a lot to our understanding of this disease.He promised to contribute $5,000 to the school rebuilding project.3. contribute to可表示“導致，促成；有助于”。此句型的結(jié)構(gòu)和意思有點類似于lead toSmoking certainly contributed to his early death.apart from 除之外；此外1）相當于besides.意為“除以外（還包括）”Apart from my mother tongue, I speak several foreign languages as well. 除了母語外，我還會講好幾種外語。2）相當于except.意為“除以外（不包括）”I like all the subjects apart from English.除了英語外，我喜歡所有學科。firework n. 煙火（燃放）chart n. 圖表creative adj. 有創(chuàng)造力的；創(chuàng)造性的；獨創(chuàng)的co-operative adj. 合作的positive adj. 積極的；肯定的；確實的（be）strict with 對嚴格的revolutionary adj. 革命的；重大變革的movement n. 移動；運動；動作make sense 講得通；有意義It doesnt make sense to buy that expensive coat for these cheaper ones are just as good.backward adv. & adj. 向后地（的）；相反地（的）；退步地（的）loop n. 圈；環(huán)privately adv. 私下地；秘密地spin vi. & vt. (使)旋轉(zhuǎn)；紡（線或紗）brightness n. 明亮；亮度；聰穎enthusiastic adj. 熱情的；熱心的 句型： be enthusiastic about cautious adj. 小心的；謹慎的 be cautious about 對.謹慎 名詞是：cautionreject vt. 拒絕；不接受；拋棄universe n. 宇宙；世界 過去分詞作定語1)語法功能相當于一個定語從句The stolen bike belongs to Jack. The bike which was stolen belongs to Jack. The lecture given by Professor Zhang is about environment protection. The lecture which was given by Professor Zhang is about the environment protection. the affected people受感染的人 a broken heart一顆破碎的心 a lost dog喪家之犬 a broken glass被打破的玻璃杯 Attention：過去分詞修飾 something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody，those 等不定代詞時，要放在這些詞后面。Isthereanythingunsolved? ThereisnotingchangedheresinceIleftthistown.b. 過去分詞短語作定語：通常后置，其作用相當于定語從句。people exposed to cholera= people who was exposed to cholerathe book recommended by Jack= the book which was recommended by Jackthe machines produced last year= the machines which were produced last yearc. 不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語時不表被動，只表完成。 a risen sun已升起的太陽 the gone days 逝去的時光 fallen leaves 落葉2） 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別： The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him. Have you read the book recommended by your teacher?the changing world（正在變化的）the changed world（變化了的） boiling water（正在沸騰的）boiled water（已經(jīng)沸騰過的）fading flowers(正在凋謝的) faded flowers（已經(jīng)凋謝的）a developing country(發(fā)展中的) a developed country（發(fā)達的）a drowning man快要淹死的人 a drowned man已經(jīng)淹死的人falling leaves正在飄落的樹葉 fallen leaves落葉a retired worker退休工人 an escaped prisoner逃犯3）及物動詞的過去分詞(done)與現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式(being done)都可以表示“被動”，但前者多表示一個完成了的動作，而后者則表示一個正在進行的動作.the problem discussed yesterday is very complicatedthe problem being discussed is very complicated 過去分詞做表語1 過去分詞（短語）作表語時，其作用相當于adj.,說明的是主語的狀態(tài)All the windows are broken.All hope is gone.He looked worried after reading the letter.常見作表語的過去分詞有： disappointed, drunk, amused, frightened, married, excited, experienced, interested, confused, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried,gone, dressed, lost等。 注意 過去分詞作表語時和動詞的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似，但兩者表達的意思明顯不同，前者說明主語的特點及所處的狀態(tài)，而后者強調(diào)被動的動作。My glasses are broken.我的眼鏡碎了。(狀態(tài)）My glasses were broken by my son.我的眼鏡被我兒子摔碎了。（動作）1. The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded2. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M. A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known3. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invite