人教版新目標(biāo)八年級(jí)英語(yǔ)上冊(cè)各單元知識(shí)詳解[1].doc

人教版新目標(biāo)八年級(jí)英語(yǔ)上冊(cè)各單元知識(shí)詳解(4)Unit 4 How do you get to school?【重要詞匯概覽】 subway/5sQbweI/n. 地鐵，地下火車 train/treIn/ n. 火車 minute/5mInIt/n. 分鐘 kilometer/5kIlE9mi:tE/ n. 公里，千米 quick/kwIk/ adj. 快的，迅速的half/hB:f/n. 一半，二分之一 past/pB:st/prep. 在時(shí)間上超過(guò)，在.之后，經(jīng)過(guò) stop/stCp/n. 車站 transportation/9trAnspC:5teIFEn/ n. 運(yùn)送，運(yùn)輸 north/nC:W/ n. 北部，北方 adj. 北部的，北方的 depend/dI5pend/v. 依靠，依賴 must/mQst,mEst/aux.v. 必須，一定要 bicycle/5baIsIkl/ n. 自行車 ill/Il/adj. 生病的，不健康得 worry/5wQrI/v. 擔(dān)心，擔(dān)憂，焦慮【重要詞組概覽】 grow up長(zhǎng)大，成長(zhǎng) take sb. some time to do sth.花費(fèi)某人某些時(shí)間去做某事 in common 共有，相同 leave for 離開(kāi)去某地 travel abroad 去國(guó)外旅游 go down to延續(xù)至；走下去 most of大多數(shù)的 some of一些 take the subway乘坐地鐵 how far多遠(yuǎn) bus station汽車站 bus ride乘汽車之行 school bus校車 come back回來(lái) take the train乘坐火車 take the bus乘坐公共汽車 get to school到校 by boat乘坐小船 walk to school步行去上學(xué) from .to.從.到. half past six六點(diǎn)半 depend on依靠，依賴 be different from和.不同 have to不得不【語(yǔ)法知識(shí)聚焦】1. How long does it take ? How long does it take you to get from home to school ? It takes about 25minutes to walk and 10 minutes by bus. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 是固定句型，“花費(fèi)某人多少時(shí)間去做某事”。take 在這里表示“花費(fèi)時(shí)間”、“占用”、“需要”的意思。eg.It takes twenty - five minutes .占用25分鐘。It took the people a lot of time to get to the mountain.人們花了很多時(shí)間才到了那座大山。It takes me twenty minutes to get to school on foot every morning.每天早晨我步行到學(xué)校要花費(fèi)二十分鐘。It will take three hours to finish the work.完成那項(xiàng)工作需要花費(fèi)三個(gè)小時(shí)。動(dòng)詞take還有其他詞義，常用的含義及用法如下：1) 拿；握??；抓住The mother took her child by the hand. 母親拉著孩子的手。2) 取走，拿走Take this shopping home. 把買的東西拿回家。The foods here are all free - take any you like.這里的食品都是免費(fèi)的,你們隨便吃吧。3) 乘，坐，搭（車、船）Shall we go by bus or take a cab?我們是乘公共汽車去還是乘出租汽車去?to take a bus to work乘公共汽車上班4) 吃；喝；服用；吸入Take your medicine.把藥服下。5) 進(jìn)行；作；為to take a walk散步If you dont take / get more exercise youll get fat.你如果不多鍛煉就會(huì)發(fā)胖。to take a look around在附近看看6) 測(cè)出，量出Take your temperature.量一量你的體溫。7) 減掉，去掉If you take 4 from 10, you have 6.十減去四剩六。8) 懂得；了解Do you take me?你懂我的意思嗎？9) 持續(xù)，花費(fèi)（時(shí)間）Just a minute, it wont take me long to change.等一下,我很快就可以換好衣服。This new pain-killer doesnt take long to act on the pain?這種新止痛藥不需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就能發(fā)揮止痛作用。10) 照像，拍照I had my picture taken this morning.今天早晨我照了像。He(or:His face) doesnt take well.他不上照。另外：To get to the hospital takes you half an hour . 其中“To get to the hospital”是不定式做主語(yǔ)。 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)就是to + 動(dòng)詞原形。 如：want to play 中“to play”就是不定式。 在上一例句中不定式（劃線）部分作主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)，使句子不平衡。為了保持句子平衡，我們將它放在句尾。這時(shí)需要一個(gè)“形式”主語(yǔ)來(lái)代替它放在主語(yǔ)的位置。那么上一句就應(yīng)該為：It takes you half anhour to get to the hospital . It為形式主語(yǔ)。 到目前為止我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了幾種“it”的用法。 1）表示動(dòng)物的“它”。It is a panda .它是個(gè)熊貓。 2）表示前邊提到過(guò)的事情或物。 如：I like the book . It is interesting . 3）表示天氣。 It is warm . 天很暖和。 4）表示距離： It is ten miles。距離10英里。 5）作形式主語(yǔ)： It is important to eat a balanced diet . 真正的主語(yǔ)是to eat a balanced diet . 6）表示時(shí)間： It is 8 oclock . fromto表示“從到” from Shanghai to Beijing .從上海到北京。 from和to都是介詞。It is ten miles from home to school .從學(xué)校到家有10英里。2. How do you get to school ? 你是怎樣到學(xué)校的。特殊疑問(wèn)詞How表示“怎么樣” get to“到達(dá)”。相當(dāng)于reach 。eg. I get to school at 8 oclock .or：I reach school at 8 oclock .我8點(diǎn)到校。 注意get to + 名詞，必須有“to”，因?yàn)椤癵et”是不及物動(dòng)詞，如get to Beijing。 而“reach”是及物動(dòng)詞，可直接跟賓語(yǔ)，不加“to”只能說(shuō)reach Beijing。 但是get to后如果跟“there , here , home”這三個(gè)副詞時(shí)，不加“to”。 get there到達(dá)那里 get here到達(dá)這里 get home到家此外：arrive也表示到達(dá)，后面要加介詞in或at，eg.He arrived in London at 3 p.m. 他下午三點(diǎn)到達(dá)倫敦。（同“get to”一樣，后跟副詞“there , here , home”時(shí)介詞“in”或“at”不出現(xiàn)。如：He arrived home yesterday .昨天他到家了。）3. Then he leaves for school at around half past six . 然后他大約6點(diǎn)半時(shí)離開(kāi)去學(xué)校。 leavefor 表示離開(kāi)某地到某地。for后邊跟的地方表示要去的地方而不是離開(kāi)的地方。有時(shí)離開(kāi)的地方不提，只提到for后邊要到的地方。如： He left Beijing for Shanghai .他離開(kāi)北京到上海。 He left for Shanghai .他離開(kāi)去上海了。（離開(kāi)哪里沒(méi)有提，只提到要去的地方）4. In North America , most students go to school on the school bus .在北美，大部分學(xué)生們坐校車。 我們說(shuō)乘公共汽車是by bus。by和bus中間沒(méi)有“the”。表示在車上，用on。同樣，說(shuō)by train表示乘火車。如果是在火車上“on the train”。表示乘坐交通工具時(shí)的表示方法：1）用take，表示“乘坐” He takes the train .他乘火車。 He takes the bus .他乘公共汽車。2）用byHe gets to school by bus / train / plane/air / ship / car.他乘公共汽車/火車/飛機(jī)/船/小臥車到學(xué)校。 By是介詞，表示“乘”什么工具，但要注意在by和bus等中間不加冠詞“the”。 3）但當(dāng)我們說(shuō)步行到哪里時(shí)不用介詞“by”，而用“on”。 on foot 如：He goes to school on foot .他步行去學(xué)校。 此外還可以說(shuō)成：He walks to school .5. 在美國(guó)我們說(shuō)地鐵為subway ；而在英國(guó)將地鐵稱為underground .6. How far is it from your home to school ?從你家到學(xué)校有多遠(yuǎn)？howfar問(wèn)路程“多遠(yuǎn)”；howoften是問(wèn)頻率“間隔多久（一次）”；howlong是問(wèn)（時(shí)間）“持續(xù)多久”，常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)連用。eg.HowfarisitfromBeijingtoGuangzhou?從北京到廣州有多遠(yuǎn)？ How far do you live from school ?你住的地方離學(xué)校有多遠(yuǎn)？ I live 10 miles from school .（我住的地方）離學(xué)校有10英里。7. In China , it depends where you are . 在中國(guó)，要由你在哪里來(lái)定。where you are是動(dòng)詞depend的賓語(yǔ)從句。depend v. 依靠，依賴。一般與介詞on表示“依靠”、“依賴”。1) depend（常與on, upon連用）視情況而定That depends.視情形而定。It all depends on how you tackle the problem.那要看你如何應(yīng)付這問(wèn)題而定。2)（常與on 連用）信任，信賴；需要Children must depend on their parents.孩子們必須依賴他們的父母。You can depend on his honesty.你可以相信他的誠(chéng)實(shí)。depend on依靠；由.而定, 取決于；從屬于；依賴其維持depend upon 依靠；由.而定, 取決于；從屬于；依賴其維持 All living things depend on the sun for their growth .萬(wàn)物生長(zhǎng)靠太陽(yáng)。 depend on還可以表示依而定。eg. It all depends on you .取決于你。8. In big cities , students usually ride bikes to school or take buses . 在大城市，學(xué)生們通常騎自行車到?；蜃财嚾?。 其中city的復(fù)數(shù)形式是cities。 bus的復(fù)數(shù)形式是buses。9. And in places where there are rivers and lakes ,students usually go to school byboat . 在有河和湖的地方，學(xué)生們通常乘船去學(xué)校。 by boat表示乘船。 Where there are rivers and lakes作定語(yǔ)從句，所定的中心詞是places。10. That must be a lot more fun than taking a bus .（乘船）比坐公共汽車有更多的樂(lè)趣。 more 是much的比較級(jí)，意思是比更多的。 taking a bus是個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。11. A small number of students .少量的學(xué)生。 a number of = some，修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，作定語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如： A number of people are standing outside the office .辦公室外面站著很多人。 the number of中的number指“總數(shù)量”，與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用。 如：The number of people there is over 500 .那兒的人數(shù)超過(guò)500。 該句主語(yǔ)是number , people作number的后置定語(yǔ)，因此謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)is。12. I need to see my friend . need to do表示需要做某事，need在這里是行為動(dòng)詞，后邊跟“to do”不定式。13. Dont worry .別著急。 worry在此處為行為動(dòng)詞，經(jīng)常與about連用。 表示“對(duì)擔(dān)心”，eg. His mother worries about his study .他媽媽對(duì)他的學(xué)習(xí)很擔(dān)心。 另外還有個(gè)詞組be worried about . 這時(shí)worried是個(gè)形容詞，前邊必須有be動(dòng)詞。如： He is worried about his English .他擔(dān)心他的英語(yǔ)?！揪C合能力檢測(cè)】一. 根椐題意和所給的字母提示，填入正確的單詞。1. Granny isnt in good health. My family w_ _ _ _ about her very much.2. A: What time is it? B: It h_ _ _ past seven. The meeting begins at eight oclock. A: Oh, then we have thirty minutes to relax before the meeting.3. Beijing is in the n_ _ _ _ of China.4. He has a qu_ _ _ mind. He is always the first to find the answers.5. Mary has to look after her mother at home. Because her mother is i_ _ in bed.二. 連詞成句1. how, your, does , father , to, go, work?_?2. how, they, do, to, school, get, every day?_?3. how long, it , does , take, you, get, to, home, from , to , school?_?4. the, early, takes, bus, him, his, to, work place_.5. in North America, to, go, school, most, students, on, school, the , bus_.三. 方框選詞,用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。about, how far, think of, walk, ride1. I usually _but sometimes I take the bus.2. The bus ride usually takes _25 minutes.3. Were _ going to visit Mr. Smith.4. He _ the bike to the subway station.5. A: _ does she live from school?B: She lives very near from school.四. 補(bǔ)全對(duì)話A: 1do you get to school?B: I 2the train.A: 3does it take?B: Oh, around forty minutes. How about you?A: I take the subway.B: Ho long does that 4?A: Oh, 5thirty-five minutes. 五. 完成句子1. 昨晚我用了一小時(shí)寫作業(yè)。It _ _ one hour _ _ my homework yesterday evening.2. 我可以信任你嗎？Can I _ _ you?3. 這個(gè)航班要飛多久？_ _ does the flight take?4. 下雨時(shí)，我乘坐出租車。When it _, I take a taxi.5. 周末我喜歡騎自行車.I like _ _ my bike on the weekends.6. 我們匆匆吃了飯，然后跑著去趕火車。We had a _ meal and then _ _ _ the train.六、就畫線部分提問(wèn) 1. It takes them about two hours to get to the bus station2. I take the subway to get to school 【參考答案點(diǎn)撥】一1. worry2. half3. north4. quick5. ill1. worry, 根椐題意及字母提示，并worry 經(jīng)常與about 連用，意為:為. 擔(dān)心。2. half，根椐字母提示及題意: Oh, then we have thirty minutes to relax before the meeting.3. north, 根椐字母提示及北京的地理位置。4. quick，根椐字母提示及題中的He is always the first to find the answers.5. ill，根椐題意及字母提示。二、1. How does your father go to work?2. How do they get to school every day?3. How long does it take you to get to school from home?4. The early bus takes him to his work